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Solution

The document discusses solutions and colligative properties, defining solutions as mixtures of solute and solvent, and classifying them based on various criteria such as solvent type and concentration. It covers concepts like molarity, normality, and the factors affecting solubility, including temperature and pressure, as well as Henry's Law and its applications. Additionally, it addresses colligative properties such as vapor pressure lowering and osmotic pressure, providing insights into their significance and methods of determination.

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34 views17 pages

Solution

The document discusses solutions and colligative properties, defining solutions as mixtures of solute and solvent, and classifying them based on various criteria such as solvent type and concentration. It covers concepts like molarity, normality, and the factors affecting solubility, including temperature and pressure, as well as Henry's Law and its applications. Additionally, it addresses colligative properties such as vapor pressure lowering and osmotic pressure, providing insights into their significance and methods of determination.

Uploaded by

hssigmainstitute
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
Ee ‘SOLUTIONS AND COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES | EE ETT)» 1» homgowaus mist of ve oe mone ry dubstancey odio can bt teal eet r Solutuch = solute + Solvent * frnracteristics OF SOLUTIONS) + A dolution 4 gle phae ayctern * A dolution dats nok allow a beam of tight £0 acaltin + dhe yaxtelu of dolute tn dolubion cannot be Aun wlth -o raha, eve. the solution cannot be * KAotubion is stable and solute ” + Partie cize: (0 * to 10 %oy CLASSIFICATION OF SOLUTION ON THE BASis OF o SOLVENT ON THE BASIS OF NUMBER G) CONCENTRATED SOLUTION. NI THE BASIS OF AMOUNT oF SOLUTE OF COMPONENTS: BINARY SOLUTION. “Solution which contains ©) AQueous SOLUTION: When solute is olissolved solufe > solvent tn water. | tune components 4 Ethonol ur walen Gy DILUTE SOLUTION, 64 SOLt soluLion Gi) NON AgUEOS SOLUTION : Solute, < solvent & TERNARY SOLUTION When dolufe ia dissolved tn Solubon whith, cova three componente cits 2 Solvent other than water. & "unchwe 4 todine tue dolvents anc one dolile on one solvent vound dure doluliv. tens ON THE BASIS OF PHYSICAL STATE OF COMPONENTS Types OF SOLUTE SOLVENT ERAMPLES SOLUTION 4. SOLID SOLUTIONS Gas Solid Hy Ua palladium Liquid solid Ha-Ha solid solid fey dikes bongo, brads he 2 UGUID SOLUTIONS ¢ Uiguicl o, wn wale, C0, on 0 Yiguid guid Ethanol in wal solid Kquia Aalt tin wale 3. GASEOUS SOLUTIONS = Gas Gas Ain Uiquid Gas CHU, raixed wlth No solid qas dust or smoke als [CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTIONS Jorount of kolute present in the re quantity af dolubion Mass PERCENTAG Who Mac of a - Mass ofthe component tu the solu «loo hy f “Tokal mass of olatiom ‘Nome Percentage (v[u‘fe) ) volume "of. eemponent = volume <| the component __ 100 dal volume of the solution Mass 8Y [Link] Percenrage (¥/vl) M ume f, _ _ Maus of solute ti ass by v0 eh = Fa wane hao * 4-99, HyS0q, by weight mean 400 af olubvow -conlaine a4m th S04- ‘Sol Aro He AY, 4804. wolume meanw 100 taf coliduon ey contairu 4mL at HyS04. SOWTION SOWENT 3 of, wh vb volume. Ao HyS0q, wofy means Q => Be “qn S04, pusint in foort. Agen Has4 4 soluow So SOLUTION 4) 9, volume by welg 0 Arr. HyS04. 4 HyS0q, v|uo tana ArmL H,S04 preent: wn > > loogen af soldlion . SOLVENT SouvTION (voogm) (EEE at solute whide di dindolved un a pedi gevmmauint oe youme of soluluon - CMOLARITY (04) 9 4 afd as tre rumbts of raolis af coluste(n) dissolved by she ee volume af solution {one ure o the Solution) vy (M) ._No- of moles of Glan «| SOLUTIONS OF SOLIDS IN_ LIQUIDS J] “The olubuliy of ve Solute dered as tht amount Aolate dissolved wr (004 of solvent, oe a Aeenperolivn fe we dtunatid doluction. . + For exothermic Substance + solubility 0 Ss (OH, 2.0, Mab0s, MyS04) Tempenalune + For endothermic substances : solubility of temperate (nact, KNQ,, WaNos), unsat sclubon A dotubor which oontauis Avan amount of Solute thaw doe manimum amount it saludo af a poem Temp tan dindve | SOLTIONS OF GAS IN LIQUID + Antubiily of o- pau in Aiquid a mmauty userid doy fours of tion wodllfeiont. Ot be defied aa aha Volume of ga whith wall discelre sn, dem? ve Liquid a) form ov Adbuyaled solution ab a fortis Tumpenatirs and tr the dolubibdy of a 9a derunau wlth con remade fry temporalinu. This ds ducouse on Lore 44 expelled out of the solution * Dissolution Ad tn ery erothoumic: ese cl = Solution + heot pew TRE OF 3) aya . sonalaaliy the oad Some d ase Aotuble whburs come eee ane Less EMPERATURE FACTORS ON WHICH SOLUBILITY OF GAS DEPENDS: £02,Nz,Hp,He : Ress solible $02. Hea, “More coluble CCFFEGT OF PESSRE) ne duty of gnats anercats nly thureate to Reenperotione [Link] LAtD” [Henars LAW| St a the quartitrtive xulabiomthip etweer 2h dalailty of the feo" as pase moa . = the gas diccolved by unut volume [HEAP] ny ep dc K- yr Yonalibiy constant Pe Preseurce pth gee o—> °> 2 eG of sli of some dU) Vaxiakor i ly Gi). Vaniation af 40 ©) Vaxiabwon of colubilty te wut d “ itn 9 tt” ran HHENRY'S LAW IN THE FoRM oF MOLE FRACTION} % - pe Knute] p> rreaum of the ko Heng Giarour Fessure OF Liquid souvTion ) Liguid| (eal mS SOWENT PURE SOLVENT SOLUTION * the frou erudtid by the vapour molieulis an te durface of the Lquid wh the jar at equilibrium ds cold as vapour peewe. * Vapoun preasuans depend on: )) Tempexabune : Temperature « Vapour usu 1) Nabe of Wich: Aiguics ith, ‘ge er intermelseulan force Of atlrachon has Liss vapour euch Liquids wlth weak antoumotuular forced ee ape vapour presune. (Browns Law) Mea ome \ ‘ sig mane wobile volute 4 a proporhonal db the mole function othe Aolvent” Petatn * Meet sent j Rrovurs. Law FoR ‘A SOLUTION cornu) \_NouF ATILE COMPONENTS ocale Fou a. zat of vlala ute, ata en, of coe sna ot igus en papi to us mols fraction, . is f Appa TIONS OF HENRTS LAW! 4) Yo snmerme sno gobabilty of oy on daft wits ancl dodo wale the bottle ‘baad andi igh prsues 9) Yo minimige he founful cpp saccmpanied Ay duen reso seo, enypaee gar dali mith Jue doluble Sa or ste i igh conventraluons of solved voile Aolubi of tuple gnats in btocd ohn ae dive come doonedt 8 he read [Link] “fete gue We see stored passand dando to re form of fou Of Na Un the blood. hia sblocke capillaries wand. wuolis o medical eondilicn Known a4 bendy. To avoud bends vas well Lhe toric eects af i seonetntxation of Wa fa blood 9) Seba. lien runt pope willl jhe torlu wid by debe divers ou fi wale aie, or dilid waite fatium (1 , 56-2. J, rabragen . ancl, 3247, oxygen) A) Ak Ani coltiludes, Jone pascal fea of onygen a leu than that at the evel Ynis Lads to tow coneentrahen of onyzen En the Sood ancl isa of people un ot i attitudes oy vende - IT | “SIGNIFICANCE OF HHENRYS LAW AND HENRI. f Taw CONST q + Ky ta the funtion of natn of t » ky soluilty + et Hemporatons 5 solubility * he tune \m une species ove MmOKe (ot same pruwe) rable Sn wold voor Aan oo fet waif [iisitarions “oF Henes's Law PFreuune should wat be boo igh. Me 4 not tos Low + the. drawl nal andige ary chimical henge + ah ps abana andngs uration am ication de le + Pp ta pyot Je > Yor Fate per feXe Prtate tat Pe =D Fat Pare Vapour Presaune — nant mole Fraian Ane? fee %@=0 - NON IDEAL SOLUTIONS “IDEAL SOLUTIONS _[fosinve DEVIATION TION FROM | avout Nesanve » 2a ee a “te et do not ob Raoul 100 | oat ay Raoul veoncenbr ation ‘Ee 0, total volume yas Amin 70 Js equat 0 the dur of volume Ae components ' | ote ont | Reualt & 0: €xathermic Amant 20+ Endothernie 1s, . Heat au vabsovbed j reat i velved z Amv 4 0 \ 3. Bmpett 703 nether eet L0 erdved nov absorbed dunt ved dung A. AeA, BB, A-B witerorkiony, A-B< AKA and B-B should, be Lame. | spe pata Pee fare pr> Pata Pe? ta%e | Prfata TP aXe pat Po pater Pare | ae B > A-A and OB + Examples 5) Benggne + Toluene heetone + Ethanol 9) Acetone + Pibine 2) nvhanane + - heptane 2D) heetone + CSa 2) reatone + CH 5 chlowherne + Crameotengene > war + Methanol “Daag + e00H 4) moder + GHhamal » 1,0 + tH,cooH 4) ethyl bromide + ethyl Sodide. %qz0 Mole actin Zed Ard Mole 2 . =0 fraction Xp 4 a, rer Agro fea TIDEAL SOLUTION posirive DevinTion FROM NEGATIVE DEVIATION FROM Raoutt's LAW RAouIT's LAW * AZBOTROPIC OR CONSTANT BOILING MIXTURES: A Siquid mnt Ruin a Semen a Oe Hailing Bee a ‘pune Liquid is tabled 2 constant uy mative. 0s ear axpohrople mise co TT Muriminr Seduig agcotropes Mantmum, boii ‘the bey fout the vappotrope da hess “agecrop son wy ts Cea) fs indy de « COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES: Codaun poopenies of Heol alulion Auyord only Ow tru mumber of dolule axes ty wo. Aural amounk of zolent and alo nok depene ow the abou of dolute . Such propos orn called “uti properties” 0) Relative fours “4 vagour prem &) osmotic © Clevation in ay fourt 4) Depmaion fn facing foe FRetarive lowering oF varouR PRESEURE: }] penser of He dolvent in the solution i uu than that of pure he vapour 7 Aslvent , breowat Sn dotubon only colvent molieulis worliibule to the total Vapour prem arte the solute Le onn- volatile second to Result; oe P Re ] olutios = solvent solvent 0 ee where, Peolutun = \[Link] prenure of colubon Acolwnk = mmole fraction af solvent Woolvent = VAPOUY precure 4 solvent ° Rb itive a of yagour preacwee Arne PanPa = fan %mPa = Pa(i-%a) Af = fA%B & Relative Lom’ reecuee = 2 Ee Vn sie =X NA en © When the solubion (whetbe, dilute or not) , wlakive dawning of vapour prestuts: ah 08 Ps on be «Method for the determination of ndattve fovuang of vapour preaeuce ¢ + Ostwald -boatker methed “Viffountial baromebue’ meted _AND osmoTIC PRESsU Re} OsMos' [Osyrose-ahe Phenomenon En which the solvent molioulir mover from a Juss coment nolid Louubiai (hypotonic) to more coeeniolid Lolulon Srough oe duni-founeable membuane. . ( 5 bladder | cellophene semi poumeable, memnane Fababrane | p >) ovement of savent mlieutea peony ils igh come kn dis Low concentrated | edit da to Lome. solution ‘DILWTE TONCENTRATED, (wrroroN') (areeRTonic.) ——— ie \ Osmotic PRessuRe:(A) | “The osmotic pune of thu wap on ik . A . powrenbration tanger the esmole pret ode i the ones Se dot rau ha applied +o the solution aide of the membrane Co osmasia ie to Atop he feange oh alert onrolecules r Sol . Hoag oe arenipormenble membrane. anto the - on Pati {DETERMINATION OF MOLAR MASS OF soLUTE | * Osenobie fouscure rn proportional 4 the molavisty of the soluhow ab a, on [he CRT | or ate ssolutciu) C.D: - Ww - ’ vr ™ Me * Osmotse prow 4 meauwud x, WakT ty Berkeley and Hoctteys MV methed Mae mel + Used tothe debourrunation of x molan mate of a substance which i efthon Abi Aoluble o% Aas a igh melanmass such as protein, polymere and colloid. Basis OF [Tyres oF sovurio — ¥ (FypoToNic SOLUTION \ [Esotonic “SOLUTION ee +A dolulion faving Lue csmoiie — Swe dolirtions hana aa A dolution havi ak eu ‘prewurce than thot, Osmolié presuee | ELEVATION tN BOILING POINT! Bellin font ane beng fone 2 ya 2 ha teprtne & l we duces equal: tp the atmoepherc prsmre, aoluie is edd. Lo oe Niquid bolvent tht vapour qresaure ay te Apron Jpucome compat red aman than that of th pu solvent. “te temporal at whith she vapoun rates of eoluow feromes equal fp the enteural preeiute will be gpuatin than Sta of pure aolvent, thus lung, we beilaig pout ths boiling po devabiry depend on the amount of doluts . (To rola | a » | She ell Ky Boilurig pow elevation conto ot or ebublioaropte Constant unit of Ky = Kegmol! Jn vapour. + When & man volatile ATL = kam 1 ay = 100K, We wagoux M Wy prune “Tenp (Kk) MBeppession “IN Freezing 4 Por} Faaeyng fort the emporaline vot whiely thy dobid and Maule statin of th dubstance have come vapeur pretune. elher we mon-volatile solute de rooted sto the tolvent its vapour presure. selituaiut the Lows vapour preciuu of the debutuon wousts thu lon of the jeri Poust compas 0 that 6} the pure Aolvent . “4 ‘ i 4 3 Aye Kym | unit of = Rig ol RELATION BETWEEN ENTHALPIES CHANGE AND CONSTANTS (Ky Or Ke) Kp = fxm The xT a wok \* Kpe Rae T.* 1000 x Supt MOLAR MASS! aha alitjounce Le ane chewed ancl cabevtatid melieulan massiu of Aolute 4 lun Lo Lt association ov dsearatiom of he delish, rmatioulay By doluituons. OF seul aw cre hang lv Ure aurnbir 9 pandickes sin doluiow - Rccaia of sslute partieder3 ‘the formalion of of lygor mola by 2 anion af tue, thee or more Aolut. moteulee be rolled vescortabuon - + det'n’ sungle motieults combints to (* on vassoctaliol melreule ag.’ a(x) ee (Wg oe the totat ruber of hardier Molen mau Adlucuc becomes Less than the Mola eee number af mollis Molar mass, Fee inet LS 5 secre ule m ay value Kon te olution . Motecutus 0 Loni Mitgortelaon Jn tonigu + cet Tonidalion or ‘ cr anes Solvents fo gr tae mel wun solution - ions - ° 8 oe At+B” .... he ebissceiahion xeaulls sw es von iaruae in the ofl numb Of paructes . = Molar maw oe —4._____ colligatine property + Molecular welyht sf Lonieable aolute wElt be quate oon the theoretical ee [vant Horr FACOR @} is obsewed pe property Normadt cotta ve “propery be a» an ein ene wed motreulorr mes (exgortmental) For asmodialion * For diskoctabuon © hed i>4 \Vant HOFF FACTOR AND DEGREE OF ASSOCIATION AND DISSOCIATION 4 ses olin’ Sse ae aM fcon of ata ita wubttance Hook of aaoetation’s St ie difnid av Ua Joction af the total substance which enistes De the ausedabl mollis. Tad > solute behaves mormably > Solute ue cbimer > Aolute de ceta-atomie ($5) —> dolute de tebra.-atomic ( P4.) HARK

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