Package ‘simplexreg’

October 14, 2022

Type Package
Title Regression Analysis of Proportional Data Using Simplex
Distribution
Version 1.3
Date 2015-06-20
Author Peng Zhang, Zhengguo Qiu and Chengchun Shi
Maintainer Peng Zhang <pengz@[Link]>
Description Simplex density, distribution, quantile functions as well as random variable
generation of the simplex distribution are given. Regression analysis of proportional data
using various kinds of simplex models is available. In addition, GEE method can be applied
to longitudinal data to model the correlation. Residual analysis is also involved. Some
subroutines are written in C with GNU Scientific Library (GSL) so as to facilitate the
computation.
Depends Formula, plotrix
Imports graphics, stats
License GPL-2
NeedsCompilation yes
Repository CRAN
SystemRequirements GNU Scientific Library version >= 1.8
Date/Publication 2016-08-03 10:10:03

R topics documented:
[Link] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
[Link] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
[Link] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
retinal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
sdac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
simplex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
simplexreg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
[Link] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
[Link] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

1
2 [Link]

Index 16

[Link] Plots for simplexreg Objects

Description
Various types of plots could be produced for simplexreg Objects, including plots of correlation
structure, plots of different types of residuals and plots of partial deviance.

Usage
## S3 method for class 'simplexreg'
plot(x, type = c("residuals", "corr", "GOF"), res = "adjvar", lag = 1, ...)

Arguments
x fitted model object of class "simplexreg"
type character specifying types of plots: the correlation (corr), residuals (residuals),
partial deviances (GOF). See ’Details’
res character specifying types of residuals:approximate Pearson residual (appstdPerr),
standard Pearson residual (stdPerr), adjusted dependent variable si (adjvar).
See [Link]
lag when type = corr, this function examine the autocorrelation at lag lag
... other parameters to be passed through to the plot function

Details
This function provides graphical presentations for simplexreg objects. The plot of correlation aims
examine the correlation structure of the longitudinal data set. Let rij be the standardised score
residuals of the ith observation at time tij , and lag = k, then rij are plotted against rik for all i and
j < k, if |tij − tik | = k.
Residuals can be plotted when specifying type = "residuals", The upper and lower 95 (1.96) are
also lined.
Plots of partial deviance are for the goodness-of-fit test in the presence of within-subject dependence
for longitudinal data. The partial deviances are defined as
mj
X
DjP = 2
d(yij − µ̂ij )/σij ,j ∈ T
i=1

where T denotes a collection of all distinct times on which observation are made. Cross-sectionally,
yij ’s are independent and hence DjP follows approximately χ2 , with mj being the total number of
yij ’s observed cross-sectionally at time tj . Both observed partial deviance DjP statistics and the
corresponding critical values are depicted and compared at each time point.
[Link] 3

Author(s)

Chengchun Shi

References

Song, P. and Qiu, Z. and Tan, M. (2004) Modelling Heterogeneous Dispersion in Marginal Models
for Longitudinal Proportional Data. Biometrical Journal, 46: 540–553
Qiu Z. (2001) Simplex Mixed Models for Longitudinal Proportional Data. Ph.D. Dissertation, York
University
Zhang, P. and Qiu, Z. and Shi, C. (2016) simplexreg: An R Package for Regression Analysis of
Proportional Data Using the Simplex Distribution. Journal of Statistical Software, 71: 1–21

See Also

[Link], [Link]

Examples
## fit the model
data("sdac", package="simplexreg")
sim.glm2 <- simplexreg(rcd~ageadj+chemo|age,
link = "logit", data = sdac)

data("retinal", package = "simplexreg")

sim.gee2 <- simplexreg(Gas~LogT+LogT2+Level|LogT+Level|Time,
link = "logit", corr = "AR1", id = ID, data = retinal)

## produce the plots

plot(sim.glm2, type = "residuals", res = "stdPerr", ylim = c(-3, 3))
plot(sim.gee2, type = "corr", xlab = "", ylab = "")
plot(sim.gee2, type = "GOF", xlab = "", ylab = "")

[Link] Prediction Method for simplexreg Objects

Description

Predicted values based on simplex regression object

Usage

## S3 method for class 'simplexreg'

predict(object, newdata = NULL, type = c("response", "dispersion"),
[Link], ...)
4 [Link]

