Electrical Machines preparation
General knowledge
Electrical machine:
A converter of energy or power converter which converts:
Electrical E (p)into mechanical one
Mechanical energy(p) into electrical
Electrical energy into electrical energy
By means of magnetic field. Energy conversion in electrical machines is or is not accompanied
with mechanical motion.
Electrical Motor:
Converts electrical energy into mechanical .operates based on the principle of electromagnetic
induction ,where a current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field experiences a [Link]
force causes the conductor ,usually in form of coils ,to rotate and produce mechanical motion.
RMS: root mean square I/V of the alternating I/V ,represents the dc I/v which dissipates the same
amount of power as the average power dissipated by the alternating I/V.
Motor effect:A current carrying wire in presence of magnetic field will experience a [Link]
magnetic field around the wire will interact with the magnetic field between the magnets.
F=[Link] determined by flemmings left hand rule :
Thumb=motion,pointer=field,middle=current
Electrical generator:
Operates based on the principal of electromagnetic induction where relative motion between a
magnetic field and conductor induces emf across the [Link] electricity.
Generator effect:place a wire between two magnets and move it up and down .+/- will
appear .potential difference will be induced in the wire but when the wire stops ,emf will
[Link] we join the wire ,induced emf will generate [Link] things occur if we move
magnets .
What to change to change size of induced pd:
Change the strength of themagnetic field,stronger magnets ,stronger field and larger pd.
Move the wire/magnets quicker.
Shape the wire into a coil .more turns,larger the pd.
Transformer:
An electrical machine that transfers electrical energy between two or more circuits without
physical connection .each phase consists of a pair of primary and secondary windings wrapped
around a coil made up of silicon steel.
The primary winding is connected to the source of electrical energy and when ac current flows
through the windings ,it creates time varrying magnetic field.
this magnetic field induxes a magnetic flux through the core ,linking the primary to the secondary
[Link] fore a changing magnetic flux is created in the seco dary [Link] to
faraday's laws,this changing flux induces an emf across 2ndary windings .
If a transformer has higher n turns on 2nd it is step up and vice verca
Principles of energy conversion:
Flux linkage:
Faraday law:
The minus sign inducates that the direction of the induced emf is such that to oppose the change
that produces it .if the flux through the circuit changes ,the induced emd tends to cause currents in
such a direction as to accordingly decrease or increase the flux.
Lenz law:
An induced current due to certain magnetic field flows in a direction such that it opposes the
change that produces it.
Change of flux linkage may occur in two ways (separately or simultaneously):
• flux is constant, the coil moves through it; in electrical machines it is usually so arranged, that the
straight parts of the coil turns move at speed v at right angles to the direction of the flux
• coil is stationary with respect to the flux, the flux is varying in magnitude.
Motional (rotational) emf :
Motional (rotational) emf in a single conductor of length l cutting across a magnetic field of
uniform flux density B at speed v at right angle to the direction of the flux is:
Pulsational emf (transformer emf):
Pulsational emf (transformer emf) in a coil of N turns, induced due to the flux linked to the coil
varying in time sinusoidally
electrodynamic interaction of current and magnetic field:
When a current I flowing along the elementary conductor dL is under influence of magnetic field of
density B, an elementary mechanical force is developed on it, according to Lorentz relation:
The highest value of the force is achieved when the conductor (and current I) is perpendicular to the
magnetic field B. In such a case, for the conductor of total length L, the total force acting at the
conductor (current) is:
Ampere’s rule:
Core loss:
Power dissipated in the core material of electrical machines due to the ac magnetic field in the core
which induces eddy currents and hysteresis
Hysteresis loss:
Refers to the inherent tendency of electromagnetic materials to resist changes in flux.
Eddy currents:
Currents induced in a conductive material when it is exposed to a changing magnetic [Link]
currents circulate within the material and they are consequence of electromagnetic induction which
occurs when a conductor is exposed to a varying magnetic [Link] flow in circular paths and
according to lenz law,eddy currents oppose the change that produces them .means they generate
magnetic fields that oppose the original magnetic field that induces them.
They dissipate energy in form of heat due to the resistance of the conductive material.
Eddy current loss:
Eddy currents result in resistive losses within the core material ,leading to power dissipation in
form of heat.
Cupper loss:
Power loss when current flows in a conductor(winding) of resistance R.
Mechanical loss:
Efficiency of energy conversion: