A
TECHNICAL REPORT
ONON
STUDENTS INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME
(SIWES)
UNDERTAKEN AT
THE NIGERIA POLICE FORCE A DIVISION AKURE, ONDO
STATE.
BY
OLUWAROTIMI OJO PAUL
170504010
COURSE CODE: SWS 300
SUBMITTED TO
THE DEPARTMENT OF PURE AND APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY,
FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES,
ADEKUNLE AJASIN UNIVERSITY, AKUNGBA-AKOKO,
ONDO STATE
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR
THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE ([Link]) DEGREE IN
PSYCHOLOGY.
SEPTEMBER, 2021
DEDICATION
This work ia dedicated to my wonderful creator God almighty and his only grace who has made
it possible for me to pass through this tedious academic journey. And to my beloved parents, Mr.
and Mrs. Oluwarotimi for their love, prayers, encouragement and support to my career and
education. Also to my lovely siblings for their everyday love and support during the program.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First, my utmost gratitude goes to almighty God and my saviour Jesus Christ who granted me
special opportunity to carry out the study with all wisdom,knowledge and understanding.
My endless love goes to my parent Mr. And Mrs. Oluwarotimi for their love , morally support,
financially, spiritually and academically. I say you are the reason for my smile today. Its my
prayer that you will live long to reap the fruit of your labour.
I sincerly appreciate the unrelenting effort of my HOD in person of Dr Mrs. Segun Martins, its
my prayer that you will live long.
I greatly appreciate the effort of my level adviser Dr. Mrs Olaseni J. and all lecturers of noble
Pure and applied psychology department, the SIWES unit Adekunle Ajasin University, the
management and staff of the Nigerian police force, A Division Akure. the DPO of A Division
CSP Akintola Talabi, My SIWES coordinator Dr. Mrs. Ogungbamila and other psychology
lecturers for their contributions to my academic pursuit. I pray that almighty God will grant them
their good heart desires.
However, I acknowledge the help of individuals who has contributed in one way or the other to
the success of this my SIWES internship. We shall all move from grass to grace. Amen.
REPORT OVERVIEW
This report provides a brief background of Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme
(SIWES), its aims and objectives which is to provide student in tertiary institutions an avenue to
bridge the gap between existing theory and practices in their approved course of study and also
to prepare students for the industrial work situation they are likely to meet upon graduation.
This report also contains the description of Nigeria Police Force Akure A Division in
which I was attached to by the state Headquartersy and also the various work done I carried out.
It also give an account of duties and what I learnt in my interns, brief description of work
done, skills developed and techniques learnt, practical challenges faced at work, theoretical
principles learnt, specific contributions made to the organization, the relevance of industrial the
training to the field of Psychology, a glossary of all the word which I learnt in the course of my
internship.
At the end of the report conclusion were drawn and recommendations was made on
possible ways to make industrial attachment more relevant and productive both to students,
university and the nation at large.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
i. Title Page
ii. Dedication
iii Acknowledgement
iv Report overview
v Table of Contents
CHAPTER ONE:
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background of SIWES
1.2 Aims and Objectives of SIWES
CHAPTER TWO:
2.0 Nature of Business/ Literature Review of Industry
2.1 Location and Brief History of the company
2.2 Objectives/ organisation Mission and vision statement
2.3 Management Structure Of Nigeria Police Force
2.4 Brief Write Up On The Industry In Nigeria And Market Services Situation
2.5 Economic Environment In Which The Company Operates
CHAPTER THREE:
3.1 Duties/ What I Learnt At The Nigeria Police Force A Division Akure Ondo State Chapter.
3.2 Skills Developed And Techniques Learnt
3.3 Practical Challenges Faced At Work
3.4 Theoretical Principles Learnt During The Programme
3.5 Specific Contributions I Made To The Company
3.6 The Future Of The Business Within The Nigeria Economy
CHAPTER FOUR:
4.0 Relevance Of Industrial Training Experience To Course Of Study
4.1 Glossary Of Words
4.2 Recommendation
4.3 Conclusion
4.4 References
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
SIWES was established by Industrial Trust Fund in 1973 to solve the problem of lack of
adequate practical skills preparatory for employment in industries by Nigerian graduates of
tertiary institutions.
