Recommendation for Space Data System Standards

FLEXIBLE ADVANCED
CODING AND MODULATION
SCHEME FOR HIGH RATE
TELEMETRY APPLICATIONS

RECOMMENDED STANDARD

CCSDS 131.2-B-2

BLUE BOOK
February 2023
Recommendation for Space Data System Standards

FLEXIBLE ADVANCED
CODING AND MODULATION
SCHEME FOR HIGH RATE
TELEMETRY APPLICATIONS

RECOMMENDED STANDARD

CCSDS 131.2-B-2

BLUE BOOK
February 2023
 CCSDS RECOMMENDED STANDARD FOR FLEXIBLE ADVANCED CODING AND
MODULATION SCHEME FOR HIGH RATE TELEMETRY APPLICATIONS

AUTHORITY

Issue: Recommended Standard, Issue 2

Date: February 2023
Location: Washington, DC, USA

This document has been approved for publication by the Management Council of the
Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) and represents the consensus
technical agreement of the participating CCSDS Member Agencies. The procedure for
review and authorization of CCSDS documents is detailed in Organization and Processes for
the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS A02.1-Y-4), and the record of
Agency participation in the authorization of this document can be obtained from the CCSDS
Secretariat at the email address below.

This document is published and maintained by:

CCSDS Secretariat
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Washington, DC, USA
Email: secretariat@[Link]

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STATEMENT OF INTENT
The Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) is an organization officially
established by the management of its members. The Committee meets periodically to address
data systems problems that are common to all participants, and to formulate sound technical
solutions to these problems. Inasmuch as participation in the CCSDS is completely
voluntary, the results of Committee actions are termed Recommended Standards and are
not considered binding on any Agency.

This Recommended Standard is issued by, and represents the consensus of, the CCSDS
members. Endorsement of this Recommendation is entirely voluntary. Endorsement,
however, indicates the following understandings:
o Whenever a member establishes a CCSDS-related standard, this standard will be in
accord with the relevant Recommended Standard. Establishing such a standard
does not preclude other provisions which a member may develop.
o Whenever a member establishes a CCSDS-related standard, that member will
provide other CCSDS members with the following information:
-- The standard itself.
-- The anticipated date of initial operational capability.
-- The anticipated duration of operational service.
o Specific service arrangements shall be made via memoranda of agreement. Neither
this Recommended Standard nor any ensuing standard is a substitute for a
memorandum of agreement.

No later than five years from its date of issuance, this Recommended Standard will be
reviewed by the CCSDS to determine whether it should: (1) remain in effect without change;
(2) be changed to reflect the impact of new technologies, new requirements, or new
directions; or (3) be retired or canceled.

In those instances when a new version of a Recommended Standard is issued, existing

CCSDS-related member standards and implementations are not negated or deemed to be non-
CCSDS compatible. It is the responsibility of each member to determine when such
standards or implementations are to be modified. Each member is, however, strongly
encouraged to direct planning for its new standards and implementations towards the later
version of the Recommended Standard.

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FOREWORD
This document describes a Serially Concatenated Convolutional turbo Coding (SCCC)
scheme for telemetry applications. The flexibility, performance, and proper architecture of
the proposed coding scheme together with a new frame structure make the scheme suitable
for achieving a significantly high spectral and power efficiency while maintaining
compatibility with the existing data layer protocols.

The proposed coding scheme and its associated frame structure are specifically designed to
support reconfiguration of the downlink channel (variable or adaptive coding and
modulation) and to provide means for reliable synchronization at the Physical Layer and the
Data Link Layer.

Through the process of normal evolution, it is expected that expansion, deletion, or

modification of this document may occur. This Recommended Standard is therefore subject
to CCSDS document management and change control procedures, which are defined in
Organization and Processes for the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems
(CCSDS A02.1-Y-4). Current versions of CCSDS documents are maintained at the CCSDS
Web site:

[Link]

Questions relating to the contents or status of this document should be sent to the CCSDS
Secretariat at the email address indicated on page i.

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At time of publication, the active Member and Observer Agencies of the CCSDS were:
Member Agencies
– Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI)/Italy.
– Canadian Space Agency (CSA)/Canada.
– Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES)/France.
– China National Space Administration (CNSA)/People’s Republic of China.
– Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR)/Germany.
– European Space Agency (ESA)/Europe.
– Federal Space Agency (FSA)/Russian Federation.
– Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)/Brazil.
– Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)/Japan.
– National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/USA.
– UK Space Agency/United Kingdom.
Observer Agencies
– Austrian Space Agency (ASA)/Austria.
– Belgian Science Policy Office (BELSPO)/Belgium.
– Central Research Institute of Machine Building (TsNIIMash)/Russian Federation.
– China Satellite Launch and Tracking Control General, Beijing Institute of Tracking and
Telecommunications Technology (CLTC/BITTT)/China.
– Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)/China.
– China Academy of Space Technology (CAST)/China.
– Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO)/Australia.
– Danish National Space Center (DNSC)/Denmark.
– Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Aeroespacial (DCTA)/Brazil.
– Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI)/Korea.
– European Organization for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT)/Europe.
– European Telecommunications Satellite Organization (EUTELSAT)/Europe.
– Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency (GISTDA)/Thailand.
– Hellenic National Space Committee (HNSC)/Greece.
– Hellenic Space Agency (HSA)/Greece.
– Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)/India.
– Institute of Space Research (IKI)/Russian Federation.
– Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI)/Korea.
– Ministry of Communications (MOC)/Israel.
– Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre (MBRSC)/United Arab Emirates.
– National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT)/Japan.
– National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)/USA.
– National Space Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan (NSARK)/Kazakhstan.
– National Space Organization (NSPO)/Chinese Taipei.
– Naval Center for Space Technology (NCST)/USA.
– Netherlands Space Office (NSO)/The Netherlands.
– Research Institute for Particle & Nuclear Physics (KFKI)/Hungary.
– Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)/Turkey.
– South African National Space Agency (SANSA)/Republic of South Africa.
– Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO)/Pakistan.
– Swedish Space Corporation (SSC)/Sweden.
– Swiss Space Office (SSO)/Switzerland.
– United States Geological Survey (USGS)/USA.

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DOCUMENT CONTROL

Document Title Date Status

CCSDS Flexible Advanced Coding and March 2012 Original issue,

131.2-B-1 Modulation Scheme for High Rate superseded
Telemetry Applications,
Recommended Standard, Issue 1

CCSDS Flexible Advanced Coding and February Current issue

131.2-B-2 Modulation Scheme for High Rate 2023 – adds support for the
Telemetry Applications, Unified Space Data
Recommended Standard, Issue 2 Link Protocol;
– replaces the term
Channel Access Data
Unit (CADU) with
Synch-Marked Transfer
Frame (SMTF).

NOTE – Changes from the original issue are marked with change bars in the inside
margin.

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CONTENTS
Section Page

1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1-1

1.1 PURPOSE ............................................................................................................... 1-1

1.2 SCOPE .................................................................................................................... 1-1
1.3 APPLICABILITY ................................................................................................... 1-2
1.4 DOCUMENT STRUCTURE .................................................................................. 1-2
1.5 CONVENTIONS AND DEFINITIONS ................................................................. 1-3
1.6 PATENTED TECHNOLOGIES ............................................................................. 1-4
1.7 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................ 1-5

2 OVERVIEW ................................................................................................................... 2-1

2.1 ARCHITECTURE .................................................................................................. 2-1

2.2 SUMMARY OF FUNCTIONS ............................................................................... 2-2
2.3 INTERNAL ORGANIZATION ............................................................................. 2-3

3 MODE ADAPTATION.................................................................................................. 3-1

3.1 OVERVIEW............................................................................................................ 3-1

3.2 SCCC SYSTEM INPUT AND INITIAL OPERATIONS ...................................... 3-1

4 SCCC ENCODING ........................................................................................................ 4-1

4.1 GENERAL .............................................................................................................. 4-1

4.2 CONVOLUTIONAL ENCODING......................................................................... 4-2
4.3 INTERLEAVER ..................................................................................................... 4-3
4.4 CODING RATE ADJUSTMENT ........................................................................... 4-4
4.5 ROW-COLUMN INTERLEAVER ........................................................................ 4-8

5 PHYSICAL LAYER FRAMING .................................................................................. 5-1

5.1 GENERAL .............................................................................................................. 5-1

5.2 CONSTELLATION MAPPING ............................................................................. 5-1
5.3 PL SIGNALLING INSERTION ............................................................................. 5-6
5.4 FRAME HEADER MODULATION .................................................................... 5-10
5.5 PHYSICAL LAYER I/Q PSEUDO-RANDOMIZATION ................................... 5-11

6 BASEBAND FILTERING ............................................................................................. 6-1

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CONTENTS (continued)
Section Page

7 FRAME SYNCHRONIZATION .................................................................................. 7-1

7.1 OVERVIEW ........................................................................................................... 7-1

7.2 THE ATTACHED SYNC MARKER ..................................................................... 7-1
7.3 ASM BIT PATTERNS ........................................................................................... 7-1
7.4 LOCATION OF ASM............................................................................................. 7-1
7.5 ASM FOR EMBEDDED DATA STREAM ........................................................... 7-2

8 PSEUDO-RANDOMIZER ............................................................................................ 8-1

8.1 OVERVIEW ........................................................................................................... 8-1

8.2 PSEUDO-RANDOMIZER DESCRIPTION .......................................................... 8-1
8.3 SYNCHRONIZATION AND APPLICATION OF PSEUDO-RANDOMIZER ... 8-1
8.4 SEQUENCE SPECIFICATION ............................................................................. 8-2
8.5 LOGIC DIAGRAM ................................................................................................ 8-2

9 MANAGED PARAMETERS ........................................................................................ 9-1

9.1 OVERVIEW ........................................................................................................... 9-1

9.2 PERMANENT MANAGED PARAMETERS........................................................ 9-1
9.3 VARIABLE MANAGED PARAMETERS ............................................................ 9-2

ANNEX A SERVICE (NORMATIVE) .......................................................................... A-1

ANNEX B PARALLELIZED INTERLEAVER (NORMATIVE) .............................. B-1
ANNEX C PHYSICAL LAYER PSEUDO-RANDOMIZATION
(NORMATIVE) .............................................................................................. C-1
ANNEX D SECURITY, SANA, AND PATENT CONSIDERATIONS
(INFORMATIVE) .......................................................................................... D-1
ANNEX E ACRONYMS AND TERMS (INFORMATIVE) ....................................... E-1
ANNEX F INFORMATIVE REFERENCES (INFORMATIVE) ............................... F-1

Figure

1-1 Bit Numbering Convention ........................................................................................... 1-4

2-1 Relationship with OSI Layers ....................................................................................... 2-1
2-2 Functional Diagrams at Sending End............................................................................ 2-3
2-3 Stream Format at Different Stages of Processing ......................................................... 2-4
4-1 Block Diagram of the SCC Turbo Coding Scheme ...................................................... 4-2
4-2 The Convolutional Encoder Block Diagram for CC1 and CC2 .................................... 4-3
4-3 Outer Code Puncturing Scheme .................................................................................... 4-3

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CONTENTS (continued)
Figure Page

4-4 Row-Column Bit-Interleaving Scheme ......................................................................... 4-9

5-1 Bit Mapping into Constellations ................................................................................... 5-4
5-2 Physical Layer Frame Structure .................................................................................... 5-6
5-3 Frame Marker Sequence Generator .............................................................................. 5-7
5-4 Frame Descriptor Code Structure.................................................................................. 5-8
5-5 Generator Matrix for (32,6) Code ................................................................................. 5-9
5-6 Distributed Pilot Pattern .............................................................................................. 5-10
7-1 Embedded ASM Bit Pattern .......................................................................................... 7-2
8-1 Pseudo-Randomizer Configuration ............................................................................... 8-1
8-2 Pseudo-Randomizer Logic Diagram ............................................................................. 8-3
B-1 Interpretation of Interleaver Algorithm........................................................................ B-1
C-1 Possible Block Diagram for Pseudo-Randomization Sequence Generation ................ C-2

Table

3-1 Information Block Sizes for Different ACM Formats .................................................. 3-2
4-1 Interleaver Sizes for Different ACM Formats .............................................................. 4-4
4-2 Best Incremental Puncturing Positions ......................................................................... 4-6
4-3 Main Encoder Parameters for 27 Selected ACM Formats ............................................ 4-8
5-1 Constellation Radius Ratios for 16APSK and 32APSK ............................................... 5-3
5-2 ACM Formats of the SCCC Encoder ............................................................................ 5-5
5-3 Frame Descriptor Input Bits Content ............................................................................ 5-8
5-4 Frame Parameters Related to Pilot Distribution ......................................................... 5-10
7-1 ASM Bit Patterns .......................................................................................................... 7-1
9-1 Managed Parameters for Frame Synchronization ......................................................... 9-1
9-2 Managed Parameters for Coding and Modulation ........................................................ 9-2
9-3 Managed Parameters for Supported ACM Formats ...................................................... 9-2
9-4 Managed Parameters for ACM Format ......................................................................... 9-3
9-5 Variable Managed Parameters for 27 Selected ACM Formats ..................................... 9-3
B-1 Interleaver Parameters (1-10)....................................................................................... B-2
B-2 Interleaver Parameters (11 to 19) ................................................................................. B-7
C-1 Scrambling Sequences ................................................................................................. C-2

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1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 PURPOSE

The purpose of this Recommended Standard is to define an efficient and comprehensive

coding and modulation solution able to support a wide range of spectral efficiency values and
data rates. The main target is given by high data rate telemetry applications (as suggested by
the title of this Recommended Standard), i.e., Earth Exploration Satellite Service (EESS)
telemetry payload, where the increase of the system throughput by means of advanced
adaptive techniques is deemed essential in order to fulfil the requirements imposed by future
missions. However, this Recommended Standard may be also adopted for other high-data-
rate applications (either space-to-ground, ground-to-space, or space-to-space) and services
(e.g., the Space Research service), as long as compliance to CCSDS recommendations for
Radio Frequency modulations in reference [4] is ensured.

1.2 SCOPE

The current specification presents a turbo-like coding/modulation scheme based on one

possible realization of a Serial Concatenated Convolutional Code (SCCC). This scheme
makes use of a set of a large variety of modulation techniques (including QPSK, 8PSK,
16APSK, 32APSK, and 64APSK—see reference [4]) and a wide range of coding rates. The
number of different modulation schemes available, combined with a properly selected coding
rate, allows the overall system to make efficient use of the available bandwidth, adapting
itself to the variable conditions of the link. The proposed scheme can implement Variable
Coding and Modulation (VCM) mode, which varies the transmission scheme to the channel
conditions following a predetermined schedule (for example, as a function of the elevation
angle). When a channel 1 is available to provide feedback (e.g., via Telecommand), the
transmission scheme can be dynamically adjusted using the Adaptive Coding and Modulation
(ACM) mode. The proposed coding scheme is easily adapted to any of the available
modulation formats thanks to the pragmatic approach adopted: the outputs of the binary
encoders are mapped to the considered modulation scheme, after being interleaved. In other
words, a bit-interleaved coded modulation scheme is proposed (reference [F1]).

The use of SCCC is intended mainly for high data rate applications. The Forward Error
Correction (FEC) scheme is based on the concatenation of two simple four-state encoder
structures. The SCCC scheme implies a Physical Layer frame of constant length, with pilots
inserted in fixed positions. This architecture simplifies the synchronization procedure, thus
further allowing fast and efficient acquisition at very high rates for the receiver.

This document describes a technique incorporating multiple modulation formats paired with
a flexible coding and synchronization method in a tightly integrated fashion. In particular,
the document provides a series of recommended formats where each format pairs a
modulation technique with a tailored implementation of the coding and synchronization

1Such a channel is often referenced as a ‘return channel’; however, in CCSDS the ‘return link’ is associated
with space-to-ground transmission of telemetry data.

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method. However, where these modulations and/or codes are recommended in other CCSDS
documents, this document does not limit the choice of modulations and/or codes consistent
with those recommendations.

1.3 APPLICABILITY

This Recommended Standard applies to the creation of Agency standards and to future data
communications over space links between CCSDS Agencies in cross-support situations.
This Recommended Standard includes comprehensive specification of the data formats and
procedures for inter-Agency cross support. It is neither a specification of, nor a design for,
real systems that may be implemented for existing or future missions.

The Recommended Standard specified in this document is to be invoked through the normal
standards programs of each CCSDS Agency and is applicable to those missions for which
cross support based on capabilities described in this Recommended Standard is anticipated.
Where mandatory capabilities are clearly indicated in sections of this Recommended
Standard, it is mandatory to implement them when this document is used as a basis for cross
support. Where options are allowed or implied, implementation of these options is subject to
specific bilateral cross support agreements between the Agencies involved.

1.4 DOCUMENT STRUCTURE

This document is divided into nine numbered sections and six annexes:
a) section 1 presents the purpose, scope, applicability, and rationale of this
Recommended Standard and lists the conventions, definitions, and references used
throughout the document;
b) section 2 provides an overview of the system architecture;
c) section 3 specifies the mode adaptation;
d) section 4 specifies the SCCC encoding;
e) section 5 specifies the Physical Layer framing;
f) section 6 specifies baseband filtering;
g) section 7 specifies frame synchronization;
h) section 8 specifies the Pseudo-Randomizer;
i) section 9 specifies managed parameters;
j) annex A provides the service definition;
k) annex B provides the description of the interleaver;
l) annex C specifies the Physical Layer pseudo-randomization;

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m) annex D discusses security, SANA, and patent considerations;

n) annex E lists acronyms and terms used within this document;
o) annex F provides a list of informative references.

1.5 CONVENTIONS AND DEFINITIONS

1.5.1 NOMENCLATURE

The following conventions apply for the normative specifications in this Recommended
Standard:
a) the words ‘shall’ and ‘must’ imply a binding and verifiable specification;
b) the word ‘should’ implies an optional, but desirable, specification;
c) the word ‘may’ implies an optional specification;
d) the words ‘is’, ‘are’, and ‘will’ imply statements of fact.

NOTE – These conventions do not imply constraints on diction in text that is clearly
informative in nature.

1.5.2 INFORMATIVE TEXT

In the normative sections of this document (sections 3 through 9 and annexes A through C),
informative text is set off from the normative specifications either in notes or under one of
the following subsection headings:
– Overview;
– Background;
– Rationale;
– Discussion.

1.5.3 CONVENTIONS

In this document, the following convention is used to identify each bit in an N-bit field. The
first bit in the field to be transmitted (i.e., the most left justified when drawing a figure) is
defined to be ‘Bit 0’, the following bit is defined to be ‘Bit 1’, and so on up to ‘Bit N-1’.
When the field is used to express a binary value (such as a counter), the Most Significant Bit
(MSB) shall be the first transmitted bit of the field, i.e., ‘Bit 0’ (see figure 1-1).

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BIT 0 BIT N-1

N-BIT DATA FIELD

FIRST BIT TRANSMITTED = MSB

Figure 1-1: Bit Numbering Convention

In accordance with standard data-communications practice, data fields are often grouped into
8-bit ‘words’ which conform to the above convention. Throughout this Recommended
Standard, such an 8-bit word is called an ‘octet’.

The numbering for octets within a data structure starts with ‘0’.

1.6 PATENTED TECHNOLOGIES

The CCSDS draws attention to the fact that it is claimed that compliance with this document
may involve the use of patents.

The CCSDS takes no position concerning the evidence, validity, and scope of these patent
rights.

The holders of these patent rights have assured the CCSDS that they are willing to negotiate
licenses under reasonable and non-discriminatory terms and conditions with applicants
throughout the world. In this respect, the statements of the holders of these patent rights are
registered with CCSDS. Notwithstanding the statement provided to CCSDS, the holder of
U.S. Patent No. 6,023,783 patent rights will negotiate licenses under reasonable and non-
discriminatory terms and conditions, provided:
a) the CCSDS Recommended Standard CCSDS 131.2-B-2 is incorporated in its entirety
into each applicant’s technology, including the intended limitations on scope and
applicability set forth in the CCSDS Recommended Standard;
b) the incorporation of the CCSDS Recommended Standard CCSDS 131.2-B-2 into
applicant’s technology is mandatory for the operability of applicant’s technology;
c) the applicant seeks a license only for extraterrestrial spaceflight (commercial and/or
non-commercial) missions and spacecraft; and
d) applicant’s license will exclude land-based communications except those land-based
communications supporting extraterrestrial spaceflight missions.

Information can be obtained from the CCSDS Secretariat at the address indicated on page i.
Contact information for the holders of these patent rights is provided in annex D.

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Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the
subject of patent rights other than those identified above. The CCSDS shall not be held
responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.

1.7 REFERENCES

The following documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute
provisions of this Recommended Standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated
were valid. All documents are subject to revision, and users of this Recommended Standard
are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the
documents indicated below. The CCSDS Secretariat maintains a register of currently valid
CCSDS Recommended Standards.

[1] TM Synchronization and Channel Coding. Issue 4. Recommendation for Space Data
System Standards (Blue Book), CCSDS 131.0-B-4. Washington, D.C.: CCSDS, April
2022.

[2] TM Space Data Link Protocol. Issue 3. Recommendation for Space Data System
Standards (Blue Book), CCSDS 132.0-B-3. Washington, D.C.: CCSDS, October 2021.

[3] AOS Space Data Link Protocol. Issue 4. Recommendation for Space Data System
Standards (Blue Book), CCSDS 732.0-B-4. Washington, D.C.: CCSDS, October 2021.

[4] Radio Frequency and Modulation Systems—Part 1: Earth Stations and Spacecraft.
Issue 32. Recommendations for Space Data System Standards (Blue Book), CCSDS
401.0-B-32. Washington, D.C.: CCSDS, October 2021.

[5] Unified Space Data Link Protocol. Issue 2. Recommendation for Space Data System
Standards (Blue Book), CCSDS 732.1-B-2. Washington, D.C.: CCSDS, October 2021.

NOTE – Informative references are listed in annex F.

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2 OVERVIEW
2.1 ARCHITECTURE

Figure 2-1 illustrates the relationship of this Recommended Standard to the Open Systems
Interconnection reference model (reference [F2]). Two sublayers of the Data Link Layer are
defined for CCSDS space link protocols. The TM and AOS Space Data Link Protocols
specified in references [2] and [3], respectively, and the Unified Space Data Link Protocol
(USLP) specified in reference [5], correspond to the Data Link Protocol Sublayer, and
provide functions for transferring data using the protocol data unit called the Transfer Frame.
The Synchronization and Channel Coding Sublayer provides methods of synchronization and
channel coding for transferring Transfer Frames over a space link while the Physical Layer
provides the RF and modulation methods for transferring a stream of bits over a space link in
a single direction.

This Recommended Standard covers the functions of both the Synchronization and Channel
Coding Sublayer and the Physical Layer, the latter as relates to modulation schemes. CCSDS
401.0-B (reference [4]) covers additional features of the Physical Layer, such as frequency
bands, polarizations, etc., that are not described or referenced here.

CCSDS
OSI LAYERS CCSDS LAYERS
PROTOCOLS

NETWORK AND NETWORK AND

UPPER LAYERS UPPER LAYERS

DATA LINK TM, AOS, OR UNIFIED

PROTOCOL SPACE DATA LINK
SUBLAYER PROTOCOL
DATA LINK LAYER FLEXIBLE ADVANCED
SYNCHRONIZATION
AND CHANNEL CODING AND
CODING SUBLAYER MODULATION SCHEME
FOR HIGH RATE
TELEMETRY
PHYSICAL LAYER PHYSICAL LAYER
APPLICATIONS

Figure 2-1: Relationship with OSI Layers

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2.2 SUMMARY OF FUNCTIONS

2.2.1 GENERAL

This Recommended Standard provides the following functions for transferring Transfer
Frames via a stream of bits over a space link:
a) error-control coding (based on serially concatenated convolutional coding), including
frame validation;
b) Transfer Frame synchronization and pseudo-randomization; and
c) Physical Layer framing, bit synchronization, and pseudo-randomization.

2.2.2 ERROR-CONTROL CODING

This Recommended Standard specifies a turbo-like coding/modulation scheme based on

Serial Concatenated Convolutional Code (SCCC) that makes use of a set of a large variety of
modulation techniques and a wide range of coding rates.

NOTE – In this Recommended Standard, the characteristics of the codes are specified only
to the extent necessary to ensure interoperability and cross-support. The
specification does not attempt to quantify the relative coding gain or the merits of
each approach discussed, nor does it specify the design requirements for encoders
or decoders.

2.2.3 FRAME VALIDATION

After decoding is performed, the upper layers at the receiving end also need to know whether
or not each decoded Transfer Frame can be used as a valid data unit; i.e., an indication of the
quality of the received frame is needed. This function is called Frame Validation.

The SCCC code ensures a very low error probability and there is an extremely low
probability of additional undetected errors that may escape this scrutiny. However, these
errors may affect the system in unpredictable ways and the Frame Error Control Field is used
to enforce the detection of residual errors; i.e., the Frame Error Control Field defined in
references [2], [3], and [5] is used for Frame Validation.

2.2.4 SYNCHRONIZATION

This Recommended Standard specifies a method for synchronizing Transfer Frames using an
Attached Sync Marker (ASM) (see section 7).

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2.2.5 PSEUDO-RANDOMIZING

This Recommended Standard specifies a pseudo-randomizer to improve several aspects of

the communication link that aid receiver acquisition, bit synchronization, and code
synchronization.

2.3 INTERNAL ORGANIZATION

2.3.1 SENDING END

A general view of the functional blocks of the architecture for the sending end is presented in
figure 2-2. This figure identifies functions performed by the system and shows logical
relationships among these functions. The figure is not intended to imply any hardware or
software configuration in a real system.

At the sending end, the system accepts Transfer Frames of fixed length from the Data Link
Protocol Sublayer, performs functions selected for the mission, and transmits a continuous
and contiguous stream of physical channel symbols.

ACM Mode Adaptation

Attached ACM
SYNC Marker Command

Transfer Frames Pseudo-

Input Interface Slicer
Randomizer

ACM Command
SCCC Encoding

CC 1
Row/Column
& Puncturing Interleaver CC 2 Puncturing
Interleaver
(fixed rate)

Constellation PL Signaling Pilot PL Pseudo- Baseband

Mapping Insertion Insertion Randomizer Filtering

PL Framing

Figure 2-2: Functional Diagrams at Sending End

Figure 2-3 illustrates the frame structures and stream formats at different stages of
processing. The input stream of Transfer Frames is compliant with the data link protocols in
TM (reference [2]), AOS (reference [3]), and USLP (reference [5]).

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Attached SYNC Markers (ASMs) are inserted between Transfer Frames prior to encoding.
The information blocks at the input of the encoder are formed by slicing the input data stream
(after ASM insertion) into blocks of length K. The information block size varies depending
on the selected modulation and coding scheme (see table 4-3). A similar coding and
modulation scheme is applied to every 16 consecutive blocks that form a Physical Layer (PL)
frame. The length of encoded blocks (N bits) is determined according to the modulation
scheme (independent of the coding rate as shown in table 4-3). The length of encoded symbol
blocks after encoding and mapping to modulation symbols is constant (8100 symbols),
independent of the modulation and coding scheme. Maintaining a constant symbol block size
facilitates frame synchronization at the PL.
Attached SYNC
Input Transfer Markers
M bits M bits M bits
Frames (32 bits)

Stream of SMTFs
M bits M bits M bits
(Input of the Slicer)

Information Blocks K bits K bits

K bits
(SCC Encoding Input)

Encoded Blocks N Bits N Bits N Bits

(SCCC Encoding Output)

Encoded Symbols 8100 Symbols 8100 Symbols 8100 Symbols

Physical Layer PL Codeword Codeword

Frame Header Section 1 Section 16

Pilot
Symbols

Codeword Section (CWS)

Subsection 1 Subsection 2 Subsection 15

Figure 2-3: Stream Format at Different Stages of Processing

2.3.2 RECEIVING END

At the receiving end, the Synchronization and Channel Coding Sublayer accepts a continuous
and contiguous stream of physical channel symbols, performs functions selected for the
mission, and delivers Transfer Frames to the Data Link Protocol Sublayer.

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3 MODE ADAPTATION
3.1 OVERVIEW

The mode adaptation unit provides the interface to the incoming stream units. The input
interface of the mode adaptation unit maps the input electrical format into a stream of logical
bit format.

3.2 SCCC SYSTEM INPUT AND INITIAL OPERATIONS

3.2.1 The SCCC system shall accept TM, AOS, or USLP Transfer Frames from the Data
Link Protocol sublayer.

3.2.2 The SCCC system shall accept only fixed-length USLP Transfer Frames.

NOTE – USLP Transfer Frames can be variable or fixed in length (see reference [5]).

3.2.3 The Transfer Frame length shall vary between the following minimum and maximum
values: 223 octets and 65536 octets (i.e., 524288 bits).

NOTE – The Transfer Frame length is denoted as M in figure 2-3. Neither the TM Space
Data Link Protocol (reference [2]) nor AOS Space Data Link protocol
(reference [3]) specifies the Transfer Frame length. When backward compatibility
with legacy data link subsystems is important, the following values are preferable:
a) 1784 bits (=223 × 1 octets);
b) 3568 bits (=223 × 2 octets);
c) 7136 bits (=223 × 4 octets);
d) 8920 bits (=223 × 5 octets).

3.2.4 The SCCC system shall randomize each frame with the randomizer described in
reference [1].

3.2.5 For each (randomized) Transfer Frame, the SCCC system shall construct a Synch-
Marked Transfer Frame (SMTF) containing the ASM and the Transfer Frame.

NOTE – The SMTF is defined in reference [1] as the data unit that consists of the ASM
and the Transfer Frame.

3.2.6 The SCCC system shall build a stream of SMTFs and provide it to the Slicer.

3.2.7 The Slicer shall split the SMTF stream into a sequence of information blocks of
length K, corresponding to the information block size of the selected ACM format.

NOTE – No particular alignment between the Transfer Frame and the information blocks
is considered.

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3.2.8 The value of the information block size K shall be one of those specified in table 3-1.

NOTE – Changes of the value of the information block size K are done by a system to
adjust the modulation and coding schemes. This is achieved through, e.g., one of
the following approaches: the ground receiver provides the signal quality
estimation (or prediction) through a feedback channel (e.g., via telecommand) or
the change of modulation and coding schemes is pre-scheduled for each satellite
pass based on geometrical information (elevation angle).

3.2.9 The value of K shall be set/modified via the ‘ACM Command’ according to the
parameter ‘ACM Format’ as shown in table 3-1.

NOTE – The ‘ACM Command’ adjusts at the same time interleaving, puncturing, and bit-
to-symbol mapping to ensure synchronized operations.

Table 3-1: Information Block Sizes for Different ACM Formats

Information Block Information Block

ACM Size ACM Size
Format (bits) Format (bits)
1 5758 15 23518
2 6958 16 25918
3 8398 17 28318
4 9838 18 25918
5 11278 19 28318
6 13198 20 30958
7 11278 21 33358
8 13198 22 35998
9 14878 23 33358
10 17038 24 35998
11 19198 25 38638
12 21358 26 41038
13 19198 27 43678
14 21358

3.2.10 When the value of K is modified via the ‘ACM Command’, the Slicer shall apply the
change without losing Transfer Frames.

3.2.11 The mode adaptation unit shall provide each information block to the SCCC Encoder.

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4 SCCC ENCODING
4.1 GENERAL

4.1.1 GENERAL STRUCTURE

[Link] The input to the encoder shall be information blocks of size K bits.

NOTES

1 The structure of the SCCC encoder is illustrated in figure 4-1.

2 The information block size is specified as described in 3.2.8, according to the

applicable ACM format, with the objective of maintaining a constant length of the
encoded blocks (N bits) at SCCC encoding output such that the number of modulation
symbols generated by each information block will be constant and equal to 8100
symbols.

[Link] Each information block of size K shall be encoded by the outer convolutional
encoder and then punctured to a rate 2/3, maintaining all the systematic bits while decimating
the parity bits by half as shown in figure 4-3.

NOTE – The resulting outer encoder punctured output consists of [3/2 (K+2)] bits because
of trellis termination. The overall coding rate adjustment is carried out by
puncturing the output bits of the inner convolutional encoder. A detailed
description of that puncturing scheme is provided in 4.4.

[Link] The punctured output of the outer convolutional encoder shall be interleaved
according to the ad hoc permutation law defined in annex B.

[Link] The interleaver parameters shall be taken from tables B-1 and B-2.

[Link] The output of the interleaver shall be encoded by the inner convolutional encoder.

[Link] The output of the inner convolutional encoder shall be processed as defined in 4.4
and 4.5 to produce an encoded block.

NOTE – The puncturing rule determines the actual SCCC code rate. The length of the
encoded block is N bits, with N = 8100 × m, where m is the modulation order.

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PUNCT.
SYST.
BITS

FIX ROW-
CC1 CC2
PUNCT. COLUMN
Rate 1/2 INTERLEAVER Rate 1/2 P/S
11 INTERLEAV
INPUT 4-states 4-states
10 ER
BITS

PUNCT.
PARITY
BITS

Figure 4-1: Block Diagram of the SCC Turbo Coding Scheme

4.2 CONVOLUTIONAL ENCODING

The outer (CC1) and inner (CC2) convolutional encoders shall use the code structure as
detailed in figure 4-2 with the following rules.

a) The encoder initialized with ‘0’s in all registers.

b) Defining ‘u’, the size of the input stream, the encoder runs for a total of u+2 bit
times, producing an output of [2 (u+2)] encoded bits.

NOTE – The outputs on the outer and inner convolutional encoders are eventually
subject to puncturing.

c) For the first u bit times, the input switch is in the upper position (as indicated in
figure 4-2) to receive input data.

d) For the final two bit times, the switch moves to the lower position to receive
feedback from the shift registers.

NOTE – This feedback cancels the same feedback sent (unswitched) to the
leftmost adder (i.e., Exclusive OR) and causes all two registers to become
filled with zeros after the final two bit times. Filling the registers with
zeros is called terminating the trellis.

e) During trellis termination the encoder continues to output encoded bits.

f) In particular, the ‘systematic uncoded’ output (line ‘C1’ in the figure) includes an
extra two bits from the feedback line in addition to the u input bits.

NOTE – These encoders are based on the same 4-state, rate 1/2 recursive, systematic
encoder.

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U
C1

+ D D

C2

+ = Exclusive OR

D = Single bit delay

Figure 4-2: The Convolutional Encoder Block Diagram for CC1 and CC2

Uncoded U[1] U[2] U[3] U[n]

Encoded C1[1] C2 [1] C1[ 2] C2 [ 2] C1[3] C 2 [3]

Punctured C1[1] C2 [1] C1[ 2] C2 [ 2] C1[3] C 2 [3] C1[ 4] C2 [ 4]

Interleaver Input C1[1] C2 [1] C1[ 2] C1[3] C 2 [3] C1[ 4] C1[5] C 2 [5]

Figure 4-3: Outer Code Puncturing Scheme

4.3 INTERLEAVER

4.3.1 The interleaver length I and the corresponding permutation law shall be selected
according to the parameter ‘ACM Format’ of the ‘ACM Command’.

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NOTES

1 This is done to keep the length of the SCCC Encoder output to a constant 8100
modulated symbols.

2 The interleaver is described by the ad hoc permutation law specified in annex B.

4.3.2 The Interleaver Length shall be according to table 4-1.

NOTE – It is worth noting that for the 27 selected ACM formats there are 19 different
interleaver sizes.

Table 4-1: Interleaver Sizes for Different ACM Formats

ACM Interleaver Length ACM Interleaver Length

Format (bits) Format (bits)
1 8640 15 35280
2 10440 16 38880
3 12600 17 42480
4 14760 18 38880
5 16920 19 42480
6 19800 20 46440
7 16920 21 50040
8 19800 22 54000
9 22320 23 50040
10 25560 24 54000
11 28800 25 57960
12 32040 26 61560
13 28800 27 65520
14 32040

4.4 CODING RATE ADJUSTMENT

4.4.1 OVERVIEW

Puncturing is performed at the output of the inner convolutional encoder to obtain the desired
coding rate. Two different puncturing algorithms are used to puncture the systematic output
C1 and the parity output C2 of the inner convolutional encoder.

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4.4.2 GENERAL

[Link] The upper register at the output of the inner convolutional encoder (as specified in
figure 4-1) shall contain the inner systematic bits, which coincide with the interleaved outer
codeword, as well as two additional bits terminating the inner trellis.

[Link] The lower register shall contain the I+2 parity-check bits generated by the inner
convolutional encoder.

[Link] The systematic output C1 of the inner convolutional encoder shall be punctured
excluding the two inner code-terminating bits (that are always transmitted) according to the
periodic puncturing pattern described in 4.4.3.

[Link] The last two terminating bits of the inner convolutional encoder shall be always
transmitted.

4.4.3 PUNCTURING SYSTEMATIC C1 BITS

[Link] The puncturing of the systematic bits C1 at the output of the inner convolutional
encoder shall operate according to the parameters of table 4-2, where Ssur denotes the number
of surviving bits in each 300-bit segment of the upper register after puncturing and is selected
from table 4-3 based on the ACM format.

NOTE – Since in table 4-3 Ssur for ACM Format 1 and 2 has value 300, no puncturing of
the systematic bits C1 is performed in those cases.

[Link] Given the parameter Ssur, the puncturing of the systematic bits shall be performed
according to the following algorithm:
a) After selecting the applicable Ssur in table 4-3 according to the current ACM format, a
puncturing pattern of 300 elements (from 0 to 299) is obtained, inserting zeros at all
the positions indicated by the column ‘puncturing positions’ of table 4-2 till (and
including) the row for the applicable Ssur value, and ones elsewhere (e.g., for ACM
Format 7, being Ssur = 292, the puncturing pattern will contains zeros in the positions
76, 1, 145, 214, 256, 37, 109, 181).
b) For each position i of the upper register containing the systematic bits, from i=0 to
i=I-1 (i.e., excluding the two terminating bits, always transmitted), an index j is
computed as

j= π(i) mod 300

where the π() is the function described in annex B and π(i) is the interleaved position
corresponding to i.
c) The position i in the upper register is punctured if the puncturing pattern of point a)
contains a 0 at position j.

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Table 4-2: Best Incremental Puncturing Positions

Punct. Punct.
Index Ssur Rate Pos. Index Ssur Rate Pos.
1 299 0.6689 76 51 249 0.8032 72
2 298 0.6711 1 52 248 0.8065 15
3 297 0.6734 145 53 247 0.8097 297
4 296 0.6757 214 54 246 0.8130 211
5 295 0.6780 256 55 245 0.8163 138
6 294 0.6803 37 56 244 0.8197 102
7 293 0.6826 109 57 243 0.8230 174
8 292 0.6849 181 58 242 0.8264 39
9 291 0.6873 277 59 241 0.8299 250
10 290 0.6897 235 60 240 0.8333 57
11 289 0.6920 55 61 239 0.8368 120
12 288 0.6944 127 62 238 0.8403 156
13 287 0.6969 163 63 237 0.8439 84
14 286 0.6993 19 64 236 0.8475 229
15 285 0.7018 199 65 235 0.8511 193
16 284 0.7042 91 66 234 0.8547 283
17 283 0.7067 289 67 233 0.8584 262
18 282 0.7092 244 68 232 0.8621 25
19 281 0.7117 64 69 231 0.8658 238
20 280 0.7143 268 70 230 0.8696 60
21 279 0.7168 223 71 229 0.8734 201
22 278 0.7194 136 72 228 0.8772 294
23 277 0.7220 172 73 227 0.8811 132
24 276 0.7246 28 74 226 0.8850 96
25 275 0.7273 100 75 225 0.8889 159
26 274 0.7299 190 76 224 0.8929 34
27 273 0.7326 10 77 223 0.8969 265
28 272 0.7353 46 78 222 0.9009 114
29 271 0.7380 118 79 221 0.9050 177
30 270 0.7407 154 80 220 0.9091 225
31 269 0.7435 81 81 219 0.9132 79
32 268 0.7463 207 82 218 0.9174 12
33 267 0.7491 259 83 217 0.9217 151
34 266 0.7519 292 84 216 0.9259 51
35 265 0.7547 232 85 215 0.9302 274
36 264 0.7576 67 86 214 0.9346 204
37 263 0.7605 280 87 213 0.9390 105
38 262 0.7634 247 88 212 0.9434 4
39 261 0.7663 147 89 211 0.9479 241
40 260 0.7692 30 90 210 0.9524 169
41 259 0.7722 111 91 209 0.9569 69
42 258 0.7752 183 92 208 0.9615 124
43 257 0.7782 6 93 207 0.9662 22
44 256 0.7813 48 94 206 0.9709 216
45 255 0.7843 93 95 205 0.9756 285
46 254 0.7874 165 96 204 0.9804 141
47 253 0.7905 129 97 203 0.9852 252
48 252 0.7937 219 98 202 0.9901 187
49 251 0.7968 195 99 201 0.9950 206
50 250 0.8000 270 100 200 1.0000 36

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4.4.4 PUNCTURING PARITY C2 BITS

[Link] General

[Link].1 The I+2 parity-check bits C2 generated by the inner convolutional encoder shall
be punctured using the rate-matching algorithm specified in [Link].

NOTE – The puncturing of parity bits results in deleting a set of equally spaced bits.

[Link].2 The number of deleted parity bits shall be determined based on the rate matching
parameter Δ/I, representing the ratio between the number of deleted parity bits Δ and the
overall number of parity bits I before puncturing:

Δ = I – (P – 2) (1)

where P=N–S is the total number of transmitted parity check bits.

NOTE – The last two terminating parity check bits are always transmitted.

[Link] Rate Matching Algorithm

[Link].1 Given the two parameters Δ (number of bits to be deleted) and I (total number of
bits), the rate-matching algorithm shall use the following procedure:
a) Set the variable e=1.
b) For all possible positions i from 0 to I–1:
1) if e>0 transmit the ith bit; else set e=e+I;
2) set e=e–Δ.
c) Continue.

NOTE – The last two terminating bits are always transmitted.

[Link].2 For each SCCC overall coding rate the parameter Ssur and the positions of the
upper register punctured bits shall be determined in accordance with table 4-2.

NOTES

1 This is to optimize the coding scheme.

2 In each case, the value of Ssur determines the overall number of transmitted systematic
bits S and, subsequently, the number of transmitted parity check bits P and the
parameter Δ used by the rate-matching algorithm.

[Link].3 The parameter describing the encoder structure in each of the 27 ACM formats
shall be taken from table 4-3.

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Table 4-3: Main Encoder Parameters for 27 Selected ACM Formats

ACM format m S sur K I S P N Δ

1 2 300 5758 8640 8642 7558 16200 1084
2 2 300 6958 10440 10442 5758 16200 4684
3 2 274 8398 12600 11510 4690 16200 7912
4 2 251 9838 14760 12351 3849 16200 10913
5 2 234 11278 16920 13200 3000 16200 13922
6 2 218 13198 19800 14390 1810 16200 17992
7 3 292 11278 16920 16470 7830 24300 9092
8 3 240 13198 19800 15842 8458 24300 11344
9 3 250 14878 22320 18602 5698 24300 16624
10 3 234 17038 25560 19939 4361 24300 21201
11 3 221 19198 28800 21218 3082 24300 25720
12 3 214 21358 32040 22857 1443 24300 30599
13 4 255 19198 28800 24482 7918 32400 20884
14 4 241 21358 32040 25741 6659 32400 25383
15 4 230 23518 35280 27051 5349 32400 29933
16 4 220 25918 38880 28515 3885 32400 34997
17 4 211 28318 42480 29880 2520 32400 39962
18 5 245 25918 38880 31755 8745 40500 30137
19 5 234 28318 42480 33137 7363 40500 35119
20 5 224 30958 46440 34677 5823 40500 40619
21 5 217 33358 50040 36197 4303 40500 45739
22 5 210 35998 54000 37802 2698 40500 51304
23 6 236 33358 50040 39366 9234 48600 40808
24 6 228 35998 54000 41042 7558 48600 46444
25 6 220 38638 57960 42507 6093 48600 51869
26 6 214 41038 61560 43915 4685 48600 56877
27 6 208 43678 65520 45429 3171 48600 62351

4.5 ROW-COLUMN INTERLEAVER

4.5.1 The input to the row-column interleaver shall be built with punctured systematic bits
C1 followed by punctured parity bits C2.

4.5.2 Prior to the bit-to-symbol mapping at the transmitter, a row-column interleaver shall
be used to pseudo-randomize the selection of bits that are assigned to one modulation
symbol.

NOTE – This is to ensure that the correlation between bits assigned to one symbol does
not adversely affect the decoding process. To implement the pragmatic code
permutation, the output of the inner encoder, after puncturing, is bit interleaved.
This technique is known as Bit Interleaved Coded Modulation (BICM) as
introduced in reference [F1].

4.5.3 The bit-interleaving scheme shall follow figure 4-4, such that the interleaver depth
(number of rows) is equal to the size of one codeword section (i.e., 8100 symbols) and the
number of columns is equal to m, where m is the modulation order.

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NOTES

1 The bit interleaving structure has 8,100 rows, independent of the ACM format, and m
columns, where m is the modulation order. The first symbol carries the bits positioned
at index 0, 8100, 16200, 24300, 32400, 40500, for 64 APSK for instance. The second
symbol carries bits at position 1, 8101, 16201, 24301, 32401, 40501, and so on up to
the last symbol (carrying bits 8099, 16199, 24299, 32399, 40499, 48599).

2 The maximum memory size to implement the bit-interleaver is m×8100 = 6×8100 =

48600 locations, each containing one bit, for the 64 APSK modulation scheme. The
memory can be seen as a matrix composed of m columns and 8100 rows. The number
of rows is independent of the code rate and modulation scheme.

3 The modulation order m can be mapped to the selected modulation as follows:

2=QPSK, 3=8PSK, 4=16APSK, 5=32APSK and 6=64APSK.

4.5.4 The input data shall be serially written into the interleaving column-wise and serially
read out row-wise (the most significant bit shall be read out first).

4.5.5 Punctured Systematic bits C1 (corresponding to the upper branch of the inner
convolutional encoder) shall be first written sequentially in the register followed by the
punctured parity check bits C2 (corresponding to the lower branch of the convolutional
encoder).

NOTE – The SCCC encoding unit provides each encoded block to the PL Framing.

Systematic Bits
Parity Bits MSB
WRITE READ

Row 0

Row 8099

Column 0 Column m-1

LSB

Figure 4-4: Row-Column Bit-Interleaving Scheme

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5 PHYSICAL LAYER FRAMING

5.1 GENERAL

5.1.1 The SCCC encoding unit shall provide the PL Framing with encoded blocks of
N=8100 × m bits, where m is the modulation order, that are used to generate PL Frames.

NOTE – In this section, when used alone, the term frame always refers to a PL Frame.

5.1.2 Each encoded block shall be mapped to 8100 modulation symbols as defined in 5.2.

5.2 CONSTELLATION MAPPING

5.2.1 GENERAL

[Link] One of the following constellation mappings shall be used:

a) PSK modulations
1) QPSK modulation, as specified in subsection 2.4.10 of reference [4] (and
illustrated in [Link]).
2) 8PSK modulation, as specified in [Link].
b) APSK modulations
1) 16APSK modulation, as specified in [Link].
2) 32APSK modulation, as specified in [Link].
3) 64APSK modulation, as specified in [Link].

[Link] For all the constellation mappings the Bit Numbering Convention shall be applied
(see 1.5.3).

NOTE – Figure 5-1 shows the selected modulation constellations along with the
associated bits-to-symbols mapping laws.

5.2.2 PSK MODULATIONS

[Link] QPSK

If used, a QPSK modulation scheme shall be the conventional Gray-Coded QPSK

modulation with absolute mapping (no differential coding), following the specification in
subsection 2.4.10 of reference [4].

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NOTES

1 The normalized average energy per symbol is equal to 1 (Radius=1).

2 The normalization for QPSK and the modulations hereafter sets the level of the pilot
symbols ([Link]) relative to modulated data symbols.

[Link] 8PSK

If used, an 8PSK modulation scheme shall be a conventional Gray-Coded 8PSK modulation

with absolute mapping (no differential coding).

NOTE – The normalized average energy per symbol is equal to 1 (Radius=1).

5.2.3 APSK MODULATIONS

[Link] 16APSK

[Link].1 If a 16APSK scheme is used, the constellation shall be composed of 2 concentric

circumferences, whose number of points shall be set to N1 = 4 and N2 = 12.

[Link].2 If a 16APSK scheme is used, the values of γ1 = R2/R1 (with R2 and R1 being the
radius of the outer and inner ring of the constellation, respectively) for 16APSK modulation
schemes and linear channels shall be those shown in table 5-1.

[Link].3 If a 16APSK scheme is used, the average signal energy shall be set to one; i.e.,

[R1]2 + 3 [R2]2 =4.

[Link] 32APSK

[Link].1 If a 32APSK scheme is used, the constellation shall be composed of 3 concentric

circumferences whose number of points shall be set to N1 = 4, N2 = 12, and N3 = 16.

[Link].2 If a 32APSK scheme is used, the values of γ1 = R2/R1 and γ2 = R3/R1 (with R2 and
R1 being the radius of the outer and inner ring of the constellation, respectively) for 32APSK
modulation schemes shall be those shown in table 5-1.

[Link].3 If a 32APSK scheme is used, the average signal energy shall be set to one; i.e.,

[R1]2 + 3 [R2]2 + 4 [R3]2 =8.

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[Link] 64APSK

[Link].1 If a 64APSK scheme is used, the constellation shall be composed of 4 concentric

circumferences, whose number of points shall be set to N1 = 4, N2 = 12, N3 = 20, and N4 = 28.

[Link].2 If a 64APSK scheme is used, the following set of parameters shall be used to
maximize the minimum Euclidean distance:
a) γ1 = R2/R1 = 2.73;

b) γ2 = R3/R1 = 4.52; and

c) γ3 = R4/R1 = 6.31;

where R4, R3, R2, and R1 are the radii from the outer to the inner ring, respectively.

[Link].3 If a 64APSK scheme is used, the average signal energy shall be set to one; i.e.,

[R1]2 + 3 [R2]2 +5 [R3]2 +7 [R4]2 =16.

Table 5-1: Constellation Radius Ratios for 16APSK and 32APSK

ACM
Format Modulation Coding Rate γ1 γ2
13 16-APSK 0.5925 3.15 N/A
14 16-APSK 0.6592 3.15 N/A
15 16-APSK 0.7259 2.85 N/A
16 16-APSK 0.7999 2.75 N/A
17 16-APSK 0.8740 2.60 N/A
18 32-APSK 0.6400 2.84 5.27

19 32-APSK 0.6992 2.84 5.27

20 32-APSK 0.7644 2.84 5.27

21 32-APSK 0.8237 2.72 4.87

22 32-APSK 0.8888 2.54 4.33

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Q Q
001
011
10 00 000

I 010 I
100

11 110
01
101
111
(a) QPSK (b) 8-PSK

Q
Q 10110
10111 10010
0101 0001
00110 10011
R3 10100 10000
0100 0000
R2 00111 00100 00000 00010
R2

0110 0111 R1 0011 0010 00001 00011

01111 00101 10101 R1 10001
text
I text
I

1110 1111 01101 11101 11001 01001

1011 1010
01110
01100 01000 01011
1100 1000
11111 11100 11000 01010
1101 1001
11110 11011
11010
(c) 16-APSK (d) 32-APSK

101100 001100
101110 001110
100110 000110

100100 101101 001101 000100

101111 001111
100101 100111 000111 000101
101001 001001
100001 100011 101011 001011 000011 000001

100000 100010 101010 101000 001000 001010 000010 000000

110000 110010 111010 111000 011000 011010 010010 010000

110001 110011 111011 011011 010011 010001

111001011001
110101 110111 010111 010101
111111 011111
110100 111101 011101 010100

110110 010110
111110 011110
111100 011100

(e) 64-APSK

Figure 5-1: Bit Mapping into Constellations

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5.2.4 SUPPORTED SET OF ACM FORMATS

The coding and modulation schemes (ACM formats) shall use the parameters specified in
table 5-2.

NOTE – The two highest spectral efficiencies for each modulation scheme have also been
included with the modulation scheme with higher cardinality. This overlap is
necessary since the coded-modulator performance can be different depending on
the channel impairments. In summary, a total of 27 ACM formats are supported,
providing about 20 dB range in the required Es/No for the link budget.

Table 5-2: ACM Formats of the SCCC Encoder

Code rate
K I N Overall
ACM Information Interleaver Number of rate of the
Format block size length encoded bits code (K/N)
1 5758 8640 16200 0.36
2 6958 10440 16200 0.43
QPSK

3 8398 12600 16200 0.52

4 9838 14760 16200 0.61
5 11278 16920 16200 0.7
6 13198 19800 16200 0.81
7 11278 16920 24300 0.46
8 13198 19800 24300 0.54
9 14878 22320 24300 0.61
8PSK

10 17038 25560 24300 0.7

11 19198 28800 24300 0.79
12 21358 32040 24300 0.88
13 19198 28800 32400 0.59
14 21358 32040 32400 0.66
16APSK

15 23518 35280 32400 0.73

16 25918 38880 32400 0.8
17 28318 42480 32400 0.87
18 25918 38880 40500 0.64
19 28318 42480 40500 0.7
32APSK

20 30958 46440 40500 0.76

21 33358 50040 40500 0.82
22 35998 54000 40500 0.89
23 33358 50040 48600 0.69
24 35998 54000 48600 0.74
64APSK

25 38638 57960 48600 0.80

26 41038 61560 48600 0.84
27 43678 65520 48600 0.9

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5.3 PL SIGNALLING INSERTION

5.3.1 GENERAL

The PL frame structure shall consist of the following segments:

a) frame header segment, which consists of two fields:
1) Frame Marker (FM), as specified in 5.3.2;

NOTE – Frame Marker consists of 256 known symbols used for start-of-frame
detection and synchronization.
2) Frame Descriptor (FD), as specified 5.3.3;

NOTE – Frame Descriptor consists of 64 symbols to identify the ACM format used
per each physical frame as well as the presence or absence of pilot
symbols.
b) codeword segment, which consists of 16 codeword sections of modulation symbols
(with additional optional pilot symbols, as specified in 5.3.4).

NOTE – The PL frame structure is illustrated in figure 5-2.

FM FD CWS_1 CWS_16

256 π /2 BPSK 64 π /2 BPSK

Symbols Symbols 8100 Symbols (+240 pilots) 8100 Symbol (+240 Pilots)

Frame Header Modulation Symbols (+ Pilots)

Figure 5-2: Physical Layer Frame Structure

5.3.2 FRAME MARKER

[Link] Overview

As explained in 5.4.1, the Frame Marker will consist of a 256-bit sequence mapped to 256
π/2-BPSK modulated symbols. The Frame Marker is used to detect the start of the PL frame
as well as initial timing and coarse carrier synchronization. The length and the modulating bit
sequence of the Frame Marker is selected such that the start of frame can be detected with a
low probability of detection error (misdetection as well as false alarm) in the presence of
severe channel impairments.

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[Link] Frame Marker Generation

[Link].1 The Frame Marker shall be generated using the Gold sequence using the
following polynomials for the feedback loop:

g1(x) = x8 + x6 + x5 + x4 + 1
(2)
g2(x) = x8 + x6 + x5 + x4 + x3 + x + 1

NOTE – Figure 5-3 shows the logical block diagram of the sequence generator using shift
registers and exclusive-OR operators.

[Link].2 The upper and the lower shift registers of the Frame Marker Sequence Generator
shall be initialized as shown in figure 5-3.

NOTE – The first 40 bits of the Frame Marker sequence for the generator are shown
below. The left-most bit corresponds to the first modulating bit of the Frame
Marker:
1111 1011 0100 0100 0001 1111 0001 1101 1011 1101 …

D D D D D D D D

Initialize to ‘0’
Initialize to ‘1’

D D D D D D D D

Initialize to ‘0’
Initialize to ‘1’

Figure 5-3: Frame Marker Sequence Generator

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5.3.3 FRAME DESCRIPTOR STRUCTURE

[Link] Overview

The Frame Descriptor is generated by encoding 7 input bits with the non-systematic binary
code of length 64 and dimension 7 with minimum distance dmin=32 shown in figure 5-3. The 7
input bits identify the ACM format of codeword sections within a PL frame (5 bits) as well as
the absence or presence of distributed pilots. The code is similar to that used in reference [F3]
for PL Signalling.

[Link] Frame Descriptor Content and Construction

[Link].1 The content of the seven input bits shall be as shown in table 5-3.

Table 5-3: Frame Descriptor Input Bits Content

Bit Number Content

b1-b5 ACM Formats (Decimal values 1 to 27 are used with bit b1
being the most significant bit)
b6 Distributed Pilot On (=1) / Off (=0)
b7 Reserved (set to 0)

[Link].2 The Frame Descriptor shall be constructed using the bi-orthogonal (32,6) code
shown in figure 5-4, as follows:

(y , y , y , ∙∙∙ , y )
1 2 3 32
b1
(32,6) (y , y
1 1 b7 , y2 , y2 b7 , ∙∙∙ , y32 b7 )
Code
EXOR
Parallel
b6
D to
b7 =0
serial

Figure 5-4: Frame Descriptor Code Structure

a) The first 6 bits, b1-b6, shall be encoded using a linear block code of length 32 with the
generator matrix in figure 5-5.

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01010101010101010101010101010101
00110011001100110011001100110011
00001111000011110000111100001111
G=
00000000111111110000000011111111
00000000000000001111111111111111
11111111111111111111111111111111

Figure 5-5: Generator Matrix for (32,6) Code

b) The most significant bit b1 shall be multiplied with the first row of the matrix, the
following bit with the second row, and so on till bit b6 to generate 32 coded bits
denoted (y1, y2, …, y32).
c) The least significant bit b7 of the Frame Descriptor shall be set to 0 and the final
output is therefore the 64-bit output code (y1, y1, y2, y2,…, y32, y32) where each
symbol is present twice.
d) The 64-bit output code shall be further scrambled (i.e., EXORed) by the following
binary sequence:

0111000110011101100000111100100101010011010000100010110111111010.

5.3.4 CODEWORD SEGMENT GENERATION AND PILOT INSERTION

[Link] Each encoded block mapped to 8100 modulation symbols shall be used to generate
a codeword section optionally containing pilot symbols.

NOTE – A codeword section includes either 8100 or 8340 modulation symbols in case
pilot symbols are used.

[Link] If insertion of distributed pilots is performed, it shall follow the format specified in
figure 5-6.

NOTES

1 Each codeword section is composed of 15 subsections and each subsection is

composed of 540 data symbols optionally followed by 16 pilot symbols. The use of
distributed pilot symbols in codeword sections is an option to facilitate carrier and
phase synchronization.

2 The presence or absence of pilot symbols can be changed using one bit (b6) of the 7
input bits (see table 5-3).

[Link] Each pilot shall be an un-modulated symbol, with equal In-phase and Quadrature
components: I=(1√2), Q=(1√2).

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256 π / 2 BPSK 64 π/ 2 BPSK

Symbols Symbols 8100 Symbols (+240 pilots) 8100 Symbol (+240 Pilots)

FM FD CWS_1 CWS_16

16 Pilot
Symbols

540 Data
Symbols

Subsection 1 Subsection 2 Subsection 15

Figure 5-6: Distributed Pilot Pattern

[Link] The parameters to specify the pilot distribution pattern within each PL frame shall
be those presented in table 5-4.

NOTE – The total overhead due to pilot insertion is around three per cent.

Table 5-4: Frame Parameters Related to Pilot Distribution

Parameter Value
Codeword section length without pilot symbols 8100 symbols
Number of codeword sections per frame 16 sections
Number of subsections per codeword section 15 subsections
Number of data symbols per subsection 540 symbols
Number of pilots per subsection 16 symbols
Total number of pilots per section 240 Symbols
Total section length including pilot symbols 8340 symbols

5.4 FRAME HEADER MODULATION

5.4.1 The frame header shall be modulated into 320 π/2-BPSK symbols.

NOTE – As specified in 5.3, the frame header consists of the Frame Marker (256 bits) and
Frame Descriptor (64 bits).

5.4.2 The frame header shall be modulated using the following mapping:

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Assuming that the Frame Header binary sequence is denoted as (x1, x2, …, x320), the In-phase
(I) and Quadrature (Q) components of 320 π/2-BPSK modulated symbols are determined
according the following rule:

1
I 2i −1 = Q2i −1 =(1 − 2 x2i −1 )
2 (3)
for i =1,2, …, 160
−1
I 2i = −Q2i = (1 − 2 x2i )
2

5.5 PHYSICAL LAYER I/Q PSEUDO-RANDOMIZATION

5.5.1 PL randomization shall be applied to all 16 codeword sections of a PL frame,

including the data symbols as well as the pilots.

NOTE – This is done to disperse the signal energy in order to avoid any spectral spur due
to repetitive data or pilot patterns. PL randomization is fixed for all Transfer
Frames on a Physical Channel during a given Mission Phase (see section 9).

5.5.2 PL randomization shall use the PL pseudo-randomizer specified in annex C.

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6 BASEBAND FILTERING
6.1.1 The baseband pulse shaping filter applied to In-phase and Quadrature signals shall be
a square-root raised cosine filter using the following:

1 | f |< f N (1 − α )
 1/ 2
 1 1 π fN − | f | 
H ( f ) =  + sin ( ) f N (1 − α ) <| f |< f N (1 + α ) (4)
 2 2 2 fN α 
0 | f |> f N (1 + α )

1 R
Where f N = = s is the Nyquist frequency and α is the roll-off factor.
2Ts 2

6.1.2 The roll-off factor shall have one of the following values: α=0.2, 0.25, 0.30 or 0.35.

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7 FRAME SYNCHRONIZATION
7.1 OVERVIEW

7.1.1 SYNCHRONIZATION

Frame synchronization is necessary for subsequent processing of the Transfer Frames.

Furthermore, it is necessary for synchronization of the pseudo-random generator (see section 8).

7.1.2 SYNCH MARKED TRANSFER FRAME

The data unit that consists of the ASM and the Transfer Frame, consistent with reference [1], is
the SMTF. The Transfer Frame in the SMTF is randomized.

7.2 THE ATTACHED SYNC MARKER

[Link] Transfer Frames shall be synchronized by using a stream of fixed-length Transfer

Frames with an Attached Sync Marker (ASM) between them.

NOTE – Synchronization is acquired on the receiving end by recognizing the specific bit
pattern of the ASM in the data stream; synchronization is then verified by making
further checks.

[Link] The ASM shall be SCCC encoded.

7.3 ASM BIT PATTERNS

The ASM shall consist of a 32-bit (4-octet) marker with a pattern shown in table 7-1.

Table 7-1: ASM Bit Patterns

ASM length 32 bits

ASM sequence (Hex) 1ACFFC1D

7.4 LOCATION OF ASM

7.4.1 The ASM shall be attached to (i.e., shall immediately precede) the Transfer Frame.

7.4.2 The ASM shall immediately follow the end of the preceding Transfer Frame; i.e.,
there shall be no intervening bits (data or fill) preceding the ASM.

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7.5 ASM FOR EMBEDDED DATA STREAM

NOTE – A different ASM pattern (see figure 7-1) may be required where another data
stream (e.g., a stream of Transfer Frames played back from a tape recorder in the
forward direction) is inserted into the data field of the Transfer Frame of the main
stream appearing on the communications channel.

The ASM for the embedded data stream, to differentiate it from the main stream marker,
shall consist of a 32-bit (4-octet) marker with a pattern as follows:

FIRST TRANSMITTED BIT

(Bit 0)
↓
0011 0101 0010 1110 1111 1000 0101 0011
↑
LAST TRANSMITTED BIT
(Bit 31)

Figure 7-1: Embedded ASM Bit Pattern

NOTE – This pattern is represented in hexadecimal notation as:

352EF853

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8 PSEUDO-RANDOMIZER
8.1 OVERVIEW

In order for the receiver system to work properly, every data capture system at the receiving
end requires that the incoming signal have sufficient bit transition density (see
recommendation 2.4.9 in reference [4]), and allow proper synchronization of the decoder.

In order to ensure proper receiver operation, the data stream must be sufficiently random.
The Pseudo-Randomizer defined in this section is the preferred method to ensure sufficient
randomness for all combinations of CCSDS-recommended modulation and coding schemes.
The Pseudo-Randomizer defined in reference [1] is always required by SCCC.

8.2 PSEUDO-RANDOMIZER DESCRIPTION

8.2.1 The pseudo-randomizer shall be applied to the Transfer Frame before SCCC
encoding.

8.2.2 On the receiving end, it shall be applied to de-randomize the data after SCCC
decoding and Transfer Frame synchronization.

NOTES

1 The method for ensuring sufficient transitions is to exclusive-OR each bit of the
codeblock, codeword, or Transfer Frame with a standard pseudo-random sequence.

2 The configuration at the sending end is shown in figure 8-1.

ATTACHED
TRANSFER FRAME SYNC
MARKER

PSEUDO-RANDOM Randomized output

SEQUENCE
GENERATOR

Figure 8-1: Pseudo-Randomizer Configuration

8.3 SYNCHRONIZATION AND APPLICATION OF PSEUDO-RANDOMIZER

8.3.1 The ASM shall be used for synchronizing the pseudo-randomizer.

NOTE – The ASM is already optimally configured for synchronization purposes.

8.3.2 The pseudo-random sequence shall be applied starting with the first bit of the
Transfer Frame.

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8.3.3 On the sending end, the Transfer Frame shall be randomized by exclusive-ORing the
first bit of the Transfer Frame with the first bit of the pseudo-random sequence, followed by
the second bit of the Transfer Frame with the second bit of the pseudo-random sequence, and
so on.

8.3.4 On the receiving end, the original Transfer Frame shall be reconstructed (i.e.,
derandomized) using the same pseudo-random sequence.

8.3.5 After locating the ASM in the received data stream, the data immediately following
the ASM shall be derandomized.

NOTES

1 The ASM was not randomized and is not derandomized.

2 Derandomization can be accomplished by performing exclusive-OR with hard bits or

inversion with soft bits.

8.4 SEQUENCE SPECIFICATION

8.4.1 The pseudo-random sequence shall be generated using the following polynomial:

h(x) = x8 + x7 + x5 + x3 + 1

8.4.2 This sequence shall begin at the first bit of the Transfer Frame and shall repeat after
255 bits, continuing repeatedly until the end of the Transfer Frame. The sequence generator
shall be initialized to the all-ones state at the start of each Transfer Frame.

NOTE – The first 40 bits of the pseudo-random sequence from the generator are shown
below. The leftmost bit is the first bit of the sequence to be exclusive-ORed with
the first bit of the Transfer Frame; the second bit of the sequence is exclusive-ORed
with the second bit of the Transfer Frame, and so on.

1111 1111 0100 1000 0000 1110 1100 0000 1001 1010 . . . .

8.5 LOGIC DIAGRAM

NOTE – Figure 8-2 represents a possible generator for the specified sequence.

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DATA IN
(Codeblock, Codeword,
or Transfer Frame) DATA OUT
(Randomized
Codeblock, Codeword,
or Transfer Frame)

X8 X7 X6 X5 X4 X3 X2 X1 Pseudo-random
sequence

Initialize to an ‘all ones’ state for each Codeblock, Codeword, or

Transfer Frame during ASM period

= Modulo-2 adder = Single Bit Delay

(Exclusive-OR)

Figure 8-2: Pseudo-Randomizer Logic Diagram

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9 MANAGED PARAMETERS
9.1 OVERVIEW

In order to conserve bandwidth on the space link, some parameters associated with
modulation, synchronization, and channel coding are handled by management rather than by
inline communications protocol. The managed parameters are generally those which tend to
be static for long periods of time, and whose change generally signifies a major
reconfiguration of the modulation, synchronization, and channel coding systems associated
with a particular mission, i.e., parameters that are fixed within a mission phase. However, as
mentioned in annex A, the coding and modulation scheme defined in this book also supports
parameters that can be changed from one time interval to the next, within a sequence of time
intervals in a mission phase. These two types will be referenced in this section respectively as
Permanent Managed Parameters and Variable Managed Parameters.

Through the use of a management system, management conveys the required information to
the modulation, synchronization, and channel coding systems.

In this section, the managed parameters used by systems applying this recommended
standard are listed. These parameters are defined in an abstract sense and are not intended to
imply any particular implementation of a management system.

9.2 PERMANENT MANAGED PARAMETERS

9.2.1 GENERAL

[Link] All the managed parameters specified in this section shall be fixed for all Transfer
Frames on a Physical Channel during a given Mission Phase.

[Link] The Frame Error Control Field defined in reference [2], [3], or [5] shall be present.

NOTE – The Frame Error Control Field is used for Frame Validation as mentioned in 2.2.3.

9.2.2 MANAGED PARAMETERS FOR FRAME SYNCHRONIZATION

The managed parameters for frame synchronization shall be those specified in table 9-1.

Table 9-1: Managed Parameters for Frame Synchronization

Managed Parameter Allowed Values

Transfer Frame Length (octets) Integer: 223 to 65536

octets

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9.2.3 MANAGED PARAMETERS FOR CODING AND MODULATION

The managed parameters for coding and modulation shall be those specified in table 9-2.

Table 9-2: Managed Parameters for Coding and Modulation

Managed Parameter Allowed Values

Baseband pulse shaping roll-off factor 0.2, 0.25, 0.3, 0.35

Pilot symbols insertion ON, OFF

Scrambling code number n INTEGER from 0 to 218–2

9.2.4 MANAGED PARAMETERS FOR SUPPORTED ACM FORMATS

The managed parameters for supported ACM Formats shall be those specified in table 9-3.

Table 9-3: Managed Parameters for Supported ACM Formats

Managed Parameter Allowed Values

Number of ACM Formats supported during Integer: 1 to 27

a given Mission Phase

List of ACM Formats supported during a List of Integers (dimension = ‘Number of

given Mission Phase ACM Formats supported during a given
Mission Phase’). Each integer is in the
range 1 to 27 as per 9.3.2 below.

9.3 VARIABLE MANAGED PARAMETERS

9.3.1 GENERAL

All the managed parameters specified in this section shall be fixed for all Transfer Frames on
a Physical Channel within one interval of a given Mission Phase.

NOTE – Variable managed parameters apply to reconfiguration of the modulation,

synchronization, and channel coding systems during a mission phase.

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9.3.2 CURRENT ACM FORMAT

The managed parameters for ACM Format shall be those specified in table 9-4.

NOTE – ACM Format can range from 1 to 27. As a consequence of this parameter several
systems parameters shall be changed consistently. The complete set of
parameters with their corresponding values is shown in table 9-5.

Table 9-4: Managed Parameters for ACM Format

Managed Parameter Allowed Values

Current ACM Format Integer: 1 to 27

Table 9-5: Variable Managed Parameters for 27 Selected ACM Formats

ACM format m S sur K I S P N Δ

1 2 = QPSK 300 5758 8640 8642 7558 16200 1084
2 2 = QPSK 300 6958 10440 10442 5758 16200 4684
3 2 = QPSK 274 8398 12600 11510 4690 16200 7912
4 2 = QPSK 251 9838 14760 12351 3849 16200 10913
5 2 = QPSK 234 11278 16920 13200 3000 16200 13922
6 2 = QPSK 218 13198 19800 14390 1810 16200 17992
7 3 = 8PSK 292 11278 16920 16470 7830 24300 9092
8 3 = 8PSK 240 13198 19800 15842 8458 24300 11344
9 3 = 8PSK 250 14878 22320 18602 5698 24300 16624
10 3 = 8PSK 234 17038 25560 19939 4361 24300 21201
11 3 = 8PSK 221 19198 28800 21218 3082 24300 25720
12 3 = 8PSK 214 21358 32040 22857 1443 24300 30599
13 4 = 16APSK 255 19198 28800 24482 7918 32400 20884
14 4 = 16APSK 241 21358 32040 25741 6659 32400 25383
15 4 = 16APSK 230 23518 35280 27051 5349 32400 29933
16 4 = 16APSK 220 25918 38880 28515 3885 32400 34997
17 4 = 16APSK 211 28318 42480 29880 2520 32400 39962
18 5 = 32APSK 245 25918 38880 31755 8745 40500 30137
19 5 = 32APSK 234 28318 42480 33137 7363 40500 35119
20 5 = 32APSK 224 30958 46440 34677 5823 40500 40619
21 5 = 32APSK 217 33358 50040 36197 4303 40500 45739
22 5 = 32APSK 210 35998 54000 37802 2698 40500 51304
23 6 = 64APSK 236 33358 50040 39366 9234 48600 40808
24 6 = 64APSK 228 35998 54000 41042 7558 48600 46444
25 6 = 64APSK 220 38638 57960 42507 6093 48600 51869
26 6 = 64APSK 214 41038 61560 43915 4685 48600 56877
27 6 = 64APSK 208 43678 65520 45429 3171 48600 62351

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ANNEX A

SERVICE

(NORMATIVE)
A1 OVERVIEW

A1.1 BACKGROUND

This annex provides service definition in the form of primitives, which present an abstract
model of the logical exchange of data and control information between the service provider
and the service user. The definitions of primitives are independent of specific
implementation approaches.

The parameters of the primitives are specified in an abstract sense and specify the
information to be made available to the user of the primitives. The way in which a specific
implementation makes this information available is not constrained by this specification. In
addition to the parameters specified in this annex, an implementation can provide other
parameters to the service user (e.g., parameters for controlling the service, monitoring
performance, facilitating diagnosis, and so on).

A2 OVERVIEW OF THE SERVICE

The Flexible Advanced Coding and Modulation scheme for High Rate Telemetry
Applications provides unidirectional (one way) transfer of a sequence of fixed-length TM,
AOS, or USLP Transfer Frames at constant frame rate over a Physical Channel across a
space link, with optional error detection/correction.

The value of the constant frame rate can be changed from one time interval to the next,
within a sequence of time intervals in a mission phase. There can be multiple time intervals
within a mission phase. This annex does not specify the method for synchronizing the data
exchange between the service user and the service provider when there is a change of frame
rate: the synchronization is considered to be part of system management and is out of the
scope of this annex.

Only one user can use this service on a Physical Channel, and Transfer Frames from different
users are not multiplexed together within one Physical Channel.

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A3 SERVICE PARAMETERS

A3.1 FRAME

A3.1.1 The Frame parameter is the service data unit of this service and shall be either a TM
Transfer Frame defined in reference [2], an AOS Transfer Frame defined in reference [3], or
a fixed-length USLP Transfer Frame defined in reference [5].

A3.1.2 The length of any Transfer Frame transferred on a Physical Channel must be the
same, and is established by management.

A3.2 QUALITY INDICATOR

The Quality Indicator parameter shall be used to notify the user at the receiving end of the
service that there is an uncorrectable error in the received Transfer Frame.

A3.3 SEQUENCE INDICATOR

The Sequence Indicator parameter shall be used to notify the user at the receiving end of the
service that one or more Transfer Frames of the Physical Channel have been lost as the result
of a loss of frame synchronization.

A4 SERVICE PRIMITIVES

A4.1 GENERAL

A4.1.1 The service primitives associated with this service are:

a) [Link];
b) [Link].

A4.1.2 The [Link] primitive shall be passed from the service user at the
sending end to the service provider to request that a Frame be transferred through the
Physical Channel to the user at the receiving end.

A4.1.3 The [Link] shall be passed from the service provider to the
service user at the receiving end to deliver a Frame.

A4.2 [Link]

A4.2.1 Function

The [Link] primitive is the service request primitive for this service.

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A4.2.2 Semantics

The [Link] primitive shall provide a parameter as follows:

[Link] (Frame)

A4.2.3 When Generated

The [Link] primitive is passed to the service provider to request it to process

and send the Frame.

A4.2.4 Effect On Receipt

Receipt of the [Link] primitive causes the service provider to perform the
functions described in 2.3.1 and to transfer the resulting channel symbols.

A4.3 [Link]

A4.3.1 Function

The [Link] primitive is the service indication primitive for this service.

A4.3.2 Semantics

The [Link] primitive shall provide parameters as follows:

[Link] (Frame,
Quality Indicator,
Sequence Indicator)

A4.3.3 When Generated

The [Link] primitive is passed from the service provider to the service
user at the receiving end to deliver a Frame.

A4.3.4 Effect On Receipt

The effect of receipt of the [Link] primitive by the service user is

undefined.

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ANNEX B

PARALLELIZED INTERLEAVER

(NORMATIVE)

B1 OVERVIEW

In order to support 27 distinct ACM formats, it is necessary to designate only 19

permutations that allow a parallel implementation of the decoder with a degree of parallelism
of 120. Thus the sizes of all 19 interleavers are integer multiples of 120.

As defined in [Link], the punctured output of the outer convolutional encoder is interleaved
according to the ad hoc permutation law defined here. In the SCCC encoding functional
block, the outer convolutional encoder writes the output data in natural order and those data
are eventually punctured to a code rate 2/3. This data, before being submitted in input to the
inner convolutional encoder are permuted according to the Parallelized Interleaver algorithm
described here.

B2 SPECIFICATIONS

B2.1 The interleaver shall process the punctured output of the outer encoder that will write
its I bits data (numbered from 0 to I-1) in the memory in natural order.

NOTE – The allowed values of I are defined in table 4-1.

... π (I-1)th . . . π (s)th . . . π (0)th ... bits produced by the punctured

output of the outer encoder

0th 1st ... s th ... I-1th

bits as produced in output
by the interleaver

Figure B-1: Interpretation of Interleaver Algorithm

B2.2 The interleaver algorithm shall produce an output of I bits (numbered from 0 to I-1)
according to the following relationship, which gives the reading address at time i:

π (i) = W × [(i/W + β (iW)) mod 120] + α (iW) i = 0,...,I-1 (5)

where α and β are two vectors of length equal to W=I/120, and

iW ≡ i mod W (6)

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where the elements of α (addresses of macrodata) range in [0,W-1] and the elements of
β (cyclic shifts of macrodata) range in [0,119].

NOTES

1 In the equation above, x denotes the largest integer less than or equal to x.

2 The interleaver can be thought of as a 120 x W memory block that is written to row
by row, left to right, starting with bit 0 in column 0 of row 0, and ending with bit I-1
in column W-1 of row 119. Within each column c, bits are cyclically shifted by
beta(c); then, each column c is assigned a new column position according to alpha(c).
Finally, bits are read out row by row, left to right. In this way, the ith bit written is
identified by its row r = i/W and column c = i mod W, with i = rW + c, and the ith
bit read from the memory block is pi(i) = r'W + c', where r' = (r + beta(c)) mod 120
and c' = alpha(c).

B2.3 The interleaver parameters shall be obtained from tables B-1 and B-2.

Table B-1: Interleaver Parameters (1-10)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
I=8640 I=10440 I=12600 I=14760 I=16920 I=19800 I=22320 I=25560 I=28800 I=32040
W=72 W=87 W=105 W=123 W=141 W=165 W=186 W=213 W=240 W=267
α β α β α β α β α β α β α β α β α β α β
0 63 116 70 82 85 97 106 1 60 14 116 87 18 114 50 32 109 98 63 93
1 33 69 53 27 91 27 82 89 107 55 42 34 95 1 134 71 179 66 238 10
2 64 103 63 101 1 47 115 49 4 31 66 36 68 116 200 47 129 13 92 78
3 56 92 67 106 0 69 17 43 102 68 77 47 108 72 68 89 214 109 189 72
4 59 77 10 59 35 104 58 20 87 53 13 38 11 119 74 15 186 45 73 25
5 5 73 29 22 3 90 81 24 89 76 99 25 104 61 1 18 128 72 172 68
6 58 58 47 105 77 66 113 41 117 42 84 69 118 108 32 40 60 8 94 96
7 52 46 52 49 98 57 28 3 68 19 123 8 172 20 102 69 112 91 49 14
8 61 107 82 33 51 50 12 78 67 113 1 80 181 84 33 79 8 93 228 6
9 47 1 58 15 13 29 2 111 96 58 102 60 19 95 154 119 183 117 219 5
10 57 52 65 111 63 60 76 107 15 110 73 101 121 92 21 29 170 64 197 46
11 35 90 72 7 97 86 10 67 140 105 109 82 106 93 22 111 225 114 173 47
12 29 32 2 74 78 35 40 10 114 44 21 77 75 88 103 61 35 15 232 111
13 60 119 40 86 49 37 108 117 112 17 48 89 73 60 162 108 97 77 195 108
14 36 3 4 70 68 25 9 38 22 28 6 30 109 16 130 54 87 35 144 42
15 24 68 31 71 7 84 74 51 9 109 47 57 142 101 83 16 88 85 21 80
16 10 60 36 100 103 117 64 74 34 16 142 52 69 32 38 99 188 6 134 102
17 20 30 7 31 96 53 92 40 21 34 124 93 117 100 190 105 47 99 161 104
18 66 83 23 13 57 72 31 87 116 11 150 73 103 80 180 55 165 107 135 19
19 17 63 77 62 75 115 35 94 62 24 104 112 116 70 61 116 156 88 102 67
20 31 41 45 39 67 59 101 14 28 79 72 19 113 62 104 75 52 55 259 31
21 16 50 17 1 58 106 26 63 105 95 4 118 83 87 167 114 233 15 101 97
22 67 6 79 80 25 7 27 44 79 35 119 10 78 118 168 21 151 95 200 43
23 28 24 35 104 59 52 69 64 121 20 135 78 138 0 100 101 0 20 3 72
24 18 22 56 56 65 119 70 104 5 47 43 50 147 58 191 81 17 17 7 53
25 9 101 33 48 60 23 68 8 6 29 10 1 85 102 26 19 235 115 115 50
26 6 62 78 19 14 65 34 16 125 39 3 65 59 91 142 67 157 71 114 49
27 62 57 38 64 74 32 112 54 50 70 156 38 97 98 10 43 70 22 31 65
28 2 18 37 38 22 13 1 119 41 54 118 17 91 66 178 91 191 67 9 89
29 27 66 60 35 42 40 55 53 78 93 138 110 46 56 140 33 44 94 255 65
30 71 9 39 25 87 14 105 106 77 89 163 31 145 52 87 63 50 11 2 76
31 34 37 30 45 95 102 20 59 53 84 2 84 136 77 158 13 83 48 22 57
32 14 81 19 37 29 91 18 21 54 63 31 67 22 55 45 90 223 28 89 37
33 39 114 8 69 10 79 41 97 33 105 159 41 169 57 145 95 155 87 90 60
34 68 115 6 24 104 18 61 70 106 117 88 26 111 27 207 46 216 111 240 87
35 51 82 21 58 24 39 91 65 82 43 68 43 105 85 64 3 192 79 50 70
36 21 26 80 94 31 11 36 90 31 103 63 35 158 22 184 24 30 28 74 12
37 13 29 9 99 30 43 84 22 132 10 117 4 2 52 4 66 160 49 20 36

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
I=8640 I=10440 I=12600 I=14760 I=16920 I=19800 I=22320 I=25560 I=28800 I=32040
W=72 W=87 W=105 W=123 W=141 W=165 W=186 W=213 W=240 W=267
α β α β α β α β α β α β α β α β α β α β
38 37 94 57 6 76 95 14 26 80 37 103 28 53 26 56 4 54 57 236 89
39 23 39 1 98 52 88 109 60 11 22 97 107 119 4 173 52 146 32 98 17
40 40 48 55 53 61 110 48 27 63 25 155 84 41 43 101 50 69 41 239 90
41 41 98 83 40 99 0 83 35 38 73 8 49 16 112 8 112 26 6 1 99
42 30 76 15 90 66 77 23 72 26 87 113 33 153 75 85 5 136 102 251 103
43 44 5 62 92 5 117 25 49 108 118 129 3 152 78 201 58 126 60 155 28
44 25 112 51 88 4 83 57 45 27 88 143 9 149 119 29 17 195 100 160 94
45 65 35 20 29 83 63 73 76 39 91 80 75 173 106 41 105 41 23 150 27
46 48 71 14 79 17 22 111 114 8 42 128 77 144 44 42 100 182 74 153 15
47 69 20 25 91 88 30 77 82 90 13 96 18 139 69 170 34 49 84 80 35
48 26 96 66 117 48 94 7 14 18 99 162 90 4 100 43 62 190 18 108 101
49 43 85 28 113 2 81 95 112 131 80 151 16 185 2 115 74 27 34 86 58
50 55 110 86 77 86 16 62 46 119 57 141 2 157 35 138 76 10 47 165 92
51 0 52 0 66 38 100 86 36 32 51 115 58 29 13 199 1 33 62 167 113
52 45 19 12 33 102 2 80 17 135 5 76 13 180 48 108 86 237 113 196 45
53 50 102 11 111 82 31 5 12 17 114 148 106 34 117 88 117 217 59 67 110
54 70 55 26 61 72 41 8 95 100 40 25 37 127 95 105 39 100 4 262 38
55 7 14 27 51 21 10 4 33 71 97 27 99 115 31 90 30 4 37 29 40
56 32 44 5 18 37 75 54 62 51 2 110 68 129 71 179 92 80 46 104 21
57 12 9 68 52 6 5 29 56 137 75 30 44 79 53 76 22 196 34 48 61
58 42 15 75 11 11 62 97 88 76 69 78 11 86 8 204 82 187 11 43 1
59 11 80 84 55 23 46 56 99 99 47 38 6 25 108 121 51 75 83 65 41
60 46 89 69 3 47 93 67 23 37 10 11 20 32 11 106 23 145 82 61 38
61 1 106 74 26 36 108 38 105 111 94 95 39 3 44 30 38 43 25 166 77
62 8 119 59 103 93 81 100 69 133 59 71 81 58 65 54 60 102 92 143 107
63 15 100 85 46 81 113 93 102 13 8 149 15 93 38 17 54 68 10 202 20
64 53 45 71 109 69 101 72 101 57 18 106 65 88 37 70 11 22 30 19 69
65 3 17 43 73 100 24 32 108 61 4 60 116 168 29 37 97 103 1 129 11
66 19 43 49 114 90 48 43 81 74 86 87 30 33 20 165 41 116 97 33 29
67 4 87 41 42 45 6 37 0 84 111 51 96 43 25 176 6 117 53 188 84
68 22 88 48 21 18 21 22 80 120 82 86 95 38 9 156 0 154 105 132 56
69 49 34 32 96 56 27 0 30 72 67 70 63 36 12 98 9 193 47 53 100
70 54 11 44 10 20 35 102 109 35 38 85 71 87 17 125 80 99 31 229 4
71 38 107 61 84 79 70 51 117 66 85 112 55 150 68 92 107 236 20 258 118
72 50 43 39 56 75 93 127 65 5 62 14 35 120 35 73 81 209 59
73 73 116 46 86 122 91 98 74 0 41 27 7 133 20 161 96 263 119
74 34 68 53 84 118 39 95 78 23 97 167 13 65 87 42 67 201 74
75 46 5 54 112 47 15 29 115 90 103 133 82 122 110 105 70 51 82
76 64 108 32 97 39 66 55 101 69 52 0 87 110 7 141 63 23 118
77 13 94 19 116 114 84 92 81 37 86 100 64 151 78 231 39 32 24
78 18 15 15 76 19 86 86 107 18 60 184 108 149 83 140 2 235 97
79 54 82 28 9 65 73 93 31 14 8 7 103 71 114 162 94 124 54
80 76 85 73 109 98 4 139 32 154 100 12 57 212 36 177 12 193 44
81 42 0 33 96 6 54 123 15 49 83 28 22 117 73 72 101 91 106
82 24 77 16 115 121 74 113 16 130 54 57 18 3 55 57 79 46 64
83 16 55 12 18 45 77 85 106 26 15 82 42 19 98 32 58 88 30
84 22 119 44 42 46 83 2 52 35 46 128 45 6 88 206 75 106 114
85 3 3 9 106 94 34 1 27 121 67 84 111 114 27 29 45 24 51
86 81 75 55 68 42 19 14 71 59 78 60 75 75 81 3 61 181 93
87 62 74 107 47 16 3 160 105 176 23 52 95 222 118 242 1
88 80 22 50 96 124 19 144 49 51 5 113 43 204 7 146 10
89 8 95 99 7 136 55 7 25 8 4 11 15 58 42 118 89
90 41 102 79 31 45 9 32 29 166 79 188 77 202 104 170 70
91 101 59 53 78 103 91 57 93 10 105 53 103 137 54 127 105
92 71 57 60 116 104 112 114 50 124 84 57 70 45 52 257 8
93 92 46 33 13 25 68 61 79 74 54 109 42 135 93 156 3
94 89 44 16 1 10 65 75 104 24 10 128 118 15 88 205 110
95 94 66 117 86 118 33 67 111 131 49 157 116 31 39 55 16
96 40 4 88 58 75 110 158 57 17 88 127 85 2 103 47 52
97 43 19 119 28 91 102 92 64 80 114 195 11 11 65 151 62
98 27 50 85 68 49 116 33 14 6 47 152 12 48 98 221 101
99 64 39 30 20 128 83 134 72 177 96 96 104 62 118 119 57
100 84 99 87 33 81 23 41 53 21 68 160 3 178 116 16 115
101 50 34 13 114 7 50 40 98 130 113 47 53 1 5 26 18
102 70 11 90 6 36 93 54 94 90 50 51 96 94 68 95 6
103 26 64 3 47 59 75 132 66 71 63 58 68 23 96 82 47
104 34 17 71 110 110 66 126 23 120 116 196 4 198 30 249 66
105 15 36 0 5 105 99 56 72 171 100 111 115 122 108
106 103 98 40 14 146 37 154 110 209 68 166 103 241 55
107 120 62 138 71 55 77 107 30 60 106 215 42 111 7
108 59 89 101 103 53 47 65 77 46 8 91 17 176 33

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
I=8640 I=10440 I=12600 I=14760 I=16920 I=19800 I=22320 I=25560 I=28800 I=32040
W=72 W=87 W=105 W=123 W=141 W=165 W=186 W=213 W=240 W=267
α β α β α β α β α β α β α β α β α β α β
109 21 37 23 90 131 69 102 115 182 29 127 0 208 25
110 78 57 122 63 19 5 182 15 169 61 158 110 260 22
111 116 100 3 69 45 105 52 48 63 113 171 27 213 21
112 89 27 70 22 153 119 170 89 135 64 229 81 190 32
113 24 113 48 108 93 73 171 25 194 70 159 23 131 13
114 49 10 52 119 34 82 89 39 192 32 221 1 72 48
115 66 32 109 35 20 19 55 46 118 58 67 49 149 80
116 44 103 88 88 12 36 114 97 69 77 85 109 18 84
117 63 5 44 28 74 114 81 21 111 10 194 73 35 4
118 11 97 69 117 111 41 26 28 7 116 77 72 252 82
119 104 81 24 0 157 75 92 14 147 59 65 38 10 55
120 52 59 46 82 36 110 183 105 153 40 150 21 139 39
121 96 56 126 1 62 45 1 29 136 45 153 119 141 53
122 110 99 19 21 17 109 49 74 2 3 142 33 110 65
123 115 113 120 86 35 110 187 30 9 59 158 75
124 47 53 98 117 63 34 25 52 149 45 100 103
125 20 86 140 0 163 40 210 90 181 61 168 87
126 42 7 91 84 9 99 163 28 180 56 223 100
127 65 73 15 28 179 90 23 115 19 66 217 26
128 83 46 58 112 143 66 80 49 173 40 198 71
129 64 95 122 31 50 93 12 16 56 7 222 64
130 56 47 56 80 137 19 112 1 20 73 99 81
131 134 93 83 91 125 20 91 119 95 47 17 112
132 130 39 94 6 135 118 131 82 40 89 133 79
133 73 100 127 21 20 82 84 111 234 86 145 96
134 129 86 152 22 62 76 155 60 197 50 59 104
135 58 105 145 12 40 23 185 62 218 3 112 5
136 30 79 161 25 31 83 132 44 81 69 116 90
137 94 2 89 118 72 107 97 79 219 85 44 45
138 43 61 137 98 174 31 20 39 139 19 246 42
139 12 98 65 24 148 10 144 71 205 91 37 25
140 97 99 64 56 175 77 16 56 106 113 70 19
141 24 65 98 55 77 109 213 13 187 12
142 108 8 162 65 86 26 118 24 45 113
143 164 68 47 95 175 9 133 6 120 63
144 82 89 156 91 119 99 209 32 140 29
145 79 42 64 1 0 9 119 90 206 36
146 100 97 110 12 148 105 189 52 138 14
147 101 2 30 52 55 0 55 29 66 59
148 29 103 101 26 164 107 13 110 137 8
149 22 59 132 43 39 34 59 107 211 99
150 133 82 48 15 139 108 207 22 233 91
151 107 46 178 37 49 66 64 37 41 34
152 136 115 5 17 67 57 122 84 256 104
153 52 107 77 36 31 47 152 15 162 51
154 81 106 141 7 211 74 28 93 216 30
155 147 95 155 42 161 23 132 64 38 86
156 39 55 122 6 28 25 174 111 56 74
157 139 33 37 112 78 32 210 9 34 107
158 50 17 23 51 197 50 92 44 36 85
159 44 71 13 116 14 102 232 0 185 116
160 16 72 42 49 198 104 208 14 182 9
161 125 60 44 98 141 112 224 70 234 78
162 9 64 70 79 206 42 96 95 212 2
163 28 74 126 108 40 28 61 80 93 119
164 46 101 96 106 66 83 79 114 175 67
165 151 54 193 69 125 25 54 42
166 39 40 15 27 114 48 107 76
167 140 8 35 94 101 112 226 31
168 76 90 183 95 76 62 220 95
169 165 38 82 97 86 3 87 44
170 61 35 166 91 203 78 64 17
171 45 64 73 29 108 16 97 109
172 123 13 205 5 238 53 142 55
173 54 31 202 21 84 63 79 49
174 164 47 48 50 147 8 245 37
175 94 80 189 113 134 57 25 35
176 67 24 79 15 25 102 121 115
177 134 74 174 37 63 22 125 83
178 99 11 24 35 14 75 148 58
179 146 57 34 59 37 0 126 118

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
I=8640 I=10440 I=12600 I=14760 I=16920 I=19800 I=22320 I=25560 I=28800 I=32040
W=72 W=87 W=105 W=123 W=141 W=165 W=186 W=213 W=240 W=267
α β α β α β α β α β α β α β α β α β α β
180 112 60 36 42 201 38 244 98
181 66 69 181 63 124 106 207 0
182 160 9 159 103 239 89 230 68
183 15 85 59 14 212 105 40 78
184 159 18 13 40 74 13 0 28
185 161 75 186 73 16 20 8 57
186 129 89 228 18 250 20
187 123 38 36 91 210 35
188 94 93 167 66 11 61
189 124 65 143 34 62 22
190 203 86 89 26 83 77
191 99 2 5 50 224 18
192 9 21 121 11 194 52
193 126 67 184 69 237 93
194 89 13 138 100 27 116
195 95 54 211 97 58 80
196 93 116 164 77 5 47
197 172 31 144 58 171 106
198 208 85 110 79 179 117
199 107 46 104 104 261 49
200 27 85 226 98 57 0
201 18 81 24 6 77 73
202 72 7 131 43 6 82
203 5 11 38 76 113 112
204 150 98 168 71 105 84
205 81 84 34 60 183 89
206 116 3 230 45 85 101
207 177 119 51 74 96 95
208 143 114 71 28 227 45
209 146 110 18 32 84 27
210 62 58 113 117 253 15
211 137 27 123 59 204 10
212 44 45 200 44 218 113
213 21 55 109 110
214 227 83 254 59
215 53 81 117 4
216 148 4 248 28
217 172 51 152 72
218 199 113 71 91
219 107 40 69 3
220 115 41 68 32
221 82 97 78 75
222 185 10 215 94
223 93 1 12 103
224 130 17 184 17
225 120 31 178 24
226 46 64 225 40
227 12 27 180 41
228 163 30 266 71
229 176 102 186 61
230 169 107 264 13
231 98 39 199 65
232 7 25 265 86
233 39 77 164 107
234 66 105 174 54
235 175 87 76 23
236 90 52 13 5
237 6 57 14 102
238 78 15 28 9
239 220 64 243 108
240 191 19
241 136 60
242 231 33
243 30 63
244 130 92
245 128 30
246 60 56
247 39 106
248 103 45
249 214 63
250 81 6

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
I=8640 I=10440 I=12600 I=14760 I=16920 I=19800 I=22320 I=25560 I=28800 I=32040
W=72 W=87 W=105 W=123 W=141 W=165 W=186 W=213 W=240 W=267
α β α β α β α β α β α β α β α β α β α β
251 123 64
252 15 117
253 154 1
254 75 11
255 192 74
256 159 25
257 163 119
258 247 3
259 52 88
260 147 37
261 203 42
262 169 70
263 157 82
264 177 100
265 42 118
266 4 31

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Table B-2: Interleaver Parameters (11 to 19)

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
I=35280 I=38880 I=42480 I=46440 I=50040 I=54000 I=57960 I=61560 I=65520
W=294 W=324 W=354 W=387 W=417 W=450 W=483 W=513 W=546
α β α β α β α β α β α β α β α β α β
0 30 28 193 72 238 48 374 11 147 48 211 24 153 110 380 92 282 83
1 165 81 208 10 260 88 269 31 76 100 353 68 307 101 415 60 437 63
2 156 103 3 107 253 11 21 35 22 84 430 37 274 42 81 60 397 89
3 235 46 254 13 208 43 84 46 64 92 56 55 291 45 327 41 471 115
4 15 75 165 59 130 102 6 45 53 64 242 50 158 50 60 21 218 29
5 126 82 81 50 190 79 91 85 50 39 440 76 141 75 289 28 62 79
6 203 34 154 42 193 2 81 33 219 63 111 67 241 112 341 16 65 0
7 270 112 38 77 122 73 227 115 134 16 354 11 80 62 162 31 396 88
8 189 71 104 83 118 47 324 49 406 0 123 96 310 1 409 104 172 93
9 103 85 216 52 317 95 367 36 315 118 109 89 83 66 95 116 182 49
10 145 1 63 68 177 42 225 64 416 62 80 23 110 82 159 29 84 88
11 186 92 68 109 224 111 294 108 187 79 126 63 433 105 330 105 116 48
12 264 7 116 4 143 89 159 28 307 1 396 51 17 47 262 57 120 98
13 218 109 292 44 181 100 277 110 252 85 51 106 386 18 157 9 224 39
14 52 57 31 13 178 86 265 27 373 106 34 2 298 38 223 115 0 41
15 265 55 167 57 29 30 87 34 146 104 302 73 89 59 170 63 174 107
16 141 24 322 114 64 40 193 53 115 87 386 25 478 54 34 118 424 0
17 181 106 94 65 173 81 258 15 293 29 161 94 40 105 137 44 362 105
18 208 108 122 67 315 50 8 56 291 10 292 79 279 63 411 25 247 52
19 9 51 21 19 198 3 141 48 33 97 30 16 361 60 269 13 511 82
20 88 76 201 90 46 7 210 61 257 75 267 8 130 41 174 110 343 95
21 196 100 86 0 258 0 89 4 399 90 163 21 230 99 197 103 245 59
22 32 19 23 24 108 98 205 23 213 94 337 6 425 12 4 64 15 105
23 78 40 270 15 106 69 195 67 4 46 202 5 35 22 202 37 262 96
24 130 17 236 78 7 50 279 33 207 43 147 54 19 95 110 49 300 60
25 162 29 7 36 167 101 338 118 233 70 232 49 280 102 437 58 207 11
26 269 83 227 43 308 51 82 98 266 6 420 2 166 37 180 7 26 31
27 42 118 307 87 139 105 151 59 39 25 426 14 49 76 375 94 130 35
28 99 26 316 63 68 85 202 10 249 116 221 110 248 25 368 3 539 46
29 22 74 44 78 262 96 40 40 405 51 28 83 119 17 337 55 230 45
30 192 31 27 21 125 19 63 69 226 66 437 115 71 38 475 42 136 85
31 147 80 297 32 246 91 90 78 341 17 262 77 170 13 303 81 305 33
32 221 3 285 85 129 114 358 94 203 98 324 40 466 76 176 23 281 36
33 16 38 279 21 295 30 10 80 73 73 20 43 387 95 320 79 285 64
34 182 77 175 119 87 119 121 94 110 34 307 69 123 6 397 36 485 108
35 188 107 192 70 72 17 85 5 62 26 1 85 327 36 169 62 209 28
36 73 11 37 103 332 9 158 79 89 10 37 111 200 51 447 73 145 110
37 159 10 293 92 226 1 318 76 359 15 77 105 4 34 372 77 500 27
38 256 48 239 80 232 113 16 73 204 81 359 38 333 16 291 84 67 34
39 21 2 32 96 94 13 167 50 58 15 3 32 464 13 134 38 2 53
40 10 63 162 118 307 22 322 88 124 93 264 112 103 46 84 66 436 15
41 72 102 30 114 67 109 68 1 358 18 412 94 142 39 443 96 491 56
42 61 59 310 38 329 24 168 24 247 102 410 52 470 112 154 34 512 48
43 169 52 218 30 98 6 119 114 104 50 435 108 108 71 385 26 277 61
44 232 41 209 49 282 94 303 1 250 88 185 88 67 70 190 111 232 4
45 283 54 146 94 303 70 263 37 116 76 261 7 93 24 51 81 259 23
46 271 85 315 68 142 67 28 31 323 119 79 99 253 111 423 102 355 67
47 6 66 2 82 55 32 350 20 152 65 220 27 315 52 500 47 310 118
48 171 86 206 12 1 79 172 2 170 19 206 70 451 83 165 19 384 98
49 29 12 265 62 250 90 382 19 362 50 175 117 105 56 501 0 261 10
50 279 12 281 110 10 86 174 18 156 71 168 20 269 84 357 29 265 40
51 115 61 191 31 318 80 293 47 237 11 186 48 442 42 469 71 367 69
52 199 8 184 54 274 23 114 118 121 30 263 111 175 97 226 70 513 94
53 285 93 282 6 306 99 30 27 238 27 394 66 155 68 377 65 475 80
54 231 67 305 99 233 52 234 91 285 23 280 72 51 73 151 22 228 94
55 272 114 9 97 284 89 333 112 385 76 38 31 33 74 482 53 184 5
56 194 5 140 34 21 29 96 102 240 73 49 104 216 80 358 5 323 76
57 129 27 214 48 255 110 247 51 65 9 289 96 271 64 206 39 44 73
58 210 98 158 60 289 69 215 14 95 21 407 45 2 45 12 86 398 50

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 CCSDS RECOMMENDED STANDARD FOR FLEXIBLE ADVANCED CODING AND
MODULATION SCHEME FOR HIGH RATE TELEMETRY APPLICATIONS

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
I=35280 I=38880 I=42480 I=46440 I=50040 I=54000 I=57960 I=61560 I=65520
W=294 W=324 W=354 W=387 W=417 W=450 W=483 W=513 W=546
α β α β α β α β α β α β α β α β α β
59 19 89 109 85 163 18 189 72 175 53 365 19 357 90 294 15 258 111
60 253 115 278 103 6 58 380 8 316 41 245 107 448 77 192 71 221 1
61 163 64 289 8 343 107 252 45 348 99 447 119 101 9 381 9 446 24
62 263 69 42 12 144 118 297 70 374 78 23 37 403 82 346 113 141 114
63 255 113 126 40 124 27 307 92 44 6 223 51 432 79 8 2 444 1
64 259 99 55 95 96 72 329 98 93 119 103 42 370 43 384 40 201 37
65 275 45 74 58 221 87 117 101 60 116 290 46 356 47 243 12 216 31
66 282 87 274 22 188 46 102 25 300 47 443 93 203 23 379 23 39 20
67 175 96 242 29 111 38 154 107 334 22 296 99 339 22 394 112 45 15
68 83 117 13 42 323 20 250 5 310 44 224 9 249 21 344 98 492 2
69 227 47 58 117 172 107 136 54 88 60 266 10 435 10 237 4 203 19
70 288 19 129 26 214 65 238 17 162 108 73 114 106 3 486 86 168 18
71 164 53 143 84 169 84 330 32 212 28 201 17 380 7 251 72 227 47
72 108 42 323 4 89 15 199 3 41 72 193 44 383 0 147 117 1 23
73 202 104 114 110 247 93 50 70 21 82 130 97 56 107 193 27 284 113
74 82 25 34 41 297 62 363 52 28 49 284 22 346 29 326 80 64 27
75 55 101 69 27 342 4 266 9 264 58 120 41 382 34 119 107 135 91
76 3 93 204 36 270 64 161 77 57 47 195 2 300 30 462 51 211 112
77 26 36 59 15 286 103 45 63 317 49 214 36 469 4 488 111 435 4
78 89 41 43 66 335 102 245 34 254 4 327 18 254 14 200 100 17 10
79 140 51 229 20 9 37 133 74 392 56 100 118 364 89 400 24 443 102
80 20 39 77 37 325 115 126 44 10 55 136 56 94 86 124 91 179 51
81 178 30 33 10 346 111 83 19 137 20 87 86 456 31 1 101 322 14
82 40 37 179 86 191 45 116 49 239 87 196 87 95 104 455 6 369 72
83 291 29 148 45 293 10 185 22 286 7 275 60 330 94 481 62 522 8
84 53 23 159 79 34 44 286 40 2 81 346 24 338 20 338 97 479 45
85 293 15 117 106 121 94 346 64 26 12 338 26 304 110 145 82 393 70
86 17 106 212 98 99 0 152 7 382 114 349 90 471 32 207 53 417 92
87 28 6 152 97 264 14 53 62 377 108 167 82 181 114 29 85 473 101
88 209 58 98 25 334 47 64 83 283 39 425 91 266 115 86 56 504 25
89 251 84 151 24 86 113 7 92 190 1 155 101 440 96 205 54 478 107
90 176 22 160 64 185 7 244 68 282 83 105 115 388 71 94 93 53 54
91 289 68 182 100 136 80 135 55 172 67 119 69 452 1 487 8 123 17
92 134 7 103 61 338 104 257 116 353 32 41 61 135 8 21 57 332 32
93 65 0 48 98 14 92 148 60 183 2 241 113 384 3 26 5 453 119
94 243 28 120 23 39 33 26 17 159 14 95 71 428 5 224 99 195 9
95 206 63 238 17 339 40 97 26 9 98 306 64 404 55 39 84 337 77
96 154 19 28 91 107 25 22 115 389 116 422 59 447 98 97 14 92 63
97 56 77 180 87 61 59 315 93 206 17 371 0 190 35 58 24 423 73
98 27 110 121 72 160 48 345 28 67 112 279 34 154 42 234 60 271 34
99 184 111 221 75 90 70 253 85 265 89 125 95 294 2 214 76 374 3
100 94 73 101 33 187 32 232 111 274 5 234 76 245 109 222 87 421 74
101 75 3 64 71 78 31 184 104 378 86 117 80 399 117 392 110 304 44
102 119 13 147 63 230 33 77 66 325 110 364 62 368 92 416 114 335 93
103 69 91 135 55 73 36 143 88 98 68 21 30 134 26 72 26 5 19
104 35 81 72 74 352 2 251 11 78 43 377 78 431 108 188 18 406 49
105 284 118 115 99 104 78 98 6 227 109 177 57 244 48 14 31 353 115
106 127 90 138 82 305 16 260 96 102 114 332 13 11 27 257 51 75 22
107 250 97 269 1 340 105 4 76 281 52 392 74 136 31 454 39 484 23
108 123 46 12 73 197 53 275 58 410 12 169 53 29 111 352 19 52 64
109 260 9 82 52 265 17 278 39 109 78 331 16 179 54 2 39 292 7
110 143 44 52 108 84 64 49 75 267 115 151 58 343 65 178 58 103 62
111 240 116 210 101 174 63 353 53 368 91 311 75 208 95 85 98 100 92
112 204 74 19 50 299 8 372 71 355 36 29 51 233 116 458 115 541 68
113 85 114 166 35 80 95 366 106 143 91 384 61 221 49 493 7 450 55
114 225 0 189 18 312 15 180 73 14 62 129 14 446 111 351 31 291 116
115 274 101 57 92 37 102 240 90 361 38 446 27 318 44 32 102 153 89
116 70 82 0 87 202 119 370 3 222 34 181 15 402 100 184 108 386 26
117 36 22 222 112 320 75 343 113 196 106 165 90 250 33 264 75 339 35
118 0 35 290 53 278 25 273 80 356 105 428 21 441 80 343 107 41 118
119 38 31 257 83 152 116 37 52 241 48 256 105 31 79 23 45 519 64
120 112 50 194 116 47 34 298 97 129 99 191 29 415 39 417 59 48 4
121 290 42 157 22 182 22 368 57 184 35 237 109 129 103 201 65 505 28
122 179 76 237 46 231 44 235 12 108 74 114 18 389 99 229 68 21 111
123 233 94 235 28 313 59 111 43 42 95 131 32 211 76 474 119 390 104
124 128 21 111 53 341 86 128 103 197 55 27 40 240 87 24 89 464 66

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 CCSDS RECOMMENDED STANDARD FOR FLEXIBLE ADVANCED CODING AND
MODULATION SCHEME FOR HIGH RATE TELEMETRY APPLICATIONS

