PES UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES & RESEARCH

KONAPPANA AGRAHARA, ELECTRONIC CITY, BANGALORE - 560100, KA

ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES

In the pursuit of excellence in healthcare, we stand at the forefront of innovation and compassion.
The Allied Health Program embodies our commitment to nurturing skilled professionals who will
shape the future of healthcare delivery. Rooted in a tradition of academic rigor and practical
experience, our program is designed to equip you with the knowledge, skills, and ethical
foundation necessary to thrive in a dynamic healthcare environment.

Through rigorous coursework, hands-on training, and mentorship from esteemed faculty and
healthcare professionals, you will embark on a transformative journey. Whether you aspire to be
a nurse, medical assistant, radiologic technologist, or any other allied health professional, our
program offers a comprehensive curriculum that prepares you to meet the challenges of today and
tomorrow.

Join us as we empower you to make a difference in the lives of patients and communities. Together,
let us uphold the highest standards of care and forge a path towards a healthier, more
compassionate world.

Welcome to the Allied Health Program—where passion meets purpose, and excellence knows no
bounds.

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PESU AHS [Link]. (Hons) Medical Science
 [Link] (Hons) Medical Science

PROGRAM OBJECTIVES:

1. A comprehensive course designed to accoutre students to contribute to health & welfare

through scientific knowledge & medical technology, with human values.
2. To delve into key areas such as structure and function of human body in health and
diseases, develop skills and expertise to assist health care teams for the best possible
outcome of the suffering humanity.
3. To acquire and develop a research aptitude, critical thinking, analytical skills and soft
skills to assist other members of the Health care team.

PROGRAM OUTCOMES:

1. Clinical: Detailed understanding of the complex processes and events leading to human
diseases and the principles of a system-led approach to the study of disease and its
treatment.
2. Technology and communication: Ability to devise and perform experiments to provide
new information , evaluate experimental methods for investigation in biomedical
sciences, select appropriate statistical methods, use relevant software packages and
evaluate their application to experimental data.
3. Ethics: Demonstrate professionalism, ethical behavior, and a commitment to continuing
education and professional development in the field of medical sciences.

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PESU AHS [Link]. (Hons) Medical Science
SCHEME OF SYLLABUS

Sl Theory Practical Total no. of hours

Subjects
No No. of hours No. of hours

1 Human Anatomy 70 20 90

2 Physiology 70 20 90

3 Biochemistry 70 20 90

4 Pathology 70 20 90
(Clinical
Pathology,
Hematology &
Blood Banking)

5 Microbiology 70 20 90

Total 350 100 450

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PESU AHS [Link]. (Hons) Medical Science
SCHEME OF EXAMINATION

Sl No Main Subjects Written Paper I A Theory Total

Duration Marks Marks Marks

1 Basic Anatomy 3 Hours 100 20 120

(including
Histology)

2 Physiology 3 Hours 100 20 120

3 Biochemistry 3 Hours 100 20 120

4 Pathology 3 Hours 100 20 120

5 Microbiology 3 Hours 100 20 120

Subsidiary
Subject

1 English 3 Hours 80 20 100

2 Kannada 3 Hours 80 20 100

3 HealthCare 3 Hours 80 20 100

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PESU AHS [Link]. (Hons) Medical Science
ANATOMY

COURSE OBJECTIVES
1. A comprehensive understanding of Human Anatomy.
2. Focusing on the mechanisms and functions of the body's systems.
3. Equipping them with the essential knowledge and skills required to apply anatomical
principles in clinical practice, enhance the skill of surface anatomy and improve patient
care.

COURSE OUTCOME:
1. Define basic technical terminology and language associated with anatomy
2. Identify the structures of human body
3. Describe the anatomy of human body
4. Describe the structure and features of the organ systems of the human body
5. Identify the anatomical structure in the dissected specimen

Theory: 70 hours Practical 20 hours

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PESU AHS [Link]. (Hons) Medical Science
BLOCK 1

1. Introduction to Anatomy (6hrs):

• Definition of anatomy and its divisions
• Terms of location, positions and planes
• Epithelium-definition, classification, describe with examples, function
• Glands- classification, describe serous, mucous & mixed glands with examples Basic
tissues – classification with examples.

2. Connective tissue (13hrs):

• Cartilage – types with example & histology theory
• Bone – Classification, names of bone cells, parts of long bone, microscopy of compact
• Bone, names of all bones, vertebral column, intervertebral disc, fontanelles of fetal skull
• Joints – Classification of joints with examples, synovial joint (in detail for radiology)
• Muscular system: Classification of muscular tissue & histology
• Names of muscles of the body

3. Cardiovascular system (6hrs):

• Heart-size, location, chambers, exterior & interior, pericardium
• Blood supply of heart
• Systemic & pulmonary circulation
• Branches of aorta, common carotid artery, subclavian artery, axillary artery, brachial artery,
superficial palmar arch, femoral artery, internal iliac artery
• Inferior vena cava, portal vein, port systemic anastomosis ,Great saphenous vein, Dural
venous sinuses

4. Lymphatic system (3hrs):

 Cisterna chyli & thoracic duct
 Histology of lymphatic tissues, names of regional lymphatics, axillary and inguinal lymph
nodes in brief.
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PESU AHS [Link]. (Hons) Medical Science
BLOCK 2

5. Gastro- intestinal system (8hrs):

 Parts of GIT: Oral cavity (lip, tongue (with histology), tonsil, dentition, pharynx, salivary
glands, Waldeyer’s ring), Esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, liver, gall bladder,
pancreas, spleen, peritoneum & reflections

6. Respiratory system (4hrs):

• Parts of RS: nose, nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, lungs, broncho-pulmonary segments,
diaphragm
• Histology of trachea, lung and pleura
• Names of paranasal air sinuses

7. Urinary system (3hrs):

• Kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, male and female urethra
• Histology of kidney, ureter and urinary bladder

8. Reproductive system (5hrs):

 Parts of male reproductive system, testis, vas deferens, epididymis, prostate (gross &
histology)
 Parts of female reproductive system, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovary (gross & histology)
 Mammary gland – gross

BLOCK 3

9. Endocrine glands (3hrs)

 Names of all endocrine glands in detail on pituitary gland, thyroid gland& suprarenal
gland – (gross & histology)

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PESU AHS [Link]. (Hons) Medical Science
10. Nervous System (13hrs):
 Neuron & Classification of NS
 Cerebrum, cerebellum, midbrain, Pons, medulla oblongata, spinal cord with spinal
nerve (gross & histology) Meninges, Ventricles & cerebrospinal fluid, Names of basal
nuclei Blood supply of brain
 Cranial nerves
 Sympathetic trunk & names of parasympathetic ganglia

11. Sensory Organs (3hrs):

 Skin: Skin-histology & Appendages of skin
 Eye: Parts of eye & lacrimal apparatus, Extra-ocular muscles & nerve supply
 Ear: parts of ear- external, middle and inner ear and contents

12. Embryology (3hrs):

 Spermatogenesis & oogenesis
 Ovulation, fertilization
 Fetal circulation
 Placenta

PRACTICALS:
 Histology of types of epithelium, serous, mucous & mixed salivary gland
 Histology of the 3 types of cartilage
 Histology of compact bone (TS & LS)
 Histology of skeletal (TS & LS) & cardiac muscle
 Demo of all bones showing parts, radiographs of normal bones & joints
 Demonstration of important muscles of the body
 Demonstration of heart and vessels in the body
 Histology of large artery & vein, medium sized artery & vein
 Histology of lymph node, spleen, tonsil & thymus

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PESU AHS [Link]. (Hons) Medical Science
  Radiology: Normal chest radiograph showing heart shadows
 Demonstration of parts of GIT
 Radiographs of abdomen
 Demonstration of parts of respiratory system
 Normal radiographs of chest, X-ray paranasal sinuses
 Histology of lung and trachea
 Demonstration of parts of urinary system
 Histology of kidney, ureter, urinary bladder
 Radiographs of abdomen-IVP, retrograde cystogram
 Demonstration of parts of urinary system
 Histology of kidney, ureter, urinary bladder
 Radiographs of abdomen-IVP, retrograde cystogram
 Demonstration of the glands
 Histology of pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, suprarenal glands
 Histology of peripheral nerve & optic nerve
 Demonstration of all plexuses and nerves in the body
 Demonstration of all part of brain
 Histology of cerebrum, cerebellum, spinal cord
 Histology of thick and thin skin
 Demonstration and histology of eyeball

REFERENCE BOOKS:
A. William Davis (P) understanding Human Anatomy and Physiology – McGraw Hill
B. Madhyastha S. Manipal Manual of Anatomy For Allied Health Science Courses. CBS
Publishers & Distributors Pvt Ltd; 2018 Feb 9.
C. Bhatnagar- Essentials of Human Embryology- Revised Edition. Orient Blackswan Pvt. Ltd.

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PESU AHS [Link]. (Hons) Medical Science
PHYSIOLOGY

COURSE OBJECTIVES:
To provide learners with
1. A comprehensive understanding of Human Physiology.
2. Focusing on the mechanisms and functions of the body's systems.
3. Equipping them with the essential knowledge and skills required to apply physiological
principles in clinical practice, enhance diagnostic and therapeutic techniques, and improve
patient care.

COURSE OUTCOMES:
Upon completion of Physiology studies, the allied health science students will:
1. Understand Body Functions: Have a clear concept of how the body’s systems operate and
interact.
2. Apply Knowledge Clinically: Use physiological principles to support diagnosis and
treatment.
3. Analyze Data: Interpret physiological data in patient assessment.
4. Integrate with Care: Apply physiological concepts to improve patient care.
5. Identify Abnormalities: Recognize altered physiology and understand its basis.

Theory: 70 hours Practical 20 hours

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PESU AHS [Link]. (Hons) Medical Science
BLOCK 1

1. General Physiology (1 HOUR)

 Introduction to cell physiology.
 Transport across cell membrane.
 Homeostasis.
 Body Fluid compartment & measurement

2. Blood (9 HOURS)
 Introduction - composition and function of blood.
 Plasma proteins, types and functions.
 Red blood cells- erythropoiesis, stages of differentiation, factors affecting it,
function, normal count, physiological variation.
 Hemoglobin- function, concentration, types & methods of Hb estimation, fate of
hemoglobin Jaundice types Anemia, - types
 ESR, PCV, osmotic fragility & blood indices
 WBC-morphology, production, functions, normal count, differential count,
variation.
 Immunity (in brief)
 Platelets- origin, morphology, normal count, function.
 Platelet plug, bleeding disorder
 Hemostasis - definition, normal hemostasis, clotting factors, mechanism of clotting,
anticoagulants disorders of clotting factors.
 Blood group- ABO & Rh system, Rh incompatibility, blood typing, cross matching,
hazards of mismatched blood transfusion
 RES, spleen and lymph

3. Nerve-Muscle (4 HOURS)
 Neuron structure, types.
 Neuroglia- types.
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PESU AHS [Link]. (Hons) Medical Science
  Nerve fiber classification, properties of nerve fibers.
 RMP, Action potential.
 Wallerian degeneration
 NMJ, blockers, Myasthenia gravis
 Classification of muscle, structure of skeletal muscle, sarcomere, contractile proteins
 Excitation contraction coupling, mechanism of muscle contraction, types of contraction
 Motor unit, fatigue, rigor mortis
 Smooth muscle.

4. Respiratory system (8 HOURS)

 Physiological anatomy of respiratory system, muscles of respiration, respiratory &
non respiratory functions of lungs, dead space
 Mechanics of breathing, intrapulmonary & pleural pressures.
 Compliance, Surfactant, Hyaline membrane disease
 Lung volumes and capacities
 Respiratory membrane, transport of O2 & CO2
 Chemical regulation of respiration.
 Neural regulation of respiration.
 Hypoxia.
 Acclimatization, Dysbarism.
 Artificial respiration
 Definition- Periodic breathing, dyspnea, apnea, asphyxia, cyanosis.

BLOCK 2

5. Cardiovascular system (10 HOURS)

 Introduction to CVS & general principles of circulation
 Properties of Cardiac muscle

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PESU AHS [Link]. (Hons) Medical Science
  Cardiac cycle.
 Heart sounds, Pulse.
 Cardiac output, factors and measurement.
 Heart rate
 BP-factors, measurement, short term regulation.
 Intermediate and long-term regulation of BP
 ECG uses and significance, normal waveform, heart block
 Coronary circulation, Cutaneous Circulation-Triple response
 Shock
 Effects of exercise on CVS and Respiratory system.

6. Renal system, Skin and body temperature (6 hours)

 Kidneys- functions, structure of nephron, type.
 Juxta glomerular apparatus-structure and function.
 Non excretory functions of kidney
 Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)-Definition, normal value, factors affecting GFR.
 Tubular reabsorption-sites, substance reabsorbed, mechanisms of reabsorption
Tubular secretion- sites, substance secreted, mechanisms of reabsorption
 Counter current mechanism of concentration of urine.
 Obligatory and Facultative reabsorption of water Micturition reflex, Diuretics
 Artificial kidney, renal function tests-clearance tests
 Skin -structure and function, body temperature measurement, physiological
variation, Regulation of body Temperature by physical chemical and nervous
mechanisms
 Role of Hypothalamus Hypothermia and fever

7. Digestive system (6 hours)

 Physiological anatomy, enteric nervous system & functions of GIT
 Saliva- composition, regulation, disorder.

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PESU AHS [Link]. (Hons) Medical Science
  Deglutition – stages & disorders
 Stomach- functions, composition and regulation of gastric juice Gastric motility,
MMC, vomiting reflex.
 Pancreas-function, composition and regulation of pancreatic juice
 Liver &gall bladder-functions, bile-composition, secretion and regulation
 Small intestine-Succus entericus-composition, functions & movements
 Large intestine- functions, movements and defecation reflex
 Digestion & absorption of Carbohydrates, fats and proteins.

BLOCK 3

8. Endocrine system (8 hours)

 Classification of Endocrine glands. Hormones classification, functions &properties.
 Anterior pituitary hormones- secretion, functions, disorders.
 Posterior pituitary hormones- secretion, functions, disorders
 Thyroid hormones- secretion, functions, disorders
 Parathyroid hormones- secretion, functions, disorders
 Calcium homeostasis & disorders
 Pancreatic hormones, -Insulin and Glucagon- Secretion, functions, disorders
 Adrenal cortex- Glucocorticoids & Mineralocorticoids, Androgen- secretion,
functions, disorders
 Adrenal medulla- secretion, functions, disorders Thymus & Pineal gland.

9. Reproductive system (4 hours)

 Introduction to reproductive system, sex differentiation & Puberty
 Male reproductive system, functions of testosterone & Spermatogenesis
 Female reproductive system, functions of Estrogen, Progesterone, Oogenesis
 Ovulation & Menstrual cycle
 Physiological changes during pregnancy, pregnancy tests, parturition & lactation

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PESU AHS [Link]. (Hons) Medical Science
  Male & Female contraceptive methods

10. Central nervous system (10 hours)

 Introduction to CNS, Sensory receptors classification, properties Synapse–
classification, properties
 Sensory pathways: Anterior spino-thalamic tract and Posterior column pathway
 Lateral spino-thalamic tract, Types of pain, Referred pain.
 Thalamus; nuclei and function.
 Classification of reflexes, Monosynaptic reflex- Stretch reflex , muscle spindle,
inverse stretch reflex, Poly synaptic reflex-Withdrawal reflex
 Motor pathways: Pyramidal pathway and functions.
 UMNL, LMNL Cerebral cortex (Sensory and motor)-functions.
 Medulla and Pons-functions
 Cerebellum –functions, disorders
 Basal ganglia-functions, disorders
 Hypothalamus and Limbic system-functions
 CSF, lumbar puncture
 Sleep, EEG,
 Autonomic Nervous System-Sympathetic and parasympathetic distribution and
functions

