CSC 805
Welcome to Week-9
Transport Layer
Protocols
Prof. Nasir Faruk
Department of Information
Technology
faruk.n@[Link]
Course Content/Lecture Schedule
Lect. No. Date Topic
1 Week 1 Course Administration, Communication Patterns and IP Suite
2 Week 2 Physical Layer and Multiple Access Techniques
3 Week 3 Data link Layer Protocols and LAN
4 Week 4 Switched LANs, VLANS and STP
5 Week 5 IP Addressing and Subnetworks
6 Week 6 (TEST 1) Network Layer: Protocols and Routing (Static and Dynamic)
7 Week 7 Network Layer: Routing Protocols II (Distance Vector Routing Protocols )
8 Week 8 Network Layer: Routing Protocols III (Link-State Routing Protocols)
9 Week 9 PROBLEM
Transport Layers SETS
Protocols
10 Week 10 Application Layer Protocols I: DHCP
11 Week 11 Application Layer Protocols II: DNS, FTP and HTTP
12 Week 12 (TEST 2) Introduction to Multiservice Networks
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TCP/IP
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Introduction
• Transport layer is responsible for process-to-
process delivery while network layer is
responsible for host-to-destination delivery. The
two most popular and widely used transport
protocols are; Transmission Control Protocol
(TCP) and User data gram Protocol (UDP). The
major duties of transport layer are:
• Port Addressing: For example Hypertext Transfer
Protocol (HTTP) uses TCP Port 80, Simple Mail
Transfer Protocol (SMTP) TCP Port 25 and Domain
Name System (DNS) - TCP/UDP Port 53 and so on.
• Multiplexing and Demultiplexing:
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Intro cont...
• Segmentation and reassemble: A message is divided into segments, each segment containing a sequence
number. These numbers enable the transport layer to reassemble the message correctly upon on the arrival
to the destination and also to identify and replace packets that were lost for retransmission
• Connection Establishment, Management and Termination: Transport layer protocol can be either
connection oriented or connectionless protocol. Connection-oriented protocols are responsible for the
series of communications required to establish a connection, maintain it as data is sent over it, and then
terminate the connection when it is no longer required.
• Acknowledgments and Retransmissions:
• Flow Control: Transport layer protocols that offer reliable delivery also often implement flow control
features.
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TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL (TCP)
Well-known ports used by TCP
•TCP SERVICES
•Process-to-Process Communication
•Stream Delivery Service
•Full-Duplex Communication
•Connection-Oriented Service
•Reliable Service
• TCP FEATURES
• To provide the above services, TCP has
the following features:
• Numbering System
• Flow Control
• Error Control
Congestion Control
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Sending and receiving buffers
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TCP Header Format
• Source port Number – Identifies points at which upper-layer source
process receives TCP services. Eg. 80 for HTTP
• Destination port Number – Identifies points at which upper-layer
Destination process receives TCP services.
• Sequence number (SYN) – Specifies the number assigned to the first
byte of data in the current message. If the SYN control bit is set, the
sequence number is the initial sequence number (n) and the first data
byte is n+1.
• Acknowledgment number (ACK) – Contains the sequence number of
the next byte of data the sender to receive.
• Data Offset – Indicates where the data begins.
• Reserved – Reserved for future use. Must be zero.
• Control bits (Flags) – Carry a variety of control information. The control
bits may be: •Window – Specifies the size of the sender’s receive window.
• U (URG) Urgent pointer field significant. •Checksum – Indicates whether the header was damaged in
• A (ACK) Acknowledgment field significant.
• P (PSH) Push function.
transit.
• R (RST) Reset the connection. •Urgent Pointer – Points to the first urgent data byte in the
• S (SYN) Synchronize sequence numbers. packet.
• F (FIN) No more data from sender.
• •Option + Padding – Specifies various TCP options.
Data – contains upper-layer information
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Properties of TCP
• TCP provides end-to-end reliable and assurance guarantees
• Full delivery sequentiality: if packets are received out of order, they are put in sequence.
• Error control and Retransmission: If packets are received with errors, retransmission is requested.
• Selective acknowledgements
• Built-in flow and congestion control
• Congestion detection
• Self-limiting flow control through slow-start and back-off algorithms.
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User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
Well-known ports used with UDP
• Offers a stateless, best-efforts datagram service
• Every transfer is stand-alone and
unacknowledged
• Neither delivery nor delivery sequentiality are
guaranteed
• Low protocol overhead makes it suitable for
• Request-reply services, such as DNS queries
• Avoids six-packet connection management
overhead
• Real-time voice and video transmission
• In conjunction with RTP
• If required, error correction must be provided
by the application
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UDP packet header
• Source port Number – An optional field
indicates the port of the sending process.
• Destination port Number – Identifies
points at which upper-layer Destination
process receives UDP services.
• Length – The length in octets of the user
datagram, including the header and the
data (Minimum is 8).
• Checksum -- Indicates whether the
header was damaged in transit.
• Data – Contains upper-level information.
•
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Multiplexing and demultiplexing
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Tutorial
1. IP does not provide reliable service, but TCP provides end-to-end reliable service explain using the header fields, explain how TCP does
error control
2. Differentiate using the headers between TCP and UDP in terms of service reliability
3. Give an examples of a pair of protocols where:
I. The higher-layer protocol is connection-oriented and the lower-layer connectionless;
II. The higher-layer protocol is connectionless and the lower-layer connection-oriented
4. Using TCP segment format explain the use of the followings;
i. Source and destination port numbers
ii. Sequence and acknowledgment numbers
iii. Code bits
iv. Window size
v. Urgent pointer
vi. Option and the header length
5. Describe the role of checksum in a TCP segment header. Include your description why pad bytes are used.
6. State the meaning of the term “re-transmission time out (RTO) interval” in relation to TCP connection and why it is necessary to
determine this dynamically for each new connection.
7. Explain the meaning of the term “delay ACK timer” in relation to TCP and why this is required.
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REFERENCES
• Charles M. Kozierok (2005), “TCP/IP guide “
• K.V Prasad (2003) “Principle of digital communication systems and computer
Networks”, Charles River Media, ISBN: 1584503297
• Behrouz A. Forouzan, “Data communication and Networking” Third Edition,
McGrawHill Higher Education.
• Lydia. P, David T. B, Chuck. D, Jason. F, Wei . L, Carolyn M & Nicolas R, “TCP/IP
Tutorial and Technical Overview” IBM, Dec 2006
• TCPTCP/IP Quick Guide/IP Quick Guide, ©Javvin Technologies Inc. All rights
reserved.
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