COMMISION ON HIGHER EDUCATION

GOVERNOR MARIANO E. VILLAFUERTE COMMUNITY COLLEGE

Potot, Libmanan, Camarines Sur

UNDERGRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH

LEVEL OF PROFICIENCY IN AUDIO SYSTEM REPAIR AND

MAINTENANCE OF 2nd YEAR BTVTEd MAJOR IN ELECTRONICS: BASIS
FOR A TRAINING PLAN

An Undergraduate Thesis
Presented to the Faculty of Education
Governor Mariano E. Villafuerte Community College
Potot, Libmanan, Camarines Sur

In Partial Fulfilment
Of the Requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Technical Vocational Teacher Education

VILLANUEVA, EDNA
AGARIN, WINDY
BENDIDO, ANGELYN
BROÑOSA, IRASH JOY
BELLEZA, CHRISTY
FLOR, MARY FRANCE
MIRANDILLA, JERNA
NOLASCO, ERICA
PEDRAGOZA, JEMROSE
ROS, CHARMAE
YANGO, EMELYN
July, 2022-2023
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GOVERNOR MARIANO E. VILLAFUERTE COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Potot, Libmanan, Camarines Sur

UNDERGRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH

Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM

Introduction

As Technology continues to advance, audio systems have become an

essential part of modern life. Audio systems are used in various settings,

including homes, offices, schools, and entertainment venues. The proper repair

and maintenance of these systems are crucial to ensure their optimal

performance, longevity, and to ensure that these systems are properly

maintained and repaired. In this study, Assessing the proficiency level of

students is crucial to ensure that they are equipped with the necessary

knowledge and skills to succeed in their chosen careers. ( Amy Kelly, 2023)¹.

This is especially true for students pursuing a Bachelor in Technical-Vocational

Teacher Education major in Electronics for them to make that they can effectively

teach and train future professionals in the field of electronics.

Audio system repair and maintenance involves a variety of tasks, including

preparing tool and equipment needed, diagnosing and fixing problems with audio

equipment, performing routine maintenance tasks, and ensuring that audio

systems are properly configured and optimized for optimal performance. These

tasks require a solid understanding of the underlying principles and components

of audio systems, as well as the ability to troubleshoot and solve problems in a

timely and effective manner. Additionally Assessing the level of proficiency in

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GOVERNOR MARIANO E. VILLAFUERTE COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Potot, Libmanan, Camarines Sur

UNDERGRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH

audio system repair and maintenance is important for some reasons. First, it can

help ensure that audio systems are properly maintained and repaired, number

which can extend their lifespan and improve their performance. Second, it can

help identify areas where additional training or education may be needed to

improve proficiency in this field. (Tools sense,2022)².

Additionally, the use of audio systems means that every student has

access to high-quality sound reproduction, which helps them better understand

what is being taught and makes it easier for them to relate new information back

to prior knowledge and experiences. Audio technology helps produce sound in

the worlds of communication and entertainment. Since media production and the

medium of digital audio encompass a variety of career options, you can select

from many different fields and specializations within audio technology. One of the

greatest benefits of using an audio system in your classroom is that it allows

students to listen at their own pace. This will help lower student stress because

they no longer have to take notes or worry about being distracted by other

students.(Q-nex Technology, 2023)³.

One of the most recent and innovative form of communication lies in the

invention of audio visual system. In the modern world and modern business this

system plays a very important role. The audio visual system has been designed

in a unique in order to convey an audio and video collectively in a more effective

way. The modern techniques and communication equipments have made it even
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Potot, Libmanan, Camarines Sur

UNDERGRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH

easier to enhance the quality of communication in the better, faster and accurate

media. The audio visual system and integration of the communication processes

involves both the system design and integration such as telephony, voice or data

etc. it also affects many industrial departments such as education, health care,

government, corporate and many more. ( Cris Derek, 2013)⁴.