11. Special senses (4 hours)

 Vision –Functional anatomy of eye, visual pathway, lesion Refractive errors, color
vision
 Audition–Physiological anatomy of ear, Mechanism of hearing.
 Auditory pathway, deafness
 Olfaction –modalities, receptor, function, abnormalities
 Gustation-modalities, receptor, function, taste pathway, abnormalities

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PESU AHS [Link]. (Hons) Medical Science
PRACTICALS:
● Blood pressure Recording
● Auscultation for Heart Sounds
● Artificial Respiration
● Determination of vital capacity

REFERENCE BOOKS:
A. Guyton (Arthur) Text Book of Physiology. Latest Ed. Prism Publishers
B. Chatterjee (CC) Human Physiology Latest Ed. Vol.1, Medical Allied Agency
C. Choudhari (Sujith K) Concise Medical Physiology Latest Ed. New Central Book
D. Ganong (William F) Review of Medical Physiology. Latest Ed. Appleton

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PESU AHS [Link]. (Hons) Medical Science
BIOCHEMISTRY:

COURSE OBJECTIVES:
This course provides the knowledge and skills in fundamental organic chemistry and introductory
biochemistry that are essential for further studies.
At the end of the Biochemistry course, the student will be able to:
1. Enlist and describe the cell organelles with their molecular and functional organization.
2. Delineate structure, function and interrelationships of various biomolecules and
consequences of deviation from the normal.
3. Understand basic enzymology and emphasize on its clinical applications wherein
regulation of enzymatic activity is disturbed.
4. Describe digestion and assimilation of nutrients and consequences of malnutrition.
5. Describe and integrate metabolic pathways of various biomolecules with their regulatory
mechanisms.
6. Describe the preparation of different types of Solutions with their preparations.
7. Describe mechanisms involved in maintenance in water, electrolyte and acid base balance
and consequences of their imbalances.

Practical Sessions will help the student to:

 Make use of conventional techniques/instruments to perform biochemical analysis
relevant to clinical screening and diagnosis
 Analysis of Abnormal Constituents of urine and the methodology of quantitative
estimations of various analytes in blood with their normal and abnormal levels to
understand the disease process

COURSE OUTCOMES:
At the end of the course the student would know:
1. Various biomolecules which are present in the body and functions
2. The formation and fate of these biomolecules
3. Their normal levels in body fluids with their requirements and functions.

Theory: 70 hours Practical 20 hours

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PESU AHS [Link]. (Hons) Medical Science
BLOCK 1
1. Carbohydrate Chemistry (3 Hrs):
• Classification (Definition/ examples for each class)
• Monosaccharides (classification depending upon number of carbon atoms and functional
group with examples)
• Disaccharides (Sucrose/ lactose/ maltose and their composition)
• Polysaccharides :

a) Homopolysaccharides (Structure of starch and glycogen)

b) Heteropolysaccharides (Functions)

2. Lipid Chemistry (3 Hrs):

• Definition of lipids
• Functions of lipids in the body
• Classification of lipids (subclasses with examples)
• Definition and Classification of fatty acids
• Essential fatty acids
• Phospholipids and their importance

3. Amino-acid and Protein Chemistry (3 Hrs):

• General structure of D and L amino acids
• Amino acids; Definition and Classification of amino acids with examples.
• Peptides; definition & Biologically important peptides
• Classification of Proteins based on composition, functions and shape (with examples)
• Functions of amino acids and Proteins

4. Nucleotide and Nucleic acid Chemistry (3 Hrs):

• Nucleosides & Nucleotides
• Nucleic acid Definition & types
• Composition & functions of DNA & RNA

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PESU AHS [Link]. (Hons) Medical Science
 • Structure of DNA (Watson and Crick model)
• Structure of t RNA, & functions of tRNA, rRNA, mRNA
• Difference between DNA and RNA

5. Enzymes (5 Hrs):
• Definition & Classification of Enzymes with example
• Definitions of Active site, Cofactor (Coenzyme, Activator),
• Proenzyme; Definition and examples (Pepsin & trypsin)

6. Digestion and Absorption (3 Hrs):

• General characteristics of digestion and absorption,
• Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids.
• General characteristics of digestion and absorption,
• Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids.

7. Carbohydrate Metabolism (5 Hrs):

• Glycolysis; Aerobic, Anaerobic, Definition, Site and subcellular site, steps with all the
enzymes and coenzymes at each step, mention the regulatory enzymes, Energetics,
• Citric acid cycle; Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (reaction and coenzymes) Site and
subcellular site, Reactions with all the enzymes and coenzymes, Regulatory enzymes,
Energetics
• Significance of HMP Shunt pathway.
• Hyperglycemic and hypoglycemic hormones
• Blood Glucose Regulation.
• Diabetes mellitus (definition, classification, signs and symptoms)
• Glycogen metabolism and gluconeogenesis

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PESU AHS [Link]. (Hons) Medical Science
BLOCK 2

8. Lipid Metabolism (4 Hrs):

• Introduction to lipid metabolism, Lipolysis

• Beta oxidation of fatty acids; Definition, Site and subcellular site, Activation of
palmitic acid, Transport of activated palmitic acid into mitochondria, Reactions,
Energetics.
• Name the different ketone bodies. Note on ketosis

9. Amino acid and Protein Metabolism (3 Hrs):

• Introduction, transamination, deamination, Fate of ammonia, transport of ammonia,

• Urea cycle.