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
I=35280 I=38880 I=42480 I=46440 I=50040 I=54000 I=57960 I=61560 I=65520
W=294 W=324 W=354 W=387 W=417 W=450 W=483 W=513 W=546
α β α β α β α β α β α β α β α β α β
125 8 27 168 91 162 106 147 37 100 105 313 4 287 67 16 51 415 10
126 247 70 299 5 301 67 213 109 105 61 116 52 68 108 426 89 410 11
127 139 15 61 30 123 115 268 100 302 117 198 68 82 93 102 92 447 6
128 193 39 173 68 281 13 288 4 23 101 68 78 270 75 50 3 480 96
129 44 34 131 16 259 97 311 29 371 103 406 8 276 104 203 67 29 76
130 220 55 1 14 175 20 103 56 133 46 411 63 24 18 150 77 77 58
131 216 103 155 41 133 75 108 81 191 107 413 53 138 0 80 25 76 39
132 60 116 56 115 183 57 59 28 31 83 423 69 302 62 464 18 375 19
133 183 85 88 77 33 91 57 32 388 26 137 45 457 93 370 64 442 47
134 80 32 108 62 235 66 226 105 364 13 121 81 354 8 44 73 106 68
135 180 40 6 38 3 99 149 33 260 111 351 54 413 74 212 8 246 24
136 239 77 217 96 135 104 187 38 142 102 281 86 234 88 45 11 237 21
137 168 62 301 34 113 26 46 71 397 31 238 66 482 48 166 33 133 77
138 114 54 145 88 119 50 386 7 179 31 45 112 422 70 195 6 131 16
139 14 79 150 10 348 1 352 54 218 77 350 95 267 105 82 47 150 14
140 120 18 317 30 314 11 373 117 186 45 300 71 220 28 319 50 349 53
141 205 65 286 117 213 35 204 16 154 118 180 28 20 116 442 82 427 59
142 131 87 90 81 292 42 337 35 12 80 378 82 437 53 108 61 461 106
143 117 105 207 76 88 4 203 78 120 69 13 119 151 101 354 2 445 62
144 190 33 304 77 12 52 101 0 25 48 219 91 353 114 191 81 331 90
145 93 71 65 107 83 21 179 30 393 85 269 94 14 98 349 34 118 3
146 261 13 321 118 52 83 312 67 208 93 53 33 10 17 322 78 33 113
147 62 83 188 69 345 6 134 23 313 57 312 106 303 107 52 95 303 80
148 174 2 267 60 257 95 376 81 298 0 259 102 187 63 348 14 527 97
149 170 14 36 67 242 78 281 61 201 24 277 114 150 117 181 21 159 57
150 172 59 137 11 271 85 296 59 125 66 176 116 157 4 18 62 229 12
151 34 45 54 104 69 62 310 44 366 87 204 98 472 24 406 48 42 90
152 2 7 246 93 205 19 201 62 119 4 385 104 137 85 158 52 320 43
153 276 24 17 101 290 31 61 57 18 54 375 73 149 113 156 36 455 86
154 64 88 123 39 249 114 264 99 193 97 200 1 113 65 270 104 112 103
155 74 60 224 40 298 88 160 86 396 88 326 81 460 18 471 103 414 65
156 107 115 240 47 40 66 130 119 66 84 212 93 410 118 399 54 326 37
157 213 38 260 119 140 77 236 21 27 100 194 3 121 89 350 106 405 109
158 102 70 252 7 272 109 347 14 221 104 32 12 90 69 49 106 68 100
159 101 66 215 95 330 46 70 91 171 18 4 24 237 18 142 35 382 29
160 155 113 241 50 210 96 218 41 13 35 438 83 391 57 277 17 87 59
161 201 102 8 32 154 56 359 95 48 67 439 49 263 77 292 92 104 94
162 76 49 313 18 328 53 267 26 277 21 108 72 193 43 196 105 97 70
163 158 106 113 51 217 82 207 46 72 41 7 57 374 35 388 46 219 56
164 110 29 288 36 227 118 357 48 200 23 88 108 50 50 89 15 180 6
165 13 8 213 73 201 40 76 80 319 30 62 19 88 84 408 95 196 81
166 226 36 102 111 291 79 65 99 311 74 72 49 183 92 434 15 399 94
167 195 89 169 102 141 98 290 77 99 8 276 55 225 58 268 30 152 105
168 258 108 190 78 236 101 93 95 161 26 115 25 224 3 28 114 528 16
169 161 101 144 9 74 5 384 15 395 43 282 88 202 40 90 79 146 33
170 48 104 133 66 126 29 29 93 299 25 16 21 449 14 230 109 361 71
171 79 111 243 94 77 61 239 50 131 40 187 77 81 64 220 20 253 22
172 71 92 248 23 27 13 14 12 243 16 369 17 73 7 140 48 125 40
173 25 5 219 104 13 8 78 42 8 103 36 6 63 106 46 94 86 36
174 121 75 71 86 149 43 274 114 74 90 99 27 406 54 227 28 489 54
175 217 95 127 44 54 90 115 9 391 107 363 85 275 37 453 43 336 117
176 24 112 256 2 245 99 328 73 357 96 133 73 296 69 87 1 38 44
177 167 35 29 60 43 81 80 79 68 51 142 13 344 11 164 118 99 28
178 135 97 250 63 326 37 15 88 34 20 255 43 436 46 121 86 391 38
179 207 23 47 100 19 42 35 84 91 38 47 26 308 50 483 5 34 75
180 54 26 263 55 304 76 378 17 16 0 178 96 18 87 396 27 240 78
181 238 83 320 87 311 110 336 33 37 28 251 67 377 41 283 90 206 0
182 257 64 141 19 8 45 344 111 318 92 403 80 143 16 275 117 70 30
183 46 19 202 3 331 23 254 13 141 3 67 11 163 82 187 16 387 39
184 223 96 262 57 36 65 211 32 69 52 14 7 111 11 309 32 154 61
185 173 48 309 51 120 71 340 102 232 113 408 105 421 103 37 69 161 73
186 266 107 273 79 116 55 20 77 407 33 149 22 184 57 221 102 169 97
187 228 17 302 65 155 34 223 1 415 1 301 12 169 119 61 59 191 26
188 31 38 70 46 283 21 349 82 97 64 154 39 76 13 422 116 23 91
189 236 20 67 59 11 69 5 106 169 22 424 68 177 12 248 24 299 99
190 241 1 76 93 333 29 129 70 176 13 172 60 43 1 361 96 28 119

CCSDS 131.2-B-2 Page B-9 February 2023

 CCSDS RECOMMENDED STANDARD FOR FLEXIBLE ADVANCED CODING AND
MODULATION SCHEME FOR HIGH RATE TELEMETRY APPLICATIONS

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
I=35280 I=38880 I=42480 I=46440 I=50040 I=54000 I=57960 I=61560 I=65520
W=294 W=324 W=354 W=387 W=417 W=450 W=483 W=513 W=546
α β α β α β α β α β α β α β α β α β
191 98 37 174 108 23 94 42 3 127 49 401 34 265 55 284 11 408 100
192 67 4 66 94 240 84 150 27 402 64 343 14 132 22 314 62 403 91
193 23 56 130 117 156 88 19 97 220 95 50 88 78 91 6 42 537 41
194 224 68 271 113 254 9 71 2 61 111 26 89 236 81 256 69 223 49
195 90 119 259 84 49 116 316 108 261 61 145 74 331 59 62 23 185 95
196 292 50 20 112 252 94 332 38 280 90 303 101 272 79 366 38 205 27
197 214 26 15 40 50 46 56 41 87 75 18 47 195 74 38 18 117 38
198 142 41 183 106 209 83 191 75 198 110 48 82 334 51 238 93 27 78
199 104 30 253 70 319 74 27 67 242 71 8 103 222 34 261 41 544 115
200 211 10 87 12 207 28 220 94 246 19 308 15 176 111 389 63 198 52
201 246 16 223 32 277 0 34 113 303 17 429 79 116 44 508 67 178 46
202 96 100 296 61 158 93 73 114 130 98 5 101 194 20 198 97 202 48
203 267 71 284 68 62 20 173 35 335 70 310 51 32 53 17 53 22 72
204 278 22 153 0 239 117 32 13 333 14 383 103 259 97 78 54 139 45
205 41 10 303 14 322 71 54 59 258 63 183 64 371 91 359 58 431 95
206 12 48 89 18 164 59 381 49 70 70 270 58 159 102 40 58 338 15
207 219 67 99 56 302 57 23 61 312 106 101 44 400 27 209 85 186 50
208 252 60 40 26 171 12 249 63 49 45 333 36 396 45 304 42 503 12
209 148 57 318 98 138 100 319 31 210 33 321 37 405 109 213 40 346 42
210 150 98 187 29 35 108 51 98 188 86 320 33 206 118 100 100 458 114
211 273 5 125 31 18 23 361 22 367 54 421 44 423 116 436 66 378 9
212 50 47 25 68 75 103 283 25 287 67 416 97 465 85 274 114 394 79
213 87 107 308 20 176 68 79 116 324 73 271 56 337 9 280 44 4 21
214 152 58 276 24 324 27 206 83 177 29 118 59 393 119 175 43 496 88
215 92 96 26 5 241 69 379 107 400 65 389 117 463 38 98 75 439 82
216 280 90 170 1 206 47 228 101 338 78 82 94 345 31 329 10 272 107
217 151 84 171 37 56 57 112 117 19 10 203 84 351 73 296 45 364 5
218 215 118 272 82 321 49 292 23 36 37 295 89 395 68 115 2 156 66
219 191 27 93 85 223 1 156 96 151 101 444 7 332 84 66 110 315 1
220 37 118 78 2 263 63 383 42 81 63 83 34 147 41 129 115 521 4
221 249 15 247 88 92 111 224 47 174 88 344 57 189 36 92 55 389 84
222 106 93 91 4 273 38 256 81 163 112 75 67 109 30 218 116 236 76
223 116 79 60 72 109 18 295 79 383 112 297 65 8 38 339 99 538 33
224 245 62 203 8 300 77 242 72 269 50 405 31 127 75 143 84 66 104
225 146 8 228 5 30 97 280 3 387 10 230 41 104 83 69 65 3 32
226 149 114 181 74 91 33 216 24 215 83 97 20 107 62 74 70 233 102
227 51 87 39 63 76 112 74 107 106 27 102 4 0 95 278 22 193 41
228 109 0 255 43 296 81 186 89 123 57 210 10 91 109 318 12 278 30
229 286 72 142 98 216 51 24 110 290 76 106 70 325 66 313 29 407 13
230 58 15 14 84 251 104 88 40 209 99 218 16 148 98 460 107 190 82
231 125 34 97 76 146 45 110 48 262 51 361 29 278 42 266 56 95 79
232 100 22 4 47 347 72 122 109 332 82 379 92 84 37 267 26 329 106
233 45 95 176 90 4 114 259 0 0 43 273 115 167 24 127 111 263 70
234 68 110 110 54 180 60 335 51 394 29 441 109 292 71 428 55 462 27
235 18 115 124 83 93 37 331 110 107 96 85 107 229 106 105 37 366 17
236 1 12 112 13 66 22 255 56 347 56 35 109 398 78 103 72 404 48
237 230 80 51 16 16 35 123 53 29 31 46 63 6 105 63 28 94 2
238 248 73 95 36 170 73 86 54 273 116 305 116 408 28 68 88 357 108
239 43 117 132 101 179 23 198 113 211 44 40 1 30 101 449 33 122 55
240 33 94 107 14 285 48 229 6 45 106 135 30 72 56 387 21 330 119
241 198 19 275 105 24 85 67 64 253 15 9 76 61 21 323 76 307 67
242 200 92 258 66 70 40 169 34 86 23 434 45 227 112 31 46 392 14
243 157 103 83 118 112 84 105 87 158 56 427 16 54 32 300 101 456 57
244 47 54 156 25 248 4 306 10 5 5 397 52 192 15 504 11 314 31
245 86 1 196 77 192 26 75 31 292 62 93 54 246 60 302 77 252 32
246 95 64 85 58 168 58 157 8 413 71 228 42 160 72 503 19 448 35
247 4 46 149 75 15 59 200 91 330 75 184 69 480 3 93 78 289 86
248 237 59 312 44 97 117 127 17 234 9 322 23 27 31 41 63 302 83
249 97 55 198 33 349 43 214 76 320 37 414 26 381 102 245 9 486 37
250 81 61 294 102 229 108 371 69 136 32 146 92 36 66 363 25 242 59
251 262 52 41 64 128 107 313 88 122 36 366 72 64 115 287 57 222 39
252 113 68 75 35 211 90 118 22 52 77 250 87 434 110 232 13 400 69
253 118 31 277 21 350 15 351 9 351 39 268 19 164 61 473 102 162 63
254 84 89 84 73 145 8 137 85 217 103 209 26 455 69 83 32 50 109
255 63 36 199 99 196 14 3 5 379 81 314 112 261 23 478 34 457 51
256 138 24 53 41 150 109 47 104 343 72 69 48 38 14 459 73 517 98

CCSDS 131.2-B-2 Page B-10 February 2023

 CCSDS RECOMMENDED STANDARD FOR FLEXIBLE ADVANCED CODING AND
MODULATION SCHEME FOR HIGH RATE TELEMETRY APPLICATIONS

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
I=35280 I=38880 I=42480 I=46440 I=50040 I=54000 I=57960 I=61560 I=65520
W=294 W=324 W=354 W=387 W=417 W=450 W=483 W=513 W=546
α β α β α β α β α β α β α β α β α β
257 136 39 73 3 151 42 36 14 327 41 395 76 329 64 374 94 269 104
258 7 66 139 80 65 63 334 98 354 35 246 0 336 19 35 93 248 93
259 137 51 298 110 131 96 171 12 308 46 319 3 439 43 163 38 24 25
260 287 112 136 70 115 3 181 102 248 64 182 62 324 21 391 97 143 112
261 122 5 226 89 25 48 131 20 173 109 10 96 348 7 429 70 465 2
262 229 40 232 48 215 6 72 101 145 7 225 95 481 22 376 39 110 23
263 242 41 118 34 161 67 217 55 344 89 153 50 28 51 148 113 301 103
264 197 44 319 27 195 10 289 78 255 79 402 77 185 90 308 87 148 101
265 49 33 177 109 101 31 272 36 372 117 104 117 427 89 425 23 509 117
266 277 87 62 91 48 17 270 60 43 58 94 102 409 107 362 83 251 96
267 66 59 233 64 17 27 285 106 79 91 404 99 443 25 450 108 30 84
268 144 46 266 114 51 54 177 52 7 21 134 24 426 67 210 31 20 1
269 160 71 195 15 316 78 39 66 349 118 373 114 289 70 301 3 370 105
270 59 21 230 85 186 65 48 65 231 38 387 90 444 60 107 17 372 64
271 57 17 280 95 219 64 106 21 205 74 64 23 125 76 445 81 8 16
272 212 76 185 20 71 1 276 118 59 22 139 104 42 96 265 7 510 21
273 105 38 100 17 280 106 163 57 360 5 358 38 92 10 342 71 363 81
274 234 0 24 71 165 36 369 34 245 6 442 54 350 52 120 76 126 31
275 5 30 128 22 184 76 317 62 309 24 316 25 379 72 254 49 296 40
276 166 91 163 94 189 15 302 7 294 45 150 86 173 107 410 60 514 107
277 177 50 225 72 327 28 69 92 301 58 388 24 218 39 355 28 347 0
278 254 97 105 114 132 62 43 105 150 34 12 42 311 82 440 98 12 73
279 153 70 96 87 294 32 183 45 138 54 362 96 256 93 36 118 469 110
280 185 88 119 57 85 77 348 74 268 105 158 79 235 45 364 16 467 26
281 132 111 92 6 105 2 2 19 275 8 156 6 133 80 413 69 55 51
282 133 10 134 115 269 20 209 112 297 102 86 38 342 26 7 21 516 63
283 268 23 22 102 38 68 208 108 148 114 61 43 140 49 324 18 93 9
284 11 106 10 113 127 118 212 43 295 1 70 15 420 6 217 79 220 72
285 91 63 244 59 22 95 327 116 272 93 173 8 397 90 161 27 19 56
286 187 69 200 46 275 50 230 107 363 113 57 87 168 48 505 12 102 12
287 111 7 172 93 288 54 120 69 412 18 144 78 335 12 402 61 268 61
288 244 14 306 28 204 95 139 97 322 22 170 61 16 78 490 4 238 47
289 124 90 231 41 81 53 341 40 103 0 376 2 392 80 340 105 508 53
290 281 21 283 92 28 64 304 30 411 40 160 66 328 40 315 103 309 115
291 77 6 268 34 279 93 287 35 329 3 294 93 305 29 365 0 147 92
292 222 61 197 10 2 10 41 26 180 108 229 100 199 94 71 83 542 113
293 39 44 45 24 117 30 60 24 199 53 74 85 58 54 438 9 274 6
294 261 1 134 11 231 117 194 17 299 27 419 81 225 50 526 34
295 161 47 218 72 58 100 153 42 391 35 22 119 189 74 166 34
296 314 116 344 109 190 33 92 59 244 48 293 100 418 68 57 88
297 234 96 26 39 164 18 94 110 132 33 285 35 306 118 498 101
298 249 67 44 98 1 42 6 115 143 21 207 65 335 37 502 10
299 79 49 267 66 95 44 414 15 390 94 475 113 152 39 254 109
300 5 75 53 47 377 55 192 73 179 12 360 56 472 72 422 8
301 220 42 148 61 99 74 46 86 59 40 25 22 463 53 108 8
302 264 52 237 86 176 67 352 60 298 110 284 8 136 109 85 17
303 49 30 79 69 18 72 63 25 315 63 74 28 186 47 81 0
304 80 39 82 13 25 78 401 11 207 46 290 114 70 80 226 44
305 245 103 337 114 284 21 321 13 409 67 66 20 130 60 35 26
306 11 107 309 33 342 114 370 95 197 83 252 96 101 6 160 106
307 287 17 244 29 365 16 189 94 431 70 69 47 404 78 80 10
308 50 7 45 104 339 47 111 71 357 102 48 104 104 51 194 18
309 18 81 225 39 271 53 80 39 54 52 15 42 53 4 385 85
310 106 23 110 116 94 68 168 21 248 49 340 44 285 91 381 68
311 295 75 157 79 219 103 304 26 215 34 34 71 10 16 105 5
312 291 8 31 25 325 90 381 53 89 32 243 53 317 20 351 23
313 186 38 220 113 12 29 279 80 335 28 369 86 235 98 7 14
314 35 62 234 55 299 84 135 18 60 51 215 2 360 6 215 13
315 16 27 41 5 326 97 114 26 113 116 467 59 241 1 452 99
316 178 104 351 102 300 39 55 3 342 47 355 1 282 34 317 20
317 205 12 268 17 362 83 202 2 334 107 401 55 430 8 9 67
318 300 55 0 12 0 55 314 111 417 55 390 17 79 19 234 16
319 46 61 203 16 282 80 223 106 356 61 178 68 331 52 192 21
320 311 56 95 89 124 13 178 78 84 114 424 49 73 101 138 78
321 251 118 212 5 221 58 1 74 24 5 197 103 64 30 295 36
322 211 40 222 105 142 98 160 81 287 119 117 43 231 5 214 3

CCSDS 131.2-B-2 Page B-11 February 2023

 CCSDS RECOMMENDED STANDARD FOR FLEXIBLE ADVANCED CODING AND
MODULATION SCHEME FOR HIGH RATE TELEMETRY APPLICATIONS

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
I=35280 I=38880 I=42480 I=46440 I=50040 I=54000 I=57960 I=61560 I=65520
W=294 W=324 W=354 W=387 W=417 W=450 W=483 W=513 W=546
α β α β α β α β α β α β α β α β α β
323 164 97 199 35 132 4 289 59 252 44 347 34 288 73 395 60
324 137 9 140 59 182 104 418 30 376 15 138 117 43 82
325 194 41 166 2 404 6 260 4 306 116 131 68 83 93
326 336 82 291 49 54 97 33 81 39 24 491 40 515 93
327 276 107 66 15 90 95 112 41 186 5 307 95 157 65
328 147 91 197 79 386 48 159 80 373 33 77 71 350 118
329 266 68 144 106 403 27 205 7 60 118 502 101 380 76
330 58 4 375 0 113 62 226 68 239 75 128 106 481 42
331 57 75 301 100 132 85 393 64 65 6 22 107 51 29
332 310 115 62 39 71 30 341 6 171 108 146 108 321 91
333 200 38 17 76 126 119 128 113 385 87 9 31 235 73
334 63 81 55 37 384 12 247 59 316 62 271 33 342 98
335 228 110 246 26 342 109 19 9 323 58 439 46 249 80
336 261 37 385 61 278 4 317 20 44 117 122 99 311 62
337 353 117 309 101 96 24 231 101 77 36 240 36 345 7
338 100 50 107 0 256 31 243 40 118 77 310 59 348 55
339 103 93 38 33 3 117 157 112 26 65 118 81 256 45
340 287 59 323 44 398 0 286 54 257 119 395 115 328 52
341 59 42 178 64 83 68 339 62 21 94 509 35 96 113
342 166 57 170 93 24 46 348 18 98 92 216 53 267 97
343 159 40 308 17 390 83 78 93 213 11 444 75 18 45
344 60 21 146 110 229 75 239 82 359 99 19 45 91 74
345 20 58 145 30 339 43 400 1 231 0 13 77 111 99
346 42 36 11 58 157 70 127 77 309 85 452 84 499 19
347 114 66 233 9 144 45 382 115 99 46 424 74 463 59
348 256 42 222 96 259 20 254 22 47 69 250 89 451 30
349 32 15 153 77 101 29 55 111 242 101 272 65 140 108
350 102 56 237 22 167 92 293 106 299 36 446 114 313 116
351 243 13 248 66 350 17 152 105 161 84 325 85 536 106
352 153 32 182 71 228 118 11 28 212 16 290 72 523 91
353 5 102 100 94 337 87 0 61 12 112 111 64 59 37
354 92 91 346 74 189 29 37 33 42 3 525 22
355 354 87 140 47 419 71 286 47 5 27 429 56
356 165 114 244 10 253 118 358 14 332 15 73 62
357 364 105 35 52 445 82 407 24 427 1 308 54
358 243 14 380 68 96 60 461 8 47 87 79 98
359 320 102 38 90 329 111 75 93 259 2 477 65
360 175 82 340 104 141 19 468 97 476 99 532 79
361 356 59 305 36 164 47 70 79 421 109 82 69
362 44 9 230 40 2 26 283 22 114 44 40 70
363 261 85 331 47 372 42 214 18 3 15 360 74
364 321 91 165 41 25 12 100 97 431 17 69 28
365 355 6 263 35 171 67 3 30 208 70 466 18
366 196 27 40 103 340 16 262 78 495 47 132 77
367 31 118 128 60 235 43 219 95 494 77 409 24
368 241 31 77 43 432 91 87 8 246 86 287 117
369 305 13 84 15 91 91 301 105 67 40 243 100
370 188 40 51 116 217 98 41 3 369 82 412 33
371 314 76 216 48 380 9 1 41 211 42 487 95
372 113 83 328 25 92 45 363 76 109 14 113 42
373 104 112 166 61 58 35 445 63 403 50 290 11
374 9 89 251 77 138 94 462 4 457 7 493 45
375 262 115 17 66 22 73 126 81 59 66 37 117
376 33 52 75 14 81 18 201 59 125 90 286 87
377 192 72 15 111 188 103 319 115 153 67 109 59
378 360 68 32 79 258 76 416 9 367 117 388 49
379 13 87 149 84 285 90 238 74 113 62 115 33
380 138 42 56 32 174 65 411 65 382 100 134 104
381 52 111 271 115 98 16 375 117 347 24 340 78
382 125 107 369 94 345 58 418 108 168 55 354 114
383 194 90 409 80 31 108 55 44 57 7 49 85
384 162 63 139 38 370 21 268 98 54 92 495 46
385 155 101 195 58 6 34 430 100 141 26 459 83
386 109 43 181 8 249 72 321 110 233 43 231 10
387 117 50 190 96 313 107 135 49 127 103
388 225 22 199 109 477 57 498 22 199 53

CCSDS 131.2-B-2 Page B-12 February 2023

 CCSDS RECOMMENDED STANDARD FOR FLEXIBLE ADVANCED CODING AND
MODULATION SCHEME FOR HIGH RATE TELEMETRY APPLICATIONS

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
I=35280 I=38880 I=42480 I=46440 I=50040 I=54000 I=57960 I=61560 I=65520
W=294 W=324 W=354 W=387 W=417 W=450 W=483 W=513 W=546
α β α β α β α β α β α β α β α β α β
389 118 55 318 117 320 104 468 37 244 2
390 112 107 236 32 349 54 456 113 430 47
391 336 62 398 87 297 38 295 111 212 57
392 375 66 71 89 258 27 65 105 14 13
393 284 101 304 13 223 37 311 66 490 14
394 288 21 44 46 209 32 467 27 171 75
395 236 96 381 104 417 39 11 43 472 119
396 296 57 90 37 180 17 255 112 533 29
397 82 102 352 89 5 72 297 63 151 110
398 224 65 43 104 53 70 182 29 167 32
399 276 9 52 69 114 34 386 116 319 35
400 11 89 222 36 255 63 263 84 266 38
401 345 112 374 48 458 42 126 12 124 25
402 270 69 192 38 62 99 393 3 324 39
403 30 34 240 84 264 13 286 68 31 44
404 47 6 355 66 281 66 479 71 418 111
405 376 61 110 99 144 82 215 16 440 36
406 306 32 367 5 247 28 465 5 494 80
407 365 38 76 50 314 20 497 56 101 41
408 214 19 336 105 120 26 461 92 200 115
409 155 25 288 30 205 33 252 78 25 58
410 185 87 330 81 191 25 253 113 371 31
411 235 91 449 79 122 89 27 96 298 4
412 408 105 265 92 429 16 492 49 164 95
413 20 57 436 78 152 29 484 67 283 50
414 164 112 233 33 453 52 334 45 316 72
415 85 33 415 112 97 86 477 51 476 71
416 326 85 63 30 139 21 312 79 142 79
417 166 31 174 41 407 119 483 73
418 227 116 79 116 236 115 71 27
419 448 118 365 50 194 11 177 48
420 122 63 282 57 96 1 255 119
421 399 10 414 114 106 46 497 52
422 257 102 217 31 139 91 275 0
423 325 24 372 45 405 96 518 76
424 42 58 277 55 242 25 365 67
425 309 0 182 118 75 54 524 48
426 208 17 7 1 398 13 333 29
427 162 20 102 12 390 107 32 97
428 65 59 273 6 299 9 173 26
429 272 75 9 68 25 59 89 101
430 216 15 260 10 371 31 11 40
431 39 74 46 49 412 62 204 51
432 433 14 232 92 480 57 312 5
433 140 48 162 54 496 69 543 114
434 274 85 450 75 219 118 428 102
435 368 40 367 5 33 17 56 38
436 66 66 45 45 247 22 373 32
437 213 86 198 61 507 110 175 102
438 148 1 295 69 239 83 88 22
439 323 34 288 4 30 84 239 23
440 328 45 378 18 144 97 280 64
441 360 93 124 2 356 90 535 108
442 291 57 112 19 204 94 54 52
443 107 7 228 73 249 114 225 1
444 17 103 57 50 345 48 181 68
445 283 99 394 88 353 102 90 100
446 278 94 188 91 485 33 270 92
447 15 14 474 36 160 31 520 89
448 124 5 85 103 56 13 344 40
449 347 49 204 35 373 55 119 46
450 438 79 172 21 368 43
451 23 55 88 79 273 81
452 13 102 48 89 197 62
453 196 109 273 110 213 98
454 412 27 20 33 341 110

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11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
I=35280 I=38880 I=42480 I=46440 I=50040 I=54000 I=57960 I=61560 I=65520
W=294 W=324 W=354 W=387 W=417 W=450 W=483 W=513 W=546
α β α β α β α β α β α β α β α β α β
455 476 60 183 119 293 17
456 59 90 414 11 257 58
457 341 94 448 38 441 6
458 366 82 433 28 189 9
459 322 70 378 104 401 27
460 312 97 401 76 488 38
461 362 25 155 98 188 105
462 454 51 228 3 61 66
463 146 20 419 73 6 71
464 86 95 171 69 356 45
465 96 16 15 99 47 114
466 165 88 199 4 288 101
467 172 62 499 111 379 28
468 479 26 116 95 10 5
469 115 65 55 53 36 111
470 251 87 117 9 506 60
471 459 10 276 87 534 54
472 473 31 132 56 264 86
473 128 101 133 102 352 12
474 226 1 441 20 128 82
475 131 0 451 34 16 51
476 156 30 466 70 416 77
477 352 119 333 75 425 104
478 210 8 293 23 468 58
479 317 86 177 41 433 112
480 326 7 336 53 129 15
481 52 31 173 6 529 55
482 145 53 510 117 217 85
483 383 2 279 47
484 298 7 58 34
485 258 103 155 93
486 99 18 297 69
487 279 67 318 109
488 123 107 501 87
489 489 82 411 23
490 316 46 470 66
491 112 0 144 3
492 0 101 13 91
493 149 76 74 112
494 281 60 474 118
495 43 81 530 75
496 260 57 545 101
497 512 79 531 94
498 432 36 107 31
499 435 35 137 7
500 321 39 165 70
501 244 62 60 43
502 76 42 208 76
503 305 19 359 79
504 167 74 98 107
505 179 105 78 2
506 185 27 121 45
507 506 18 187 116
508 91 100 482 86
509 420 15 358 3
510 470 91 426 85
511 328 12 72 81
512 511 50 210 54
513 46 19
514 250 118
515 507 92
516 454 117
517 438 98
518 540 11
519 376 26
520 325 115

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11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
I=35280 I=38880 I=42480 I=46440 I=50040 I=54000 I=57960 I=61560 I=65520
W=294 W=324 W=354 W=387 W=417 W=450 W=483 W=513 W=546
α β α β α β α β α β α β α β α β α β
521 183 73
522 158 96
523 294 83
524 402 107
525 377 42
526 383 22
527 460 44
528 449 13
529 176 21
530 334 59
531 63 83
532 241 56
533 170 87
534 327 111
535 276 63
536 149 72
537 163 71
538 413 8
539 260 67
540 419 72
541 420 14
542 114 8
543 434 39
544 306 103
545 432 21

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ANNEX C

PHYSICAL LAYER PSEUDO-RANDOMIZATION

(NORMATIVE)
C1 OVERVIEW

As specified in 5.5, PL pseudo-randomization is applied to all 16 codeword sections of a PL

frame, including the data symbols as well as the pilots. Randomization is not applied to the
PL frame header (i.e., to the Frame Marker and the Frame Descriptor).

C2 SPECIFICATIONS

C2.1 The PL pseudo-randomization shall be obtained by multiplying the In-phase and

Quadrature samples by the complex randomization sequence (CI + j CQ) defined in C2.3; i.e.:

I_randomized={ I · CI – Q · CQ } Q_randomized ={ Q · CI + I · CQ }

C2.2 The randomization sequence shall be reinitialized for each PL frame, i.e., at the end
of the frame header (FM+FD) that is not randomized.

C2.3 The complex randomization sequence shall be constructed by combining two real
m-sequences x and y (generated by means of two generator polynomials of degree 18) into a
complex sequence (thus resulting in segments of Gold sequences), as follows:
a) The x sequence is constructed using the primitive polynomial h(x)=1+x7+x18.
b) The y sequence is constructed using the polynomial g(y)=1+ y5+ y7+ y10+ y18.
c) If the sequence depending on the chosen scrambling code number n is denoted zn in
the sequel, and x(i), y(i) and zn(i) denote the ith symbol of the sequence x, y, and zn,
respectively, the m-sequences x and y are constructed as:
1) Initial conditions:
x is constructed with x(0) = 1, x(1) = x(2) = ... = x(16) = x(17) = 0.
y(0) = y(1) = … = y(16) = y(17) = 1.
2) Recursive definition of subsequent symbols:
x(i+18) = x(i+7) + x(i) mod 2, i = 0, … , 218 – 20;
y(i+18) = y(i+10) + y(i+7) + y(i+5) + y(i) mod 2, i = 0, …, 218 – 20.
3) The nth Gold code sequence zn, n = 0,1,2,…,218–2, is then defined as:
zn (i) = [x((i+n) mod (218–1)) + y(i)] mod 2, i = 0,…, 218–2.

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d) These binary sequences are converted to integer valued sequences Rn (Rn assuming
values 0, 1, 2, 3) by the following transformation:

Rn(i) = 2 zn ((i + 131 072) mod (218-1)) + zn (i), i = 0, 1, …, 133440.

e) Finally, the nth complex scrambling code sequence CI(i) + jCQ(i) is defined as:

CI(i) + jCQ(i) = exp(j Rn (i) π/2)

Table C-1: Scrambling Sequences

Rn exp(j Rn π/2) I_randomized Q_randomized

0 1 I Q
1 j -Q I
2 -1 -I -Q
3 -j Q -I

NOTE – Figure C-1 shows a possible block diagram for pseudo-randomization sequence
generation for n = 0.

X(17)
X(0)
zn (i)
D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D
1+X 7 +X 18
2-bit
adder

1+Y 5 +Y 7 +Y 10 +Y 18 Rn (i)

D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D
Y(17) Y(0)
x 2

zn (i+131072 mod(2 18 -1))

Initialization
X(0)=1, X(1)=X(2)=...=X(17)=0
Y(0)=Y(1)=...=Y(17)=1

Figure C-1: Possible Block Diagram for Pseudo-Randomization Sequence Generation

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ANNEX D

SECURITY, SANA, AND PATENT CONSIDERATIONS

(INFORMATIVE)

D1 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS

D1.1 SECURITY BACKGROUND

It is assumed that security is provided by encryption, authentication methods, and access

control to be performed at higher layers (Application and/or Transport Layers). Mission and
service providers are expected to select from recommended security methods, suitable to the
specific application profile. Specification of these security methods and other security
provisions is outside the scope of this Recommended Standard. The coding layer has the
objective of delivering data with the minimum possible amount of residual errors. The
Serially Concatenated Convolutional Codes ensure a very low error probability and the
Frame Error Control Field is used to insure that residual errors are detected and the frame
flagged. There is an extremely low probability of additional undetected errors that may
escape this scrutiny. These errors may affect the encryption process in unpredictable ways,
possibly affecting the decryption stage and producing data loss, but will not compromise the
security of the data.

D1.2 SECURITY CONCERNS

Security concerns in the areas of data privacy, authentication, access control, availability of
resources, and auditing are to be addressed in higher layers and are not related to this
Recommended Standard. The coding layer does not affect the proper functioning of methods
used to achieve such protection at higher layers, except for undetected errors, as explained
above.

The physical integrity of data bits is protected from channel errors by the coding systems
specified in this Recommended Standard. In case of congestion or disruption of the link, the
coding layer provides methods for frame re-synchronization.

D1.3 POTENTIAL THREATS AND ATTACK SCENARIOS

An eavesdropper can receive and decode the codewords, but will not be able to get to the
user data if proper encryption is performed at a higher layer. An interferer could affect the
performance of the decoder by congesting it with unwanted data, but such data would be
rejected by the authentication process. Such interference or jamming must be dealt with at
the Physical Layer and through proper spectrum regulatory entities.

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D1.4 CONSEQUENCES OF NOT APPLYING SECURITY

There are no specific security measures prescribed for the coding layer. Therefore
consequences of not applying security are only imputable to the lack of proper security
measures in other layers. Residual undetected errors may produce additional data loss when
the link carries encrypted data.

D2 SANA CONSIDERATIONS

The recommendations of this document do not require any action from SANA.

D3 PATENT CONSIDERATIONS

D3.1 HYBRID CONCATENATES CODES

Implementers should be aware that ‘Hybrid concatenated codes and iterative decoding’ are
covered by U.S. Patent 6023783. Potential user agencies should direct their requests for
licenses to the U.S. Patent 6023783 patent rights holder, whose contact information is:

Cellular Elements LLC

2215-B Renaissance Drive
Las Vegas NV 89119
Attn: Managing Director

D3.2 APSK MODULATIONS

Implementers should be aware that the APSK modulations are covered by U.S. Patents
7123663 and 7239668. Potential user agencies should direct their requests for licenses to:

Mr Luz Becker
Legal Department
European Space Agency
8-10 Rue Mario Nikis
75738 Paris Cedex 15
Tel: +33 1 536 97152
E-mail: [Link]@[Link]

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ANNEX E

ACRONYMS AND TERMS

(INFORMATIVE)
ACM adaptive coding and modulation

APSK amplitude phase-shift keying

ASM attached sync marker

AOS Advanced Orbiting Systems

AWGN additive white Gaussian noise

BER bit error ratio

CCSDS Consultative Committee For Space Data Systems

FD frame descriptor

FER frame error ratio

FM frame marker

PL Physical Layer

PSK phase-shift keying

TC telecommand

TM telemetry

SANA Space Assigned Numbers Authority

SCCC Serially Concatenated Convolutional (Turbo) Code

SMTF synch-marked Transfer Frame

VCM variable coding and modulation

USLP Unified Space Data Link Protocol

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ANNEX F

INFORMATIVE REFERENCES

(INFORMATIVE)

[F1] G. Caire, G. Taricco, and E. Biglieri. “Bit-Interleaved Coded Modulation.” IEEE

Transactions on Information Theory 44, no. 3 (May 1998): 927-946.

[F2] Information Technology—Open Systems Interconnection—Basic Reference Model:

The Basic Model. 2nd ed. International Standard, ISO/IEC 7498-1:1994. Geneva:
ISO, 1994.

[F3] S. Benedetto, et al. “Serial Concatenation of Interleaved Codes: Performance

Analysis, Design, and Iterative Decoding.” IEEE Transactions on Information Theory
44, no. 4 (May 1998): 909-926.

[F4] S. Benedetto and G. Montorsi. “Serial Concatenation of Block and Convolutional

Codes.” Electronics Letters 32, no. 10 (9 May 1996): 887-888.

[F5] R. De Gaudenzi, A. Guillen i Fabregas, and A. Martinez. “Performance Analysis of

Turbo-Coded APSK Modulations over Nonlinear Satellite Channels.” IEEE
Transactions on Wireless Communications 5, no. 9 (September 2006): 2396-2407.

[F6] S. Benedetto, et al. “MHOMS: High-Speed ACM Modem for Satellite Applications.”
IEEE Wireless Communications 12, no. 2 (April 2005): 66-77.

[F7] D.M. Arnold, et al. “Simulation-Based Computation of Information Rates for

Channels with Memory.” IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 52, no. 8
(August 2006): 3498-3508.

[F8] D. Arnold, et al. “Simulation-Based Computation of Information Rates: Upper and

Lower Bounds.” In Proceedings of IEEE International Symposium on Information
Theory, 2003 (Kanagawa, Japan). 119–. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, 2003.

CCSDS 131.2-B-2 Page F-1 February 2023