# **Lecture Notes: Single-Phase & Three-Phase Transformers**
**Course:** Electrical Machines
**Topic:** Construction, Working Principles, Connections, and Applications
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## **1. Introduction to Transformers**
A **transformer** is a static device that transfers electrical energy between circuits through
**electromagnetic induction**, changing voltage/current levels while keeping frequency
constant.
### **Key Principles:**
- **Faraday's Law**: \( E = -N \frac{d\phi}{dt} \)
- **Turns Ratio**: \( \frac{V_1}{V_2} = \frac{N_1}{N_2} = \frac{I_2}{I_1} \)
---
## **2. Single-Phase Transformer**
### **Construction:**
1. **Core**: Laminated silicon steel (reduces eddy currents).
2. **Windings**:
- **Primary**: Input side (e.g., 230V AC).
- **Secondary**: Output side (e.g., 12V AC).
3. **Insulation**: Paper/oil to prevent short circuits.
### **Working Principle:**
- AC in primary Alternating flux Induces EMF in secondary.
### **EMF Equation:**
\[
E = 4.44 \cdot f \cdot \phi_m \cdot N
\]
- \( f \): Frequency (Hz)
- \( \phi_m \): Maximum flux (Wb)
- \( N \): Number of turns
### **Example:**
A 50 Hz transformer with \( N_1 = 1000 \), \( \phi_m = 0.001 \, \text{Wb} \):
\[
E_1 = 4.44 \times 50 \times 0.001 \times 1000 = 222 \, \text{V}
\]
---
## **3. Three-Phase Transformer**
### **Construction:**
- Three single-phase transformers **connected in Delta (Δ) or Star (Y)**.
- **Core Types**:
1. **Core-Type**: Windings surround the core (for high voltage).
2. **Shell-Type**: Core surrounds windings (for high current).
### **Common Connections:**
| Connection | Primary | Secondary | Application |
|------------|---------|-----------|-------------|
| **Y-Y** | Star | Star | Power distribution |
| **Δ-Δ** | Delta | Delta | Industrial loads |
| **Y-Δ** | Star | Delta | Step-down (transmission) |
| **Δ-Y** | Delta | Star | Step-up (generation) |
### **Advantages over Single-Phase:**
- Higher efficiency.
- Balanced load.
- Compact size.
---
## **4. Solved Problems**
### **Problem 1: Single-Phase Transformer**
A transformer has \( N_1 = 500 \), \( N_2 = 100 \), \( V_1 = 220 \, \text{V} \). Find \( V_2 \).
**Solution:**
\[
\frac{V_1}{V_2} = \frac{N_1}{N_2} \implies V_2 = 220 \times \frac{100}{500} = 44 \, \text{V}
\]
### **Problem 2: Three-Phase Transformer**
A Δ-Y transformer steps up 11 kV (primary) to 132 kV (secondary). Find turns ratio.
**Solution:**
\[
\text{Line voltage ratio} = \frac{132 \, \text{kV}}{11 \, \text{kV}} = 12
\]
\[
\text{Phase voltage ratio} = \frac{12}{\sqrt{3}} \approx 6.93
\]
---
## **5. Applications**
| Transformer Type | Applications |
|------------------|-------------|
| **Single-Phase** | Phone chargers, household appliances |
| **Three-Phase** | Power grids, industries, renewable energy |
---
## **6. Comparison Table**
| Parameter | Single-Phase | Three-Phase |
|------------------|-------------|------------|
| **Efficiency** | 85-95% | 95-99% |
| **Cost** | Low | High |
| **Load Balance** | No | Yes |
---
## **7. MCQ Practice**
1. **In a 3-phase Δ-Y transformer, secondary voltage is:**
a) \( \sqrt{3} \times \) primary voltage
b) \( \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} \times \) primary voltage
**Answer: (a)**
2. **Core losses include:**
a) Hysteresis + Eddy current
b) Copper loss
**Answer: (a)**
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## **8. Summary**
- **Single-phase**: Simple, low-cost, for small loads.
- **Three-phase**: Efficient, balanced, for power systems.
- **Connections**: Y-Y, Δ-Δ, Y-Δ, Δ-Y serve different needs.
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**Need more?** Ask for:
- **Autotransformers**
- **Transformer testing methods**
- **Harmonics in 3-phase transformers**