10. Vitamins (5 Hrs):

• Definition and classification.

• RDA, sources, coenzyme forms, biochemical functions and disorders for the
following water soluble vitamins: Thiamine, Niacin, Pyridoxine, Cobalamin, Folic
acid, Ascorbic acid with RDA, sources, coenzyme forms, biochemical functions and
deficiency disorders for the following fat soluble vitamins; A and vitamin D

11. Mineral Metabolism (3 Hrs):

• Name the macro/ micro minerals

• Iron: Sources, RDA, Functions and Disorders of deficiency and excess
• Calcium and phosphorus: Sources, RDA, functions, normal serum levels and
hormones regulating their levels

12. Nutrition (6 Hrs):

• Balanced diet (Definition)

• Caloric value; Definition, Caloric values of carbohydrates, proteins and fats
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PESU AHS [Link]. (Hons) Medical Science
 • Total daily caloric requirements of an adult male and female,
• RDA (Definition, standard values for nutrients)
• Basal metabolic rate(BMR); Definition, Magnitude of BMR in men and women,
Factors affecting BMR
• Thermic effect/ SDA of food (Definition, values for major macronutrients)
• Carbohydrates; Daily dietary requirement. 2. Dietary fibers (Definition, functions,
importance and their daily requirements)
• Proteins; Daily requirement, Biological value. a. Definition b. Protein used as a
standard for this, Protein sources with high and low biological value, Mutual
supplementation of proteins (Definition, examples).
• Fats; Daily requirement, Essential fatty acids (Definition, functions, daily
requirement and deficiency manifestations) , Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids
(Definition, sources, examples).
• Malnutrition

13. Renal Function Tests (2 Hrs):

• Name the different tests to assess the kidney functions

• Explain Creatinine clearance & Inulin clearance
• Urinary acidification test

BLOCK 3

14. Radioactive Isotopes (1 Hrs):

• Definition, clinical applications
• Biological effects of radiations

15. Clinical Biochemistry (5 Hrs):

A. Definitions of acid, base, pH and pKa [1 hour]
B. Buffers • Definition [2 hours]
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PESU AHS [Link]. (Hons) Medical Science
 • Henderson Hasselbalch equation,
• Principal buffer systems in the ECF ICF and urine
• Bicarbonate and phosphate buffer systems (pKa value, normal
ratio of base/acid in the plasma)
• Acidosis & Alkalosis (Definition, classification, causes and
biochemical findings

C. Normal serum levels and condition where they are altered [2 hour]
• Glucose, Protein, urea, uric acid, and creatinine
• Bilirubin, cholesterol
• Serum Electrolytes

16. Fundamental Chemistry (1 Hr):

• Valency, Molecular weight & Equivalent weight of elements and
compounds. Normality, Molarity, Molality.

17. Solutions (5Hrs):

Definition, use, classification where appropriate, preparation and storage
• Stock and working solutions.
• Molar and Normal solutions of compounds and acids. (NaCl,
NaOH, HCl, H2SO4, H3PO4, CH3COOH etc.,)
• Preparation of percent solutions – w/w, v/v w/v (solids, liquids
and acids), Conversion of a percent solution into a molar solution
• Saturated and supersaturated solutions
• Standard solutions. Technique for preparation of standard
solutions and Storage. E.g: glucose, albumin etc.
• Dilutions- Diluting Normal, Molar and percent solutions.
Preparing working standard from stock standard.
• Part dilutions: Specimen dilutions. Serial dilutions. Reagent
dilution. Dilution factors

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PESU AHS [Link]. (Hons) Medical Science
PRACTICALS:
 Color Reactions of Carbohydrates & amino acids.
 Precipitation Reactions of proteins
 Calorimetry Estimation of Blood glucose by GOD POD enzymatic
method Estimation of Urea by DAM method

REFERENCE BOOKS:
A. Biochemistry – 3rd revised edition by U Sathyanarayana & U Chakrapani
B. Textbook of Medical Biochemistry-6th Edition by MN Chatterjea & Rana Shinde
C. Textbook of Medical Laboratory technology 2nd edition by Godkar and Godkar.
D. Biochemistry-3rd edition by Pankaja Naik
E. Medical Laboratory technology 6th edition by Ramnik Sood.
F. Manipal Manual of Clinical Biochemistry for medical laboratory and [Link]., students-3rd
edition by Shivananda Nayak B
G. Varley’s Practical Clinical Biochemistry, 4th, 5th and 6 th editions

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PESU AHS [Link]. (Hons) Medical Science
PATHOLOGY

COURSE OBJECTIVES:
1. To know the basics of general Pathology and its applications in allied health practice
2. To know about utility of different sub departments of Pathology- Haematology, clinical
Pathology, histopathology, cytology and Blood bank and their applications in patient care.
3. To conduct basic tests on blood and body fluids and know its interpretation
4. To have knowledge about grossing procedures and technical acumen in processing of
samples
5. Implementation of quality control in the lab

COURSE OUTCOMES:
After completion of three years of AHS course, the graduate should:
1. Be a knowledgeable and competent allied health service provider
2. To have confidence and skill in conducting basic tests in the various departments of the
Pathology lab
3. To implement quality control and quality assurance measures in a lab
4. To work on continuous medical education and skill development of oneself.