The Scheme exposes students to industry based skills necessary for a smooth transition from
the classroom to the world of work. It affords students of tertiary institutions the opportunity of
being familiarized and exposed to the needed experience in handling machinery and equipment
which are usually not available in the educational institutions.
Participation in Industrial Training is a well-known educational strategy. Classroom studies
are integrated with learning through hands-on work experiences in a field related to the student’s
academic major and career goals. Successful internships foster an experiential learning process
that not only promotes career preparation but provides opportunities for learners to develop skills
necessary to become leaders in their chosen professions.
One of the primary goals of the SIWES is to help students integrate leadership development
into the experiential learning process. It was designed to complement the efforts of the higher
institutions produce graduates that are theoretically sound, technologically balanced and
practically oriented (Aroh, 2000). Students that partake in this work experience program include
those studying social sciences, Engineering, Vocational studies and other professional courses in
Institutions of higher learning.
The internship scheme creates an environment for students to learn, sharpen their skills,
developing confidence and competence, and also applying such knowledge into broad and
general area of their intended professions or fields upon graduation and gaining employment. It
also helps lay foundation for acquiring better knowledge and in-depth understating of the needs,
facts, requirement, process and mode of operation in their professions, thereby bridging the
yawning gap between theory and real life/work experience and also making transition from
school to the world of work easier.
It is obvious that no society can achieve a meaningful progress without encouraging youths
to acquire necessary practical skills. Such skills will enhance human available resource to meet
the needs of society. It is this course that SIWES, otherwise referred to as Student Industrial
Work Experience Scheme was introduced in Nigerian tertiary institutions and has continuously
make an indelible mark in the development nation’s economy.
This is an effort which was created in order to bridge the existing gap between the theory
taught in the classroom and practice of science, agriculture, medicine, engineering, technology
and other professional programmes in the Nigerian tertiary institutions.
This programme is aimed at exposing the students to the use of various machines and
equipment’s, professional work methods and ways of safeguarding the work areas in industries
as well as other organizations and parastatals. The programme was established basically to
impact elaborate practical understanding to students with respect to their various disciplines.
It is also intended that the student through a process of relation to academic knowledge and
practical industrial application would understand the underlying principles and become better
focused and acquire the practical applications towards excellence in his or her discipline.
The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) programme involves the student, the
Universities and the industries. This training is funded by the Federal Government of Nigeria
and jointly coordinated by the Industrial Training Fund (ITF) and the National Universities
Commission (NUC).
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 NATURE OF BUSSINESS/LITERTURE REVIEW OF INDUSTRY
The Nigeria Police Force is the principal law enforcement agency in Nigeria. It has staff
deployment across the 36 states of the country and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT). The
command and control of the Nigeria Police Force is under the Inspector General of Police. For
administrative ease, the Force is divided into seven (7) administrative departments, viz. Finance
and Administration; Operations; Logistics; Force Criminal Investigation Department; Training;
Research and Planning; and Information and Communication Technology, each headed by a
Deputy Inspector General of Police. The Force is further divided into 12 operational Zonal
Commands (usually comprising between two and four State Commands) and 37 State
Commands including the FCT (usually comprising Area Commands which further comprises
Divisions). While the zone is headed by an Assistant Inspector General of Police, the State
Command is headed by a Commissioner of Police, the Area Command by an Assistant
Commissioner of Police and the Division by a any officer in the Superintendent cadre. The
current and 20th indigenous Inspector-General of Police is IGP Mohammed Abubakar Adamu,
NPM, mni. Nigeria Police was first established in 1820. In 1879, a 1200 member armed
paramilitary Hausa Constabulary was formed. In 1896, the Lagos Police was established. A
similar Force, the Niger Coast Constabulary was formed in Calabar in 1894 under the newly
proclaimed Niger Coast Protectorate. In the north, the Royal Niger Company set up the Royal
Niger Company Constabulary in 1888. When the protectorate of Northern and Southern Nigeria
were proclaimed in the early 1900s, part of the Royal Niger Company Constabulary became the
Northern Nigeria Police and part of the Niger Coast Constabulary became the Southern Nigeria
Police. During the colonial period, most police were associated with local governments (native
authorities). In the 1960s, under the First Republic, these forces were first regionalized and then
nationalized. The British merged Lagos colony and the southern and northern protectorates in
1913 and named the new colony Nigeria. The northern and southern regional police forces were
later merged, in 1930, to form the colony’s first national police – the Nigeria Police Force (NPF).
The Nigeria Police Force is mandated to: Protect peoples’ lives and property; Prevent,
detect and investigate crime; and Prosecute offenders.
Section 4 of the Police Acts and Regulations lists the duties of the police force to include:
The prevention and detection of crime
The apprehension of offenders
The preservation of law and order
The protection of life and property
The due enforcement of laws and regulations with which they are directly charged.
The performance of such military duties within and outside Nigeria as may be required of them by or
under the authority of the police act or any other act.
The police force is structured into separate departments: investigations, training, works
and logistics, operations, administration and finance, as well as planning, research and statistics.
2.1 HISTORY OF COMPANY
Section 214 of the 1999 Nigerian Constitution reads: There shall be a Police Force for Nigeria, which shall
be known as the Nigeria Police Force, and subject to the provision of this section no other Police Force
shall be established for the Federation or any part thereof.
Nigeria Police Force was first established in 1820. In 1879 a 1,200-member armed
paramilitary Hausa Constabulary was formed. In 1896 the Lagos Police was established. A
similar force, the Niger Coast Constabulary, was formed in Calabar in 1894 under the newly
proclaimed Niger Coast Protectorate. In the north, the Royal Niger Company set up the Royal
Niger Company Constabulary in 1888 with headquarters at Lokoja.
When the protectorates of Northern and Southern Nigeria were proclaimed in the early
1900s, part of the Royal Niger Company Constabulary became the Northern Nigeria Police, and
part of the Niger Coast Constabulary became the Southern Nigeria Police. During the colonial
period, most police were associated with local governments (native authorities). In the 1960s,
under the First Republic, these forces were first regionalised and then nationalised. The NPF
performed conventional police functions and was responsible for internal security generally; for
supporting the prison, immigration, and customs services; and for performing military duties
within or outside Nigeria as directed. Plans were announced in mid-1980 to expand the force to
200,000.
By 1983, according to the federal budget, the strength of the NPF was almost 152,000,
but other sources estimated it to be between 20,000 and 80,000. Reportedly, there were more
than 1,300 police stations nationwide. Police officers were not usually armed but were issued
weapons when required for specific missions or circumstances. They were often deployed
throughout the country, but in 1989, well into Nigeria's second military dictatorship, Babangida
announced that a larger number of officers would be posted to their native areas to facilitate
police- community relations..
2.2 COMPANY MISSION/VISION STATEMENT
MISSION STATEMENT
1. To partner with other relevant Security Agencies and the public in gathering, collating and
sharing information and intelligence with the intention of ensuring the safety and security of the
country
2. To participate in efforts aimed at addressing the root causes of crime while ensuring that any
criminal act is investigated so as to bring the criminals to justice in a fair and professional
manner
3. To engender an efficient, effective, well-trained and highly motivated workforce, with
deliberate efforts aimed at improving the capacity and welfare of all officers and men of the
Force
4. To build a gender sensitive and gender friendly Police Force that will give equal opportunity
to female Police Officers, while at the same time respecting their peculiarities
5. To build a people’s friendly Police Force that will respect and uphold the fundamental rights
of all citizens.
VISION STATEMENT
To make Nigeria safer and more secure for economic development and growth; to create a safe
and secure environment for everyone living in Nigeria.
2.3 MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE
Structure of the Nigeria Police Force
The Nigeria Police force like other paramilitary organization in Nigeria is headed by a
Inspector General of Police, who is the Chief Executive of the organization. As observed in the
organization chart (organogram) below.
The inspector General of Police He is assisted by five (5) Deputy inspector-General of
police in charge of Administration, Operations, Technical Services, Intelligence and Finance
Directorate but Finance Directorate is headed by a civilian staff deployed from the office of the
Accountant – General of the Federation. There are eight zones in the country created for
administrative conveniences. Each of the Zones is headed by an Assistant Commandant- General
as zonal Commanders. The Assistant Commandant – General coordinates the activities of the
State Commands within the zone and is assisted by State Commandant and other lower ranking
officer (The Defender, Volume 6).
Also, in each of the thirty-six States of the federation and Federal Capital Territory, there
is State commissioner. Next in the hierarchy are the Area Commanders who take care of each
Senatorial Districts within the state and they oversee about three (3) to five (5) divisional areas.
The Divisional Officers control all local Government Areas in the country. Some of the
Divisional Offices have district and outpost under them for efficient security coverage. So, Cell
Officer report to District Officer while District Officer report to the Divisional Officers. The
Divisional Officers report to State commissioner through their Ares Commanders and State
commiasioner report to their Zonal inspecctor general of police Zonal IG report to the Inspector
General of the police.
2.4 BRIEF WRITE UP ON THE INDUSTRY IN NIGERIA AND MARKET
SERVICES SITUATION
The Nigeria Police force render services to the public by offering safety and protection of
lives and property and dispute resolution mechanism. Their service is to secure and safeguard
lives and properties at either personal, corporate, public, charity or industrial or any other level.
Nigeria Police force is number one of the agencies invested by the government to provide
security and defence for people survival. Nigeria Police force Corps is a para-force agency of the
Government of the Federal Republic of Nigeria that is commissioned to provide measures
against threat and any form of attack or disaster against the nation and its citizenry. They are
charged with the following roles and responsibilities of securing the state and the people for
peace, justice, freedom, fair play and orderliness: The principal focus of the force is in the area of
broad based information networking monitoring of movement of persons; vandalism of all types;
execution of all assignments as may be directed by the parent ministry in the interest of
government such as monitoring and supervision of private guard companies.
Again, the force are charged with the responsibility to focus on complete rescue
operations, crisis managements and complimentary security roles with security outfits such as
the SSS, NIA, DSS, the Army, Immigrations, prisons service, as indicated in the gazette or as
assigned by government from time to time.
2.5 ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH THE COMPANY OPERATES
Crime is one of the major social problems bedeviling contemporary Nigerian society. The
menace of crime is affecting not only economic development of Nigeria but also to tarnish the
image of the country in the eyes of the international community. Crime is an intentional act that
violates the provision of the criminal law. The increasing rate of so many crimes such as
kidnapping, armed robbery, rape, pipeline vandalism etc. has resulted to the establishment of
more security agencies in order to address these challenges confronting Nigerian society. Nigeria
Police Force was established by the government in order to ensure protection of lives and
properties and protect public property against elections ballot snatcher and also protect other
orgams of govermemt as well as to assist other security agencies in crime prevention and control
(NSCDC Act, 2003].
The problem of criminality and crime seem to be on the increase in the twenty-first
century Nigeria, thus raising serious concerns about law and order in the society. The security
and welfare of the people is the primary responsibility of government and every citizen is
expected to assist law enforcement agencies in the maintenance of law and order and crime
prevention and control in the society. Bernard and Olusegun (2013] state that "there is no society
that is totally free from crime and criminality but the degree of its presence and occurrence varies
from one society to the and this also depends on the mechanisms put in place to checkmate the
trend and incidence. Each race or identity group in the world had and have, accepted and
collective patterns and method of social control and conflict resolution". In an effort to prevent
and control crime in the society, the constitution of the federal republic of Nigeria provide for the
establishment of security agencies, in order to prevent and control the menace of crime in the
society, however, despite the efforts of the Government through Nigerian police force to protect
lives and property of the citizens, the level of crime is increasing (Adebayo, 2006].
The various security challenges such as insurgency, kidnapping and pipeline
vandalisation bedeviling Nigerian society resulted to the establishment of Nigerian Police force
in order to compliment the effort of other Force lile the army, airforce and Navy in crime
detection, prevention and control. Despite the fact that, with establishment of Nigerian security
and civil defense corps there is still raising wave of crime in the country, however, Nigerian
police force is putting various measures and strategies in order to prevent and control criminal
behavior in the society. Nigeria police force is a paramilitary agency of the government of the
federal republic of Nigeria that was established to provide measures against threats and any
attack or disaster. The major concern is to protect lives and properties.
CHAPTER THREE
3.1 DUTIES/ WHAT I LEARNT AT THE NIGERIA POLICE FORCE A DIVISION
AKURE ONDO STATE CHAPTER.
I was fully accepted into the Nigerian police force , A Division Akure for my internship and was
posted to 4 different departments which includes; Divisional crime Board (DCB), Surveillance
Department, Motor Traffic department (MTD), Juvenile Women centre (JWC). At my first day
at office, I was warmly received and oriented by the Head of the Departments in which the
weekly activities were communicated to me which included:
- Attending and interrogating both suspect and defendant that were referred to each of the
department inwas posted to throughout.
- Assisting and directing suspect and defendant on how to fill the witness and suspect statement
- I learnt the techniques used in dispute fair-hearing, interrogating and settlement.
- I practically learnt how to process a case, make arrest, and how to take statements of suspect.
- -Enforcement of offences: Drivers under the Influence of Alcohol & Drugs will be charge and
prosecuted
I was made to understand the techniques used to interogate suspect and how to get the fact
findings.
- I was taught how to prepare criminal profiling
I also know how to capture criminal profiling, how to retrieve valuable information from
criminals-
Participated in weekly and monthly departmental lectures on security approaches.
3.2 SKILLS DEVELOPED AND TECHNIQUES I LEARNT
Some of the skills I developed during the course of my industrial attachment include the
following:
Interactive skill: This skill is very essential in motivating and appraising of patients’
commitment, improvement and competence at various levels.
Asking questions skill: A specific and accurate question is of importance in gathering relevant
and useful information from client in order to gain clear picture of the situation thereby making
treatment process easy.
Ethical skill: This skill referred to the ability to relate with patient’s officially by showing to
them that they are special, valuable and acceptable regardless their status.
Confidentiality skill: The ability to keep patient’s personal secret confidential and never to relate
with them in the society based on the clue of what I know about them.
Listening Skills: I practically learnt how to pay attention to the verbal and nonverbal cues of
clients both complainants and the accusers in order to know if they are sincere with what they are
saying.
Empathy Skill: In practical term I learnt the ability to understand what my client is going
through, to feel what is feeling and to see through my eyes what he’s seeing. This skill helped me
to gain unreserved attention of my client and also made access to necessary information about
my client during clarking process.
Techniques learnt
Those techniques I learnt during my attachment include:
Aversive Therapy; this is a technique we used for different reasons; to make suspects cooperate
with the principles of the environment by correcting the madness symptom out of their mind, and
to force out of suspect the hidden truth by inflicting unwanted pain on them or to scare them.
Biblical Therapy; the application of scripture and motivational materials to teach, correct,
evaluate and to raise behavioral standard among conflicted and disputed clients.
Eye witness Testimony, Eyewitness testimony is the account a bystander or victim gives in the
courtroom, describing what that person observed that occurred during the specific incident under
investigation.
Road Accident Investigation- An accident is an unexpected event which occurs without
deliberate cause but marked with effects. Usually the investigations are conducted with the
purpose of looking at the crash occurrence and future prevention measures.
Offenders Profiling- Offender profiling, also known as criminal profiling, is an investigative
strategy used by law enforcement agencies to identify likely suspects and has been used by
investigators to link cases that may have been committed by the same perpetrator.
3.3 PRACTICAL CHALLENGES FACED AT WORK
* At first the environment was not conducive for me at first, it looks strange and mew but with
time i was able to adapt.
* I find it challenging and difficult to interrogate harden criminals, especially seen me as female
made it easier for them to refrain themselves from responding.
* Inability to counsel and calm furious and conflicted group of elders with dispute among
themselves especially on union/association issues.
* Was unable to detect quickly suspect who has psychological disorder and not fit for
interogation.
* Inability to understand some certain terminologies when being called upon to go out for an
arrest.
* How to maximize limited time in solving the psychological problems of some suspect.
* Finding it hard to understand the steps to follow when taking a susoect to court
3.4 THEORETICAL PRINCIPLES LEARNT DURING THE PROGRAMME
The theoretical principles are ideas and principles relating to my course of study gathered
during my internship programme. The theoretical principles learnt include:
Strain Theory
According to Robert Merton (1938 1968), in a smoothly functioning society, deviance
will be limited because most people share common cultural goals and a degree upon the
appropriate means for reaching them. However, societies that do not provide sufficient avenues
to reach these goals may also lack agreement about the appropriate means by which people may
achieve their aspirations. Deviance may be common in such societies because people may be
willing to use whatever means they can to achieve their goals.
According to Strain Theory; people feel strain when they are exposed to cultural goals
that they are unable to obtain because they do not have access to culturally approved means of
achieving those goals. The goals may be material possessions and money; the approved means
may include an education and jobs. When denied legitimate access to these goals, some people
seek access through deviant means.