Arguments

object fitted model object of class "simplexreg"

newdata an optional data frame in which to look for variables with which to predict. If
omitted, original observations are used.
type character indicating type of predictions:fitted mean of response ("response")
or fitted dispersion parameter("dispersion")
[Link] function determining what should be done with missing values in newdata
... currently not used

Author(s)

Chengchun Shi

See Also

simplexreg

Examples
## fit the model
data("sdac", package="simplexreg")
sim.glm2 <- simplexreg(rcd~ageadj+chemo|age, link = "logit",
data = sdac)

data("retinal", package = "simplexreg")

sim.gee2 <- simplexreg(Gas~LogT+LogT2+Level|LogT+Level|Time,
link = "logit", corr = "AR1", id = ID, data = retinal)

## predict the mean

predict(sim.glm2, type = "response")

## predict the dispersion

predict(sim.gee2, type = "dispersion")

[Link] Extract residuals for simplexreg Objects

Description

Methods for extracting various types of residuals from simplex regression, from approximate Pear-
son residuals, standard Pearson residuals and standardise score residuals to adjusted dependent
variable suggested by McCullagh and Nelder (1989). The first three can be used to examine mean-
variance relation while the last aims to test the link function.
[Link] 5

Usage
## S3 method for class 'simplexreg'
residuals(object, type = c("appstdPerr", "stdPerr", "stdscor", "adjvar"),
...)

Arguments
object fitted model object of class "simplexreg"
type character specifying types of residuals:approximate Pearson residual (appstdPerr),
standard Pearson residual (stdPerr), adjusted dependent variable si (adjvar).
Details are given in ’Details’
... currently not used

Details
The Pearson residual takes the form
yi − µ̂i
riP =
τ̂i
where µ̂i is the fitted mean parameter and details about calculation of τ is given in Jorgensen (1997).
When the dispersion parameter σ 2 (see simplex) is large the variance of response approaches to
µ(1 − µ) and this leads to the approximate Pearson residual

yi − µ̂i
ria = p
µ̂i (1 − µ̂i )

Plot of the standardised score residuals,

ui
riS = p
var(ui )

where ui is the score function, can also detect model assumption violation. Details can be found in
Song et al. (2004). The adjusted dependent variable suggested by McCullagh and Nelder (1989)
could be employed as an informal check for the link function,

3σ 4 σ 2 −1/2
si = g(µi ) + ( + ) u(yi ; µi )
µi (1 − µi ) V (µi )

where u(yi ; µi ) and V (µi ) are the score function and variance function.

Author(s)
Chengchun Shi

References
Barndorff-Nielsen, O.E. and Jorgensen, B. (1991) Some parametric models on the simplex. Journal
of Multivariate Analysis, 39: 106–116
Jorgensen, B. (1997) The Theory of Dispersion Models. London: Chapman and Hall
McCullagh, P and Nelder J. (1989) Generalized Linear Models. London: Chapman and Hall
6 retinal

Song, P. and Qiu, Z. and Tan, M. (2004) Modelling Heterogeneous Dispersion in Marginal Models
for Longitudinal Proportional Data. Biometrical Journal, 46: 540–553
Zhang, P. and Qiu, Z. and Shi, C. (2016) simplexreg: An R Package for Regression Analysis of
Proportional Data Using the Simplex Distribution. Journal of Statistical Software, 71: 1–21

See Also
[Link], simplex

Examples
## fit the model
data("sdac", package="simplexreg")
sim.glm2 <- simplexreg(rcd~ageadj+chemo|age,
link = "logit", data = sdac)

data("retinal", package = "simplexreg")

sim.gee2 <- simplexreg(Gas~LogT+LogT2+Level|LogT+Level|Time,
link = "logit", corr = "AR1", id = ID, data = retinal)

## extract the residuals

res <- residuals(sim.glm2, type = "stdPerr")
res <- residuals(sim.gee2, type = "adjvar")

retinal Data on recorded decay of intraocular gas in complex retinal surgeries

Description
The study recorded the decay of intraocular gas C3 F8 in complex retinal surgeries following initial
injection in an ophthalmology study, reported in Meyers et al. (1992). The outcome variable was
the percent of gas left in the eye. The gas, with three different concentration levels, 15%, 20%
and 25% was injected into the eye before surgery for 31 patients. They were then followed three
to eight (average of five) times over a three-month period, and the volume of gas in the eye at the
follow-up times were recorded as a percentage of the initial gas volume. The primary interest was
to investigate whether concentration levels of the gas injected in patients’ eyes affect the decay rate
of the gas.

Usage
data("retinal")

Format
A data frame with 181 observations on the following 6 variables.

Gas Percentage of the initial gas volume left

Time Time covariate of days after the gas injection
sdac 7

LogT Logarithm of Time

LogT2 Square of LogT
Level Concentration levels of the initial intraocular gas. For each patient, Level = -1 if the gas
concentration level is 15%, Level = 0 if 20%, or 1 if 25%.
ID A factor indicating patients.

References

Meyers, S. M. and Ambler, J. S. and Tan, M. (1992) Variation of Perfluorpropane Disappearance

after Vitrectomy. Retinal, 12: 359–363
Zhang, P. and Qiu, Z. and Shi, C. (2016) simplexreg: An R Package for Regression Analysis of
Proportional Data Using the Simplex Distribution. Journal of Statistical Software, 71: 1–21

sdac Data on Autologous Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplants in Al-

berta Health Service

Description

Autologous peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) transplants have been widely used for rapid hema-
tologic recovery following myeloablative therapy for various malignant hematological disorders. A
study enrolled 242 patients who consented to autologous PBSC transplant after myeloablative doses
of chemotherapy between year 2003 and 2008 at the Edmonton Hematopoietic Stem Cell Lab in
Cross Cancer Institute - Alberta Health Services. The Data is a data frame containing information
about the patients’ age, gender, as well as their clinical characteristics.

Usage

data("sdac")

Format

A data frame with 239 observations on the following 5 variables.

age patients’ ages

gender patients’ genders
rcd recovery rates for viable CD34+ cells
chemo dummy variable indicating if a patient receives a chemotherapy on a one-day protocol(0) or
on a 3-day protocol(1)
ageadj adjusted age variable. age < 40 is set as the baseline age and other ages are adjusted by
subtracting by 40
8 simplex

References
Allan, D. and Keeney, M. and Howson-Jan, K. and Popma, J. and Weir, K. and Bhatia, M. and
Sutherland, D. and Chin_yee, I. (2002) Number of Viable CD34+ Cells Reinfused Predicts En-
graftment in Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. BONE MARROW TRANSPL,
20: 967-72
Yang, H. and Acker, J. and Cabuhat, M. and Letcher, B. and Larratt, L. and McGann, L. (2005)
Association of Post_Thaw viable CD34+ Cells and CFU-GM with Time to Hematopoietic Engraft-
ment. BONE MARROW TRANSPL, 35: 881-887
Zhang, P. and Qiu, Z. and Shi, C. (2016) simplexreg: An R Package for Regression Analysis of
Proportional Data Using the Simplex Distribution. Journal of Statistical Software, 71: 1–21

simplex The Simplex Distribution Functions

Description
Density, cumulative distribution function, quantile function and random variable generation for the
simplex distribution with mean equal to mu and dispersion equal to sig

Usage
dsimplex(x, mu, sig)
psimplex(q, mu, sig)
qsimplex(p, mu, sig)
rsimplex(n, mu, sig)
[Link](q, mu, sig)
[Link](p, mu, sig)

Arguments
x, q vector of quantiles
p vector of probabilities
n number of observations
mu vector of means
sig vector of square root of dispersion parameter of simplex distribution

Details
The simplex distribution has density
1 3 1
p(y) = (2πσ 2 )− 2 (y(1 − y))− 2 exp(− d(y; µ)), y ∈ (0, 1)
2σ 2
where d(y; µ) is a unit deviance function
(y − µ)2
d(y; µ) =
y(1 − y)µ2 (1 − µ)2
µ is the mean of simplex distribution and σ 2 the dispersion parameter. qnorm provides results up to
about 6 digits.
simplexreg 9

Value
dsimplex gives density function, psimplex gives the distribution function, qsimplex gives quantile
function and rsimplex gives random number generated from the simplex distribution. [Link]
and [Link] gives the renormalized distribution and quantile function.

Author(s)
Peng Zhang and Zhenguo Qiu

References
Barndorff-Nielsen, O.E. and Jorgensen, B. (1991) Some parametric models on the simplex. Journal
of Multivariate Analysis, 39: 106–116
Jorgensen, B. (1997) The Theory of Dispersion Models. London: Chapman and Hall
Song, P. and Qiu, Z. and Tan, M. (2004) Modelling Heterogeneous Dispersion in Marginal Models
for Longitudinal Proportional Data. Biometrical Journal, 46: 540–553

Examples
# simplex distribution function
dsimplex(seq(0.01,0.99,0.01), 0.5, 1)
psimplex(seq(0.01,0.99,0.01), 0.5, 1)
qsimplex(seq(0.01,0.99,0.01), 0.5, 1)

# random variable generation

n <- 200
ga0 <- 1.5
ga1 <- 0.5
ga2 <- -0.5
sigma <- 4
T <- c(rep(0, n/2), rep(1, n/2))
S <- runif(n, 0, 5)
eta <- ga0 + ga1 * T + ga2 * S
mu <- exp(eta)/(1+exp(eta))
Y <- rep(0, n)
for (i in 1:n){
Y[i] <- rsimplex(1, mu[i], sigma)
}

simplexreg Simplex Generalized Linear Model Regression Function

Description
Regression Analysis of Proportional Data Using Various Types of Simplex Models
10 simplexreg

Usage
simplexreg(formula, data, subset, [Link],
link = c("logit", "probit", "cloglog", "neglog"), corr = "Ind", id = NULL,
control = [Link](...), model = TRUE, y = TRUE, x = TRUE, ...)

[Link](y, x, z = NULL, t = NULL, link = "logit", corr = "Ind",

id = NULL, control = [Link]())

Arguments
formula a symbolic description of the model to be fitted(of type y ~ x or y ~ x | z | t. The
Details are given under ’Details’).
data an optional data frame, list or environment containing variables in formula and
id.
subset, [Link]
arguments controlling formula processing via [Link]
link type of link function to the mean. Currently, "logit"(logit function), "probit"(probit
function), "cloglog"(complementary log-log function), "neglog"(negative log
function) are supported.
corr the covariance structure, chosen from "Ind"(independent structure), "Exc"(exchangeability)
and "AR1"(AR(1)), see Details
id a factor identifies the clusters when gee = TRUE. The length of id should be the
same as the number of observations. y, x, z, t are assumed to be sorted in
accordance with clusters specified by id
control a list of control argument via [Link]
model a logical value indicating whether model frame should be included as a compo-
nent of the return value
y, x For simplexreg:logical values indicating whether response vector and covari-
ates modelling the mean parameter should be returned as components of the
returned value For [Link]:x is the design matrix and y is the response
vector
z regressor matrix modelling the dispersion parameter
t time covariate in the correlation structure, see Details
... argument passed to [Link]

Details
Outcomes of continuous proportions arise in many applied areas. Such data could be properly mod-
elled using simplex regression. See also simplex. The mean and dispersion parameters are linked
to set of regressors. Regression analysis of the simplex model is implemented in simplexreg. If
corr = "Ind", simplex generalized regression model is employed. Estimations is performed by
maximum likelihood via Fisher scoring technique.
Apart from including generalized simplex regression models, this function also provides users with
generalized estimating equations (GEE) techniques to model longitudinal proportional response.
simplexreg 11

Exchangeability and AR(1) structures are available. Parameter estimation and residual analysis are
involved.
We employ the specification approach designed in the fitting model function betareg of beta re-
gression in the package betareg. As for simplex regression models, assuming the dispersion is
homogeneous, the response is linked to a linear predictor described by y ~ x1 + x2 using a link
function. Four types of function are available linking the regressors to the mean. However, for
dispersion, the link function is restricted to logarithm function. When modeling dispersion, the
regressor modelling the dispersion parameter should be specified in a formula form of type y ~ x1
+ x2 | z1 + z2 where z1 and z2 are linked to the dispersion parameter σ 2 .
Model specification is a bit complicated when it comes to modelling longitudinal proportional re-
sponse. Song et. al (2004) proposed a marginal simplex model consists of three components,
the population-average effects, the pattern of dispersion and the correlation structure. Let the per-
centage responses for the ith subject be yij , observed at time tij . If corr = "AR1", the working
covariance matrix of yij , j = 1, 2, ..., ni , is