Theory: 70 hours Practical 20 hours

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PESU AHS [Link]. (Hons) Medical Science
BLOCK 1

1. Clinical Pathology (12hrs):

 Introduction to clinical pathology
 Collection , transport, preservation and processing of various clinical specimens
 Urine examination- collection and preservation, Physical, chemical and microscopic
examination for abnormal constituents
 Examination of Body fluids
 Examination of Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
 Sputum examination
 Examination of feces

2. Hematology (9hrs):
 Introduction to hematology
 Normal constituents of Blood, their structure and functions
 Collection of Blood samples
 Various anticoagulants used in Hematology
 Hemoglobin estimation, different methods and normal values
 Packed cell volume
 Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
 Normal Haemostasis
 Bleeding time. Clotting time, prothrombin time, Activated partial Thromboplastin time

BLOCK 2

3. Blood Bank (7hrs):

 Introduction blood banking
 Blood group system
 Collection and processing of blood for transfusion
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PESU AHS [Link]. (Hons) Medical Science
  Compatibility testing
 Blood transfusion reactions

4. Cell injury (6hrs):

 Definition, causes
 Cellular adaptations – Hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy and metaplasia.
 Types of cell injury – Reversible and irreversible; morphology of reversible injury.
 Necrosis – Definition and patterns of tissue necrosis.
 Intracellular accumulations – Lipids, cholesterol, proteins, glycogen and pigments;
examples.
 Pathologic calcification – Types and examples.

5. Inflammation (6hrs):
 Definition and signs of inflammation.
 Types – Acute and chronic inflammation.
 Acute inflammation – Causes, morphological patterns and outcome.
 Chronic inflammation – Causes, morphology and examples.
 Regeneration and repair – Mechanism of cutaneous wound healing.
 Factors affecting wound healing.

BLOCK 3

6. Hemodynamic disorders (8hrs):

 Edema – Definition, pathogenesis and types: Renal, cardiac, pulmonary and cerebral.
 Difference between transudate and exudate.
 Shock – Definition, types of shock with examples: Hypovolemic, cardiogenic and septic
shock, stages of shock: Nonprogressive, progressive and irreversible.
 Thrombosis – Definition, mechanism of thrombus formation (Virchow’s triad) and fate of
thrombus.
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PESU AHS [Link]. (Hons) Medical Science
  Embolism – Definition and types: Thromboembolism, fat, air and amniotic fluid embolism.
 Infarction – Definition and examples.

7. Immune system (3hrs):

 Autoimmune diseases – General features, enumerate systemic and organ specific
autoimmune diseases.
 Systemic lupus erythematosus – Manifestations and diagnosis.

8. Neoplasia (7hrs):
 Definition and nomenclature of tumors.
 Differences between benign and malignant neoplasms.
 Enumerate modes of carcinogenesis: Genes, physical, chemical and microbial agents of
carcinogenesis.
 Modes of spread of tumors.
 Clinical aspects of neoplasia.
 Grading and staging of cancers.
 Laboratory diagnosis of cancer.

PRACTICALS:
• Orientation to lab-Haematology, clinical Pathology, Histopathology ,cytology and blood
bank.
• Urine examination- Collection, transport, preservation, physical examination, chemical
examination, microscopy.
• Anticoagulants used in hematology
• Hemoglobin estimation
• Packed cell volume
• Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
• Bleeding time, clotting time
• Introduction to blood bank
• Blood grouping and Rh typing

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PESU AHS [Link]. (Hons) Medical Science
 • Introduction to histopathology
• Fixatives, grossing, tissue processing
• Section cutting

REFERENCE BOOKS:
A. Mohan H. Textbook of pathology. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers; 2018 Nov 30.
B. Nayak R, Nayak R. Exam Preparatory Manual for Undergraduates: Pathology. Jaypee
Brothers Medical Publishers; 2018 Nov 30.
C. Godkar PB, Godkar DP. Textbook of medical laboratory technology. Bhalani publishing
house; 2006.
D. Sood R. Textbook of medical laboratory technology. Jaypee Brothers Publishers; 2006.
E. Suvarna KS, Layton C, Bancroft JD. Bancroft's theory and practice of histological
techniques. Elsevier health sciences; 2018 Feb 27.

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PESU AHS [Link]. (Hons) Medical Science
MICROBIOLOGY

Course Objectives:
Every medical laboratory technology student should:
1. Undergo training in medical microbiology
2. Know the basics of sample collection, transport and process
3. Handle the biomedical waste
4. Sterilization of equipment’s
5. Laboratory diagnosis of organisms
6. Perform molecular diagnosis
7. Maintain log books and registers
8. Know the accreditation process
9. Know the national health programs in microbiology.

Course Outcomes: After completion of three years of Medical Laboratory Technology course,
the graduate should be able to:
1. Should be capable of performing infectious diseases processes.
2. Should be able to work independently as medical laboratory technologist
3. Should be able to suggest and assist in accreditation process

Theory: 70 hours Practical 20 hours

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PESU AHS [Link]. (Hons) Medical Science
BLOCK 1

1. Introduction (6hrs):

 Introduction to Microbiology
 History of Microbiology & Classification of microorganisms
 Microscopy 1
 Morphology of bacterial cell 1
 Morphology of bacterial cell 2
 Morphology of bacterial cell 3

2. Nutrition, growth and multiplication of bacteria (4hrs):

 Culture Media
 Aerobic culture methods
 Anaerobic culture methods

3. Sterilization and Disinfection (6hrs):

 Principles and use of equipment’s of sterilization, Physical agents, sunlight, temperature

less than 100OC, Temperature at 100OC.
 Autoclave, irradiation
 Hot Air Oven, Filtration
 Chemicals used in disinfection 1
 Chemicals used in disinfection 2
 Testing of Disinfectants

4. Biomedical waste management principle and practice Immunology (9hrs):

 Importance of biomedical waste segregation

 Types of biomedical waste segregation
 Treatment of biomedical waste
 Problems faced in biomedical waste segregation

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PESU AHS [Link]. (Hons) Medical Science
  Immunity - mechanism of immunity, classification
 Types of Vaccines
 Immunization schedule
 Definition of antigen, antibody, list of antigen antibody reaction
 Definition of hypersensitivity and classification Definition, types and mode of transmission

5. Infection (4hrs):
 Hospital acquired infection - causative agents,
 Hospital acquired infection - mode of transmission
 Antimicrobial sensitivity testing
 Demonstration of antibiotic sensitivity testing

BLOCK 2

6. Systematic Bacteriology (15 hrs)

 Introduction to bacteriology
 Staphylococcus, MRSA
 coagulase negative Staphylococcus,
 Streptococcus pyogenes,
 Pneumococcus
 Gonococcus
 [Link], diarrhoeagenic [Link]
 Salmonella
 Vibrio cholerae, ElTor vibrios, Halophilic vibrios
 Shigella
 Mycobacterium tuberculosis
 Mycobacterium leprae
 Atypical Mycobacteria

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PESU AHS [Link]. (Hons) Medical Science
7. Parasitology (10 hrs):

 Introduction to Parasitology
 Introduction, morphology, clinical features & Laboratory diagnosis of [Link]
 Introduction, morphology, clinical features & Laboratory diagnosis of Plasmodium
 Introduction, morphology, clinical features & Laboratory diagnosis of [Link]
 Introduction, morphology, clinical features & Laboratory diagnosis of Ascaris
 Introduction, morphology, clinical features & Laboratory diagnosis of Ancylostoma
 Introduction, morphology, clinical features & Laboratory diagnosis of [Link]
 Introduction, morphology, clinical features & Laboratory diagnosis of [Link]
 Introduction, morphology, clinical features & Laboratory diagnosis of [Link]
 Introduction, morphology, clinical features & Laboratory diagnosis of [Link]

BLOCK 3

8. Virology (10 hrs):

 Introduction to virology
 Introduction, morphology, clinical features & Laboratory diagnosis of AIDS
 Introduction, morphology, clinical features & Laboratory diagnosis of Hepatitis
 Introduction, morphology, clinical features & Laboratory diagnosis of Rabies
 Introduction, morphology, clinical features & Laboratory diagnosis of Polio
 Introduction, morphology, clinical features & Laboratory diagnosis of Dengue
 Introduction, morphology, clinical features & Laboratory diagnosis of Helminthic ova
 Introduction, morphology, clinical features & Laboratory diagnosis of Japanese
encephalitis
 Introduction, morphology, clinical features & Laboratory diagnosis of Zika, nipah and
Chikungunya virus
 Introduction, morphology, clinical features & Laboratory diagnosis of Kyasanur forest
disease.

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PESU AHS [Link]. (Hons) Medical Science
  Introduction, morphology, clinical features & Laboratory diagnosis of Influenza Virus
 Introduction, morphology, clinical features & Laboratory diagnosis of Corona Virus

9. Mycology (5hrs):

 Introduction to Mycology with classification of fungus

 Introduction, morphology, clinical features & Laboratory diagnosis of Candidiasis,
Cryptococcosis
 Introduction, morphology, clinical features & Laboratory diagnosis of Aspergillosis,
 Introduction, morphology, clinical features & Laboratory diagnosis of Dermatophytes
 Introduction, morphology, clinical features & Laboratory diagnosis of Mucor Mycosis

PRACTICALS:

 Compound Miscroscope
 Demonstration of sterilization equipments
 Demonstration of culture media and culture methods
 Demonstration of antibiotic sensitivity testing
 Demonstration of serological tests - Widal, VDRL
 Demonstration of serological tests - ASO, CRP, RA
 Demonstration of gram stain
 Demonstration of ZN staining
 Demonstration of Helminthic ova
 Grams stain, Acid fast staining
 Stool exam for Helminthic ova

REFERENCE BOOKS:
A. Ananthanarayana & Panikar Medical Microbiology- University Press
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PESU AHS [Link]. (Hons) Medical Science
 B. Robert Cruckshank- Medical Microbiology- The Practice of Medical Microbiology
C. Chatterjee- Parasitology- Interpretation to Clinical Medicine
D. Rippon- Medical Mycology
E. Jagdish Chandra - Medical Mycology
F. Basic Laboratory methods in Parasitology, J P Bros, New Delhi
G. Basic Laboratory procedures in clinical bacteriology, J P Bros, New Delhi
H. Medical Parasitology- Ajit Damle
I. Introduction to medical microbiology- Ananthanarayana- Orient Longman Pvt. Ltd

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PESU AHS [Link]. (Hons) Medical Science
ENGLISH

COURSE OBJECTIVES
The course is designed to enable students to enhance their ability to comprehend spoken and
written English, which is required for effective communication in their professional work.

COURSE OUTCOMES
The expected outcomes of this course are to speak and write grammatically correct English, to
develop writing skills, to understand and express meaningfully the prescribed content, and to
develop spoken English

1. Introduction:

 Study Techniques
 Organisation of effective note-taking and logical processes of analysis and synthesis
 The use of the dictionary
 Enlargement of vocabulary
 Effective diction

2. Applied Grammar:

 Correct usage
 The structure of sentences
 The structure of paragraphs
 Enlargement of vocabulary

3. Written Composition:

 Precise writing and summarizing

 Writing of bibliography

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PESU AHS [Link]. (Hons) Medical Science
  Enlargement of vocabulary

4. Reading and Comprehension:

 Review of selected materials and express oneself in one's words

 Enlargement of vocabulary

5. The Study of Various Forms of Composition:

The study of various forms of composition:

 Paragraph, Essay, Letter, Summary
 Practice in writing

6. Verbal Communication:

 Discussions and Summarization

 Debates, Oral reports, use in teaching

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PESU AHS [Link]. (Hons) Medical Science
KANNADA

COURSE OBJECTIVE
The student should gain knowledge of the local language (kannada) so as to communicate and
reciprocate with people in general and patients for an accurate diagnoses through better
understanding of symptoms, Increased trust and rapport between doctor and patient and
Improved patient satisfaction

COURSE OUTCOME
At the end of the 1st BPT course the student is expected to know the basic of Kannada Language
with patients and colleagues. Students must be able to identify and write small words and
sentences, acquire communicative skills

 Kannada literatures (letters, word sentences)

 Interaction
 Introducing each other
 Interaction with patients
 Spoken and written Kannada training
 Interacting at vegetable market, cloth shop, picnic and rout
 Conversation between doctor and patient
 Halebidu and Belur
 Lesson reading/newspaper reading
 Act playing in Kannada

Suggested Reading: Lingadevaru, Halemane, Kannada Kali 2002 Kannada University.

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PESU AHS [Link]. (Hons) Medical Science
 38
PESU AHS [Link]. (Hons) Medical Science
Health Care

1. Introduction to Health:
 Definition of health, determinants of health, health indicators of India, health team
concept.
 National health policy
 National health programmes (Briefly objectives and scope)
 Population of India and family welfare programme in India

2. Introduction to Nursing:
 What is nursing? Nursing principles,inter-personnel relationships.
 Bandaging: basic turns, bandaging extremities, triangular bandages and their application.
 Nursing position, prone, lateral, dorsal, dorsal recumbent, Fowler's positions, comfort
measures, bed making, rest and sleep.
 Lifting and transporting patients: lifting patient up in the bed, transferring from bed to
wheelchair, transferring from bed to stretcher.
 Bedside management: giving and taking bedpan, urinal.
 Observation of stools, urine, sputum
 Use and care of catheters, enema giving.
 Methods of giving nourishment: feeding, tube feeding, drips, transfusion.
 Care of rubber goods.
 Recording of body temperature, respiration and pulse.
 Simple aseptic techniques, sterilization and disinfection.
 Surgical dressing observation of dressing procedures.

3. First Aid:

REFERENCE BOOKS:

A. Preventive and Social Medicine by [Link]

39
PESU AHS [Link]. (Hons) Medical Science
 QUESTION PAPER PATTERN FOR AHS EXAMINATION

THEORY

SUBJECTS HAVING MAXIMUM MARKS = 100

TYPE OF QUESTION NUMBER OF QUESTIONS MARKS FOR EACH

QUESTION

ESSAY TYPE 2 (Any TWO out of Three) 10

SHORT ESSAY TYPE 10 (Any TEN out of Twelve) 5

SHORT ANSWER TYPE 10 3

SUBJECTS HAVING MAXIMUM MARKS = 80

TYPE OF QUESTION NUMBER OF QUESTIONS MARKS FOR EACH

QUESTION

ESSAY TYPE 2 (Any TWO out of Three) 10

SHORT ESSAY TYPE 9 (Any NINE out of Eleven) 5

SHORT ANSWER TYPE 5 3

40
PESU AHS [Link]. (Hons) Medical Science
 SUBJECTS HAVING SECTION A & SECTION B [40 MARKS+40 MARKS=80
MARKS]

TYPE OF QUESTION NUMBER OF QUESTIONS MARKS FOR EACH

QUESTION

SECTION A–1

(Any ONE out of Two)

ESSAY TYPE SECTION B–1 10

(Any ONE out of Two)

SECTIONA–4

(Any Three out of Fiver)

SHORT ESSAY TYPE SECTION B–4 5

(Any Three out of Fiver)

SECTIONA–5
SHORT ANSWER TYPE SECTION B–5 2

41
PESU AHS [Link]. (Hons) Medical Science
 THANK YOU

42
PESU AHS [Link]. (Hons) Medical Science