Theory of Delinquency and Opportunity
The Theory of Opportunity explained on the reasons why some people more successful
than others? Why do some people commit crimes while others do not? Richard Cloward and
Lloyd Ohlin were two criminologists who wrote about these questions in the 1960s. Their work
focused on how access to opportunities shapes life chances and influences the degree to which
youths end up committing crimes.
Delinquency and Opportunity Cloward and Ohlin were particularly concerned with why
youths commit crimes. At the core of their theory is opportunity. American culture generally
advances a notion that if we work hard and are smart and capable, we will find suitable
employment. But Cloward and Ohlin noted that this isn't always the case. There are not always
enough jobs for everyone, our school systems do not prepare students equally, and we do not all
live in neighborhoods that provide us with opportunities. The opportunities we have available to
us determine in many ways if we will turn to delinquency or conform to more legitimate paths.
According to Cloward and Ohlin, youths turn to delinquency when they have been boxed out of
more legitimate opportunities. An example is when working class youths cannot find a good
paying job or achieve middle class status, and they turn to delinquency in an effort to create a
better life. Cloward and Ohlin believed that this lack of money causes strain. Criminologists
think about strain as some type of societal force that compels people to commit crimes. So
according to this perspective, individuals commit crimes because they are not able to fulfill
expected roles (for example, working an honest job), which creates strain. So where do youths
who do not have any legitimate opportunities turn? According to Cloward and Ohlin, many turn
to subcultures.
Anomie Theory
The anomie theory was first written in the 1940s by Robert Merton. Merton's theory
explains that juvenile delinquency occurs because the juveniles do not have the means to make
themselves happy. Their goals are unattainable within legal means so they find unlawful means
by which to attain their goals.
An example would be a juvenile who has had a goal to get a job and purchase a car. The
juvenile is not able to find a job to make money so he either steals a car or he steals money to
purchase a car.
Self-Efficacy Theory
The term, self-efficacy, is often used interchangeably with locus of control and self-
esteem. However, these terms are not equivalent. Self-esteem refers to an individual's
perceptions of his of her self worth (Bandura, 1986), and locus of control refers to an individual's
beliefs in explaining outcomes, the relative influences of external forces beyond the individual's
control and internal forces which are under the individual's control (Rotter, 1966). In contrast,
self-efficacy refers to an individual's perception of his or her skills and abilities to act effectively
and competently, and these beliefs influence actions and coping behaviors, the situations and
environments that individuals choose to access, and their persistence in performing certain tasks
during the process of rehabilitation (Bandura, 1977).
Overview of of Self-Efficacy theory draws upon both cognitive and behavioral concepts.
Bandura (1977) indicated that self efficacy theory is based on the principle that cognitive
processes can mediate behavioral change but that cognitive events are induced and altered most
readily by the experience of mastery arising from effective performance. Bandura went on to
state that focusing only on cognitive process does not provide for successful behavioral change.
Cognitively based interventions can provide individuals with the knowledge and awareness of
the skills and abilities underlying the execution of the behavior.
However, if individuals do not believe that they can actually execute the behavior
effectively, the behavior will not occur. So for example, an individual may know the behaviors
that need to be performed and the arguments that need to be presented in asking for a pay raise;
however, if the individual does not have confidence in their ability to effectively present the
request, the individual will be less likely to follow through in performing the task.
In contrast, outcome expectations are defined as the individual's belief that particular
courses of action will ultimately produce certain outcomes (Bandura, 1977). Individuals may
believe that a particular course of action will produce certain outcomes (outcome expectations)
but, if they entertain serious doubts about whether they can effectively perform the necessary
actions, the outcome expectations will have little influence on their behavior (Bandura, 1977).
Efficacy expectations affect both an individual's choice of settings, behaviors, and persistence in
performance. Individuals with low efficacy expectations are likely to avoid situations and
environments that exceed their perceptions of their own coping skills. Instead they will seek out
activities and environments which they judge themselves to be capable of handling (Bandura,
1977).
Efficacy expectations will also affect the extent and persistence of effort in executing
activities. Individuals with greater self- efficacy will persist longer in the face of obstacles and,
by demonstrating mastery in the situation, their efficacy expectations will further increase.
Individuals with lower self-efficacy expectations will be more likely to cease their efforts
prematurely, and their beliefs that they do not have the skills needed to perform successfully in
the given situation.
Social Control Theory
Like strain theory, social control has its roots in Durkheim’s anomie theory. The earliest
social control theories explained how some types of social structures led to high rates of
deviance. Communities characterized by poverty, physical deterioration, and internal conflict
were too disorganized to exert effective control over behaviour of residents. These communities
often have high rates of suicide, mental illness, substance abuse, and crime.
Most theories of deviance ask the question: “why do they do it?” Control theorists reverse
this question, asking: “why don’t we all do it? Why do people not engage in deviant behaviour?
Walter Reckless (1967) developed a theory of social control, which states that; certain factors
draw people toward deviance while others “insulate” them from such behavior. People are drawn
to deviance by poverty, unemployment, and lack of educational opportunity.
They also may be influenced by members of deviant subcultures, media depictions of
deviant behaviour, and their own feelings of frustration, hostility or inferiority. However, many
people do not turn to deviance because they are insulated by outer containments, such as
supportive family and friends, reasonable social expectations, and supervision by others, and by
inner containments, such as self-control, a sense of responsibility, and resistance to unlawful
diversions.
Travis Hirschi (1969) extending the theory suggested that deviant behaviour is minimized
when people have strong bonds that bind them to families, school, peers, churches, and other
social institutions. Social Bond Theory holds that the probability of deviant behaviour increases
when a person’s ties to society are weakened or broken.
Classical Theory
Crime is caused by the individuals free will that is Human beings are rational and make
decisions freely and with understanding of consequences. Crime is an immoral form of human
behaviour in which Such behaviour weakens society. Punishment is a necessary evil sometimes
intended to deter criminals and serve as an example to those who would violate the law
Labeling Theory
Labeling theory proposes deviance is socially constructed through reaction instead of
action. In other words, according to this theory, no behavior is inherently deviant on its own,
instead, it's the reaction to the behavior that makes it deviant or not. Labeling theory helps to
explain why a behavior is considered negatively deviant to some people, groups, and cultures but
positively deviant to others. For example, think about the practices of ‘homosexuality’ (gay and
lesbianism), which in some nations like Nigeria, her cultures does not support such act thereby
labelled as deviant, whereas, the practices of homosexual is warmly accepted and enforced in the
United States of American.
Different reactions are typically based on group or cultural norms and values. Another
example is when a person is responsible for the death of another. When are they labeled as a
'murderer' or a 'killer?' The reaction to death sometimes depends on the circumstances. The
person responsible will be viewed differently depending on the reason, whether it's murder, war,
self-defense, or an accident.
3.5 SPECIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS I MADE TO THE COMPANY
- I also contributed to the aspect criminal investiagation by channeling all i learnt in school
during personality and psychopathology of deviant behaviour
- I was assigned to document criminal profiling throughout my stay in each department. I keep
records, statement of supsect amd defendant and also make sure they are well kept in a secure
place.
- I contributed to the organization by assisting any police officers on duties to crime scene most
times a minor road accident to gather data and valid information from eye witness
- I also contributed to the organization through participation in seminars, enlightenment, and
awareness in institutions, private organizations and secondary schools.
- I also contributed in counseling both parents and their suspect drug trafficker son before and
after he was set free.
- I also helped in carrying out both group and individuals counseling on raped victims, and drug
addicts along with my other collegues.
- Several times I volunteered to accompany suspects to court during their trials along with the
IPO in charge of the case.
3.6 THE FUTURE OF THE BUSINESS WITHIN THE NIGERIA ECONOMY
The Nigeria Police Force have a greater future within the Nigeria economy, in the sense
that the day to day activities, productivity, and chains of economy can not be actualized if the
society is not at peace. The Nigeria Police Force is saddled with the responsibility of crime
prevention and control is the maintenance of law and order in the society. The Nigerian law gave
the The Nigeria Police Force mandates to make people to obey laws and to avoid any act that
will leads to violence or creates confusion among people. The government of the federal republic
of Nigeria has vested the Nigeria Police Force with the responsibility and power to play the role
of maintenance and order in the society.
Another primary role of the NPF is the protection of lives and properties of the people of
the country. The Nigeria Police Force are playing a greater role in crime prevention. As a result
of the rapid increase of criminal activities, the force was established by the government with the
statutory functions of maintaining law and order and complementing the efforts of other security
agencies in crime prevention and control. From the day of establishment to date, the Nigeria
Police Force has play several roles in order to ensure effective crime prevention and control in
the society.
Peace is very necessary for the development of any society because no society can
develop in the state of conflict and insecurity. Despite the fact that all societies are characterized
with crime, the need to prevent and control crime in the society has become necessary which
leads to the establishment of both formal and informal mechanism by the society in order to
control the menace of crime and help society achieved social order.
The issue of safety of lives and property of the citizens in Nigeria is becoming
increasingly dubious despite the presence of the formal law enforcement agencies such as the
Nigerian police force and Nigerian Security and Civil Defense Corps. Crime as one of the major
social problems bedeviling Nigerian society necessitated the establishment of various law
enforcement agencies including NPF.
However, Nigeria Police Force play many roles in the prevention of crime and thus
people are satisfied with their roles in preventing crime in the society. Where there is peace,
justice and safety of the people, then there will be progress in economy development of the
nation. Nigeria Police Force stands as a propeller both now and nearest future in actualizing a
befitting environment for social and economic development.
CHAPTER FOUR
4. 0 RELEVANCE OF INDUSTRIAL TRAINING EXPERIENCE TO COURSE OF
STUDY
The relevance of experience gathered during my internship program was typically a
reflection of what have been taught in theoretically now in practical form. I was opportune to
witness different cases on dug addiction, raping trauma, conflict, mental retardation, and suicide
ideation attempt suspects. All of which I was taught in class under the psychology of crime and
delinquency, psychology of substance use, abuse and dependence, abnormal psychology, social
psychology and developmental psychology courses, and conflict and resolutions.
It was an opportunity to engaged in a realistic work environment, appreciate and
understand the practical application of my academic program right from undergraduate level. It
gives me the privilege to work with professionals and prepared me ahead for job opportunity in
the nearest future.
GLOSSARY OF WORDS
AFFRAY the fighting of two or more person in a public place to the terror of others
BLACK SPOT A place where crime is being commited or a place that is prone to crime.
Malicious Damage Malicious damage involve any person who willfully and unlawfully destroy
any property
SEARCH WARRANT: A search warrant is a court order that a magistrate or judge
issues to authorize officers to conduct a search of a
person’s vehicle, house or office for evidence of a crime.
FELONY: A crime carrying more than a year Sentence
BATTERY: it refers to the actual bodily contact withouth any harm
JUVERNILE CRIME: A Crime committed by offenders who have not reached
eighteen years of age.
BAIL BOND: This is the money that must be forfited by the bondsman
incase the accused or suspect fail to appear before the court
CROSS EXAMIN: Questioning of a witness by the attoney for the other side
JUVERNILE WELFERE CENTRE: This is a centre which is concern with the welfare of the
children
PPL: This stand for prisoner property locked up register.
RECOMMENDATION
The SIWES supervisory visit should be more than once so as to monitor the students’
participation, punctuality and other related behaviors, much more to know if their
placement is relevant to their course of study.
The University should collaborate with the conflict and resolution unit of Nigeria Police
Force for seminars and other relevant awareness which could benefits students from
various departments of the University.
CONCLUSION
The Six months SIWES programme has tremendously broadened my knowledge by
bridging the gap between all the theories learnt in school most expecially courses like Crime and
Juvernile delinquency, Abnormal Behaviour etc with practical experience in the work
environment.
The training has equipped me in the field of my study, especially in the area of crime,
forensic, personality,Abnormal and social psychology in solving crime related issues, and also to
apply the principles to proffer solution to other aspect of human endeavors.
On this note that I applaud the Federal Government, ITF and NUC for integrating SIWES into
the University curriculum. I will recommend that all upcoming AAUA Psychology students
should be allowed to partake in this programme as I have found it to be very
relevant and useful in building a future Psychologist in which every aspect they might want to
get involved in that will protect the integrity of the profession and make commitment to efficient,
effective and transparent psychological services to Nigerians at large under a client or patient
friendly environment. And lastly i want to employ the school to work on how those who partake
in SIWES should be paid in other to motivate lot of students.
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Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
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William Anderson (Schoolworkhelper Editorial Team), "Theories of Crime: Classical, Biological,
Sociological, Interactionist," in SchoolWorkHelper, 2019.