exp(α ∗ |tik − tij |)kj

where α < 0 and exp(α) is the lag-1 autocorrelation. If corr = "Exc", the covariance matrix will
be (1 − exp(α))I + exp(α)1 where I is the identity matrix while 1 the matrix with all elements
being equal to one.
For homogeneous dispersion, the formula is supposed to be of the form y ~ x1 + x2 | 1 | t where t
is the time covariate. Otherwise, the formula will be of the form y ~ x1 + x2 | z1 + z2 | t.

Value
fixef estimates of coefficients modelling the mean as well as the standard deviation
dispar estimates of coefficients modelling dispersion as well as the standard deviation
Dispersion estimate of the dispersion parameter
appstdPerr approximated standard deviations of the regression coefficients
stdPerr exact standard deviations of the regression coefficients
meanmu estimate of mean parameter
adjvar adjusted dependent variable si . Details could be found in McCullagh and Nelder
(1989)
stdscor standardised score residuals. Details can be found in Song et al. (2004)
predict predicted values of g(µi ) where g is the link function and µi the mean parameter
loglike value of maximum log-likelihood function
deviance value of deviance
call the original function call
formula the original formula
terms a list with elements "mean" and "dispersion" containing term object for the
model
levels a list with elements "mean" and "dispersion" containing levels of categorical
regressors
12 simplexreg

link type of function linking to the mean

type type = "homo" for homogeneous dispersion while type = "hetero" for hetero-
geneous dispersion
model the full model frame (if model = TRUE)
y response vector (if y = TRUE)
x a list with elements mean, dispersion, time and id containing corresponding
variables
n number of proportional observations
iter number of Fisher iterations
... argument passed to [Link]

Author(s)
Zhenguo Qiu, Peng Zhang and Chengchun Shi

References
Barndorff-Nielsen, O.E. and Jorgensen, B. (1991) Some parametric models on the simplex. Journal
of Multivariate Analysis, 39: 106–116
Jorgensen, B. (1997) The Theory of Dispersion Models. London: Chapman and Hall
McCullagh, P and Nelder J. (1989) Generalized Linear Models. London: Chapman and Hall
Song, P. and Qiu, Z. and Tan, M. (2004) Modelling Heterogeneous Dispersion in Marginal Models
for Longitudinal Proportional Data. Biometrical Journal, 46: 540–553
Zhang, P. and Qiu, Z. and Shi, C. (2016) simplexreg: An R Package for Regression Analysis of
Proportional Data Using the Simplex Distribution. Journal of Statistical Software, 71: 1–21

See Also
simplex

Examples
# GLM models
data("sdac", package = "simplexreg")
sim.glm1 <- simplexreg(rcd~ageadj+chemo, link = "logit",
data = sdac)
sim.glm2 <- simplexreg(rcd~ageadj+chemo|age, link = "logit",
data = sdac)

# GEE models
data("retinal", package = "simplexreg")
sim.gee1 <- simplexreg(Gas~LogT+LogT2+Level|1|Time, link = "logit",
corr = "Exc", id = ID, data = retinal)
sim.gee2 <- simplexreg(Gas~LogT+LogT2+Level|LogT+Level|Time,
link = "logit", corr = "AR1", id = ID, data = retinal)
[Link] 13

[Link] Control Parameters for Simplex Regression

Description
Various parameters that control fitting of simplex regression models using simplexreg.

Usage
[Link](maxit = 200, beta = NULL, gamma = NULL, alpha = NULL,
tol = 1e-6, ...)

Arguments
maxit maximum number of iterations
beta start value for beta modelling the mean parameter
gamma start value for gamma modelling the dispersion
alpha start value for alpha modelling correlation structure using GEEs, see Song [Link]
(2004)
tol numeric tolerance for convergence in Fisher scoring
... currently not used

Value
A list with the arguments specified.

See Also
simplexreg

Examples
# GLM models
data("sdac", package = "simplexreg")
sim.glm1 <- simplexreg(rcd~ageadj+chemo, link = "logit",
data = sdac, beta = c(1.115, 0.013, 0.252))
sim.glm2 <- simplexreg(rcd~ageadj+chemo|age, link = "logit",
data = sdac, beta = c(1.115, 0.013, 0.252), gamma = c(2.61, -0.015))

# GEE models
data("retinal", package = "simplexreg")
sim.gee1 <- simplexreg(Gas~LogT+LogT2+Level|1|Time, link = "logit",
corr = "Exc", id = ID, data = retinal, beta = c(2.72, 0.034, -0.329, 0.409),
alpha = -0.3)
sim.gee2 <- simplexreg(Gas~LogT+LogT2+Level|LogT+Level|Time,
link = "logit", corr = "AR1", id = ID, data = retinal, alpha = -0.3,
beta = c(2.72, 0.034, -0.329, 0.409))
14 [Link]

[Link] Extracting Information from Objects simplexreg

Description

Methods for extracting information from fitted simplex regression model objects of class "simplexreg"

Usage

## S3 method for class 'simplexreg'

## S3 method for class 'simplexreg'
summary(object, type = "stdPerr", ...)

## S3 method for class 'simplexreg'

## S3 method for class 'simplexreg'
coef(object, ...)

## S3 method for class 'simplexreg'

## S3 method for class 'simplexreg'
vcov(object, ...)

Arguments

object fitted model object of class "simplexreg"

type character specifying type of residuals to be included, see [Link]
... currently not used

Details

These functions make it possible to extract information from objects of class "simplexreg". Wald
statistics as well as the p-values of regression coefficients are given in the summary output. If
GEE = FALSE, based on the fitted coefficients, a χ2 test is performed and the p-value is reported in
the output. Otherwise, coefficients of the autocorrelation α, ρ, (see Song et. al (2004)), are also
involved.
Model coefficients and their covariance matrix could be extracted by the coef, and vcov, respec-
tively. For simplex GLM models (GEE = FALSE), Akaike Information Criterion and Bayesian Infor-
mation Criterion could be calculated using generic functions AIC and BIC, respectively.

Author(s)

Chengchun Shi
[Link] 15

References
Barndorff-Nielsen, O.E. and Jorgensen, B. (1991) Some parametric models on the simplex. Journal
of Multivariate Analysis, 39: 106–116
Jorgensen, B. (1997) The Theory of Dispersion Models. London: Chapman and Hall
Song, P. and Qiu, Z. and Tan, M. (2004) Modelling Heterogeneous Dispersion in Marginal Models
for Longitudinal Proportional Data. Biometrical Journal, 46: 540–553
Zhang, P. and Qiu, Z. and Shi, C. (2016) simplexreg: An R Package for Regression Analysis of
Proportional Data Using the Simplex Distribution. Journal of Statistical Software, 71: 1–21

See Also
simplexreg, [Link]

Examples
## fit the model
data("sdac", package = "simplexreg")
sim.glm2 <- simplexreg(rcd~ageadj+chemo|age, link = "logit",
data = sdac)

data("retinal", package = "simplexreg")

sim.gee2 <- simplexreg(Gas~LogT+LogT2+Level|LogT+Level|Time,
link = "logit", corr = "AR1", id = ID, data = retinal)

## extract information
summary(sim.glm2, type = "appstdPerr")
coef(sim.glm2)
vcov(sim.glm2)
AIC(sim.glm2)
BIC(sim.glm2)

summary(sim.gee2, type = "stdscor")

coef(sim.gee2)
vcov(sim.glm2)
Index

∗ distribution [Link], 3, 6, 14
simplex, 8
∗ random variable vcov, 14
simplex, 8 [Link] ([Link]), 14
∗ simplex regression
simplexreg, 9

AIC, 14
[Link] ([Link]), 14

BIC, 14
[Link] ([Link]), 14

coef, 14
[Link] ([Link]), 14

dsimplex (simplex), 8

[Link] ([Link]),
14

[Link], 10

[Link] ([Link]), 14

[Link], 2
[Link], 3
[Link] (simplexreg), 9
[Link]
([Link]), 14
psimplex (simplex), 8

qsimplex (simplex), 8

[Link], 2, 3, 4, 14, 15
retinal, 6
rsimplex (simplex), 8

sdac, 7
simplex, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12
simplexreg, 4, 9, 13, 15
[Link], 10, 12, 13

16