Chapter6
📘 6. Fractions and Percentages
🔹 6.1 Understanding Fractions
A fraction represents a part of a whole.
Written as: numerator / denominator
o Numerator (top): number of parts you have.
o Denominator (bottom): number of equal parts the whole is divided into.
Types of Fractions:
Proper Fractions: numerator < denominator (e.g., 3/4)
Improper Fractions: numerator ≥ denominator (e.g., 5/3)
Mixed Numbers: a whole number and a fraction (e.g., 1 ½)
Key Concepts:
Equivalent Fractions: different fractions that represent the same value (e.g., 1/2 = 2/4 =
4/8)
To find an equivalent fraction: multiply or divide both numerator and denominator by
the same number.
Simplifying Fractions: reduce a fraction to its lowest terms (e.g., 6/8 → 3/4)
🔹 6.2 Percentages
A percentage is a way to express a number as a part of 100.
Symbol: %
Example: 25% = 25 out of 100 = 25/100 = 1/4
Converting Between Forms:
Fraction → Percentage: multiply by 100
e.g., 3/4 × 100 = 75%
Percentage → Fraction: divide by 100 and simplify
e.g., 60% = 60/100 = 3/5
Decimal → Percentage: multiply by 100
e.g., 0.2 × 100 = 20%
🔹 6.3 Equivalence and Comparison
Equivalent Forms:
A value can be shown as a fraction, decimal, or percentage:
o 1/2 = 0.5 = 50%
o 3/5 = 0.6 = 60%
Comparing:
Convert all numbers to the same form to compare:
o Fractions: Use common denominators
o Decimals or Percentages: Compare directly
Example: Which is greater, 2/3 or 3/5?
o Convert to decimals: 2/3 ≈ 0.666, 3/5 = 0.6 → So, 2/3 is greater
✅ Tips:
Always simplify fractions when possible.
Percent means "per hundred" — think of it as a score out of 100.
Practice converting between all forms for better understanding.
7. Exploring Measures
7.1 Rectangles and Triangles
✅ Area and Perimeter of Rectangles
Perimeter: The total distance around the shape.
Formula:
Perimeter=2×(length+width)
Area: The space inside the rectangle.
Formula:
Area=length×width
🔺 Area of a Triangle
A triangle has 3 sides and 3 angles.
Area:
Area=1/2×base×height
The height is the perpendicular line from the base to the opposite vertex.
🧠 Tips:
Always use the same unit (e.g., cm, m).
Label your answers with correct units:
o Perimeter: cm or m
o Area: cm² or m²
7.2 Time
⏰ Understanding Time
Time is measured in:
o Seconds (s)
o Minutes (min) — 1 min = 60 seconds
o Hours (h) — 1 hour = 60 minutes
o Days, weeks, months, years
🕒 Reading Time
Two systems:
o 12-hour clock: uses a.m. (morning) and p.m. (afternoon/evening)
o 24-hour clock: continues from 13:00 to 23:59 after 12:00
📅 Time Calculations
Elapsed Time: The difference between a start time and an end time.
Example: From 2:15 p.m. to 4:00 p.m. = 1 hour 45 minutes
Converting time:
o Minutes to hours: divide by 60
o Hours to minutes: multiply by 60
✅ Tips for Time:
Practice reading both 12-hour and 24-hour clocks.
Be careful with times that cross midnight or noon.
Use a timeline or number line to help visualize elapsed time.
📘 8. Addition and Subtraction (2)
🔹 8.1 Adding and Subtracting Decimal Numbers
✅ Key Points:
Always line up the decimal points when adding or subtracting decimals.
Add zeros if needed to make the numbers have the same number of decimal places.
✏️Steps to Add or Subtract Decimals:
1. Write the numbers one under the other, aligning the decimal points.
2. Add extra zeros so all numbers have the same number of decimal places.
3. Add or subtract as usual, starting from the right.
4. Place the decimal point in the answer directly below the other decimal points.
🔍 Example:
3.75 + 2.6
→ Add a zero: 2.60
Now add:
diff
CopyEdit
3.75
+ 2.60
= 6.35
🔹 8.2 Adding and Subtracting Fractions
✅ Key Concepts:
You can only add or subtract fractions when they have the same denominator (bottom
number).
If denominators are different, you must find a common denominator first.
✏️Steps:
1. Same denominators: Add or subtract the numerators, keep the denominator the same.
2. Different denominators:
a. Find the lowest common denominator (LCM).
b. Convert both fractions to have that denominator.
c. Then add or subtract the numerators.
3. Simplify your answer if possible.
🧠 Tips:
When working with decimals, always align the decimal point.
For fractions, practice finding the lowest common denominator quickly.
Always check if your final fraction can be simplified.
📘 9. Probability
🔹 9.1 Describing and Predicting Likelihood
✅ What is Probability?
Probability is the chance or likelihood that a particular event will happen.
It ranges from 0 (impossible) to 1 (certain).
🔢 Probability Scale:
You can describe how likely something is using words or numbers:
Description Probability (Number)
Impossible 0
Unlikely Between 0 and 0.5
Even chance 0.5
Likely Between 0.5 and 1
Certain 1
🎲 Key Vocabulary:
Event: Something that might happen (e.g., rolling a 6 on a die).
Outcome: A possible result (e.g., rolling a 3).
Experiment: An activity where results are observed (e.g., flipping a coin).
Chance/Likelihood: How possible an outcome is.
✏️Describing Likelihood (Examples):
Rolling a 3 on a standard die → Unlikely (1 out of 6 chance)
Getting heads when flipping a coin → Even chance (1 out of 2)
The sun rising tomorrow → Certain
Rolling a 7 on a six-sided die → Impossible
🔮 Predicting Likelihood:
Use your knowledge of outcomes to make reasonable predictions.
Example: If it rained 6 out of the last 10 days, the chance of rain tomorrow might be
likely.
✅ Tips:
Remember: Probability is always between 0 and 1.
The more possible outcomes an event has, the less likely one specific result is.
Real-life examples can help you understand how to predict events (e.g., weather, games,
spinners).