In this context, the Proficiency needs in audio system repair and

maintenance. There are a few key skills and knowledge areas you should focus

on: Basic electronics: Understanding the fundamentals of electronics is essential

for working with audio systems. You should have a solid grasp of concepts such

as voltage, current, resistance, capacitance, and inductance. Circuit analysis:

Being able to analyze and troubleshoot audio circuits is critical for diagnosing

and fixing problems. This includes understanding circuit diagrams, using tools

such as multimeters and oscilloscopes, and identifying common faults such as

open circuits, short circuits, and component failures. Audio signal processing:

Understanding how audio signals are processed and amplified is essential for

working with audio systems. This includes knowledge of filters, equalizers,

amplifiers, and other signal processing components. By focusing on these areas,

the students' can develop the skills and knowledge needed to become proficient

in audio system repair and maintenance. ([Link], 2023)⁵

However, improving one's level of proficiency in audio system repair and

maintenance in BTVTED Major in Electronics can be challenging, particularly for

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Potot, Libmanan, Camarines Sur

UNDERGRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH

those who are just starting out or who are taking online classes. Student lack of

equipment and connectivity and has been a major barrier for GMVCC-

Community College in keeping up with classes during the Covid-19 pandemic, a

study has found.(Hughes, A. K, 2023)⁶. Moreover, another major barrier

including; lack of understanding of the subject, and lack of laboratory experience

due to the online classes, wherein students may lose their interest in participating

in field of these subject and may struggle to understand the concepts being

taught, and without access to a physical laboratory or workshop, it may be

difficult to gain hands-on experience and develop troubleshooting skills. On the

other hand, the researchers noted that assessing proficiency level can have a

significant impact on student success. A student who are well-prepared and have

a strong understanding of the subject matter are more likely to succeed in their

careers and make valuable contributions to their respective industries. ((Barrot,

J,S., Llenarws, I. I., & Del Rosario, L. S., 2021)⁷.

The Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) is the

agency responsible for the development and implementation of Technical-

Vocational Education and training programs in the Philippines. TESDA has

issued policies and guidelines to ensure the quality of technical-vocational

education programs, including those related to electronics and audio system

repair and maintenance. (Owwa, 2021)⁸. To assess the level of proficiency of the

students of Bachelor Of Technical- Vocational Teacher Education in audio

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Potot, Libmanan, Camarines Sur

UNDERGRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH

system repair and maintenance of the Electronics students is essential to ensure

that they are well-equipped to meet the demands of the industry. To determine

difficulties encountered, the level of proficiency, students suggest to overcome

the difficulties encountered in audio system repair and maintenance at the same

times improving proficiency in this field, and propose laboratory Training

workshop that can help the student taking BTVTED major in Electronics. By

doing so, this research can contribute to the improvement of the quality of

Technical-Vocational Education programs and benefit the Electronics students

and the field of audio system repair and maintenance.(USTP, 2016)⁹.

The student therefore, the proficiency level in audio system repair and

maintenance can be learn knowledge and skills better when exposed to real life

situations, hence bringing them to the experience of what is to be learnt. A

student who are well-prepared and have a strong understanding of the subject

matter are more likely to succeed in their careers and make valuable

contributions to their respective industries. On the other hand, the researchers

noted that assessing proficiency level can have a significant impact on student

success. Wherein, in the context of Bachelor in Technical-Vocational Teacher

Education (BTVTED) program is a four-year teacher education program created

to provide aspiring educators with sufficient and pertinent abilities in the field of

technical and vocational teacher education. It also seeks to produce highly

qualified and driven educators in the field of technology and livelihood education.
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GOVERNOR MARIANO E. VILLAFUERTE COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Potot, Libmanan, Camarines Sur

UNDERGRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH

Additionally, the researcher noted that with the TESDA policies and guidelines, it

can help to ensure the quality of technical-vocational education programs, as well

as the BTVTed programs.(S Ggavifekr, 2015)¹⁰.

The Bachelor in Technical-Vocational Teacher Education (BTVTED)

program is a four-year teacher education program created to provide aspiring

educators with sufficient and pertinent abilities in the field of technical and

vocational teacher education. It also seeks to produce highly qualified and driven

educators in the field of technology and livelihood education. The main thrust of

the study is to determine the Difficulties Encountered by the student, to assess

the Level of Proficiency and gather their suggestion to overcome the difficulties

encountered and proposed Training Laboratory Workshop of Bachelor of

Technical Vocational Teacher Education at Gmvcc Potot Libmanan Camarines

Sur, S/y 2022-2023.

Theoretical Framework

The present study is anchored on the three theories which have to bear on

the problem studied. There theories are: Crossman, G. (1959) Theory of Skill

Acquisition , Kolb,D.(1984) Experiential Learning Theory, Elger,D.(2010)

Performance [Link] theoretical paradigm of the study is presented in

Figure 1.
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Potot, Libmanan, Camarines Sur

UNDERGRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH

According to Crossman11, the theory of motor skill acquisition propounded

by Crossman-Goodeve in 1959 assumes that the most notable thing that

happens when people practice is that they demonstrate increased proficiency in

performance and skill. Crossman provided an early view on how practice leads to

performance improvements. He suggested that, when faced with a new task,

people have many strategies that can potentially be used. With practice at the

task, we monitor the outcomes we produce as a result of the various strategies

used. With time we come to favour the more efficient strategies. These are used

more often and this produces performance speed-up. Thus, Crossman’s model

qualifies as an example of a theory that proposes that practice leads to more

efficient procedures for performing a task. The theory does not suggest that

practice modifies strategies to make them more efficient. Instead, practice leads

to the selection of the most efficient strategy among several. Crossman’s theory

provides an account of the power law of learning. According to the theory, it is

easier to find faster, more efficient methods early in practice, and so large gains

in performance time are more likely at this stage. As practice continues, more

efficient methods become harder to find, and so performance time improves by

ever-smaller [Link] man's theory is related to this work because it is

based on skills acquisition especially with learners. The theory shows that

learners perform better when they practice, and this study is interested in

identifying the practical skills in the repairs of selected digital electronic gadgets
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UNDERGRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH

required of electronic students in technical colleges to enable them continue

practicing through workshop practice in order to attain a level of proficiency

before transiting from school to work.

In realation to proficiency in appliances repair and maintenance skills, the

reseacher used the belief of Experiential Learning Theory was propounded by

David Kolb in 198412. The theory states that learners learn skills better when

exposed to real life situations, hence bringing them to the experience of what is

to be learnt. Kolb's learning theory sets out four distinct learning styles (or

preferences), which are based on a four-stage learning cycle. (which might also

be interpreted as a 'training cycle'). In this respect Kolb's model is particularly

elegant, since it offers both a way to understand individual people's different

learning styles, and also an explanation of a cycle of experiential learning that

applies to us all. Kolb includes this 'cycle of learning' as a central principle his

experiential learning theory, typically expressed as four-stage cycle of learning, in

which immediate or concrete experiences' provide a basis for 'observations and

reflections'. These observations and reflections are assimilated and distilled into

'abstract concepts' producing new implications for action which can be 'actively

tested' in turn creating new experiences.

Moreover, this study also included the Performance Theory by Elger, D.

(2010)13. The theory states that the current level of performance depends

holistically on six components: context, level of knowledge, level of skills, level of

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Potot, Libmanan, Camarines Sur

UNDERGRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH

identity, personal factor and fixed factors. The theory shows that three axioms

were proposed for effective performance improvements which are the

performer’s mindset, immersion in an enriching environment and engagement in

reflective [Link] level of attainment of the components characterizes the

effectiveness or quality of a performance, thus; As an academic department

improves its level of performance, the members of the department are able to

produce more effective student learning, effective research and culture. As a

teacher advances his levels of performance, he is able to produce deeper levels

of learning, improves levels of skill development, and more connection with the

discipline for larger classes while spending less time doing this.

The researcher used Crossman, G. (1959) Theory of Skill

Acquisition,Kolb,D.(1984) Experiential Learning Theory, Elger,D.(2010)

Performance Theory. Since these theories are interrelated with each other and to

the study.
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Potot, Libmanan, Camarines Sur

UNDERGRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH

Figure 1

THEORETICAL PARADIGM
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Potot, Libmanan, Camarines Sur

UNDERGRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH

Based on the given theories, the researchers also came up with her own

theory that will help the students to be trained namely, Proposed Laboratory

Training / Workshop. Kolb’s theory of experiential learning is related to this

study is addressing skill acquisition that are beneficial in the work place, and that

it requires the electronics students acquiring practical skills in the workshop after

obtaining theoretical knowledge in digital electronics. Furthermore, the

acquisition of practical skills from the school workshop is a reflection and

containerization of the knowledge obtained in the classroom in order to transit

from school to work. This theory is related to this study in the areas of academic

performance and skill development. This is because this study is based

development of practical skills on electronics students for better academic and

work-place performances. As this study identifies the practical skills required by

electronics students, their academic performance may improve with respect to

repairs of digital electronic devices.

Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework is based on the System Theory Approach

concerning the Input, Process, and Output (IPO) model, which guide the

researcher to conceptualize the flow of her study which is presented in Figure 2.

Input. Includes the students’ difficulties encountered, level of proficiency

and students’ suggestions to overcome the difficulties encountered in Audio

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GOVERNOR MARIANO E. VILLAFUERTE COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Potot, Libmanan, Camarines Sur

UNDERGRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH

System repair and maintenance skills of 2nd to 4th year students’ BTVTed major in

Electronics.

Process. Includes the analysis, interpretation of the gathered data

through questionnaire survey, Informal interview and statistical treatment of data.

Furthermore it’s includes the preparation of proposed Laboratory Training

workshop/program to assessment of the students' difficulties encountered, Level

of Proficiency and students’ suggest to overcome the difficulties encountered in

Appliances repair and maintenance in terms of Audio system.

Output. Based from the findings, we have a laboratory workshop\program

to determine the causes of technical problem and find solutions for them,maintain

equipment on a routine basis. Determine when and what kind of maintenance is

needed. Inspect and evaluate the quality of products. Determine the tools and

equipment, machines, wiring, or programs to meet specification. Conduct a

orientation seminar about proposed title for more understanding and detailed of

the students to have a successful laboratory program\workshop.

The feedback loop provides mechanism for the continuing development of

the study to further use of the recent educational approaches to enhance the

teachers discover they key skills that are required for an appliance technician to

succeed. They assist student to satisfy themselves that a candidate suitability for

future educator.
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Potot, Libmanan, Camarines Sur

UNDERGRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH

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Potot, Libmanan, Camarines Sur

UNDERGRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to assess the Level of Proficiency in Audio system repair

and maintenance skills of 2nd to 4th year students’ taking the BTVTed major in

Electronics at GMVCC Potot, Libmanan of Camarines Sur, S/Y 2022-2023.

Specifically, this seeks answers to the following questions:

1. What are the difficulties encountered by the BTVTED Electronics

Students in Audio system Repair and Maintenance Skills?

2. What is the Level of Proficiency in Audio system Repair and

Maintenance among BTVTED Electronics student?

3. What can you suggest to overcome the difficulties encountered by the

BTVTED Electronics Students in Appliances Repair and Maintenance

Skills in terms of:

a. Tools and Equipment by the school.

b. Orientation Seminar related to proposed title.

c. Training Program with Collaboration of TESDA.

Significance of the Study

The result of this study would be considered beneficial to the following:

Students. -The beneficiaries who will help to get the most benefits

are the BTVTed major in Electronics at GMVCC Libmanan of Camarines

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Sur, because it will help them to evaluate their knowledge to develop highly

Proficiency in Audio System repair and maintenance skills.

School Heads. -The findings of this study can serve as input to

Student for the development program on how to improve learning in the

classroom with the aid of workbook learning.

Professor. -This will help them to know the Level of proficiency of

their student, so they can plan of technique or conduct service training to

develop highly proficiency of their student’s.

Administrators. ---The result of the study will provide basic

guidelines for the administrators, as well as supervisors to conduct in-

service training and implementing a more functional Repair and

Maintenance competency program for optimum development of the

students.

Parents and Community. -The result of the study will serve as their

springboard in supporting their children to value the necessary proficient

essential for effective as a student in order to improve their child’s academic

performance.

Future Researchers. -The result of this study will provide advance

information about the level of proficiency of Student in terms of appliances

repair and maintenance skills. So, it can be use as future references that

the study will would provide.

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Scope and Delimitation

The main thrust of the study is to determine the level of proficiency of

Bachelor of Technical Vocational Teacher Education major in Electronics at

GMVCC Potot Libmanan of Camarines Sur, S/y 2022-2023.

The study delimited to randomly selected in 2 nd to 4th year Electronics;

consists of (10) 2nd, (10) 3rd and (10) 4th years' students to determine the difficulties

encountered, the level of proficiencies and their suggestion to overcome the

difficulties encountered of Bachelor of Technical Vocational Teacher Education

major in Electronics at GMVCC Potot Libmanan Camarines Sur S/y 2022-2023.

Definition of Terms

Audio Systems. Devices and equipment used to produce, transmit, and

reproduce sound for various applications, such as communication, entertainment,

and education.

Audio Technology. The use and application of technology in the

production, reproduction, and processing of sound for various purposes.

Audio Visual System. A system that combines audio and visual

components to deliver information or entertainment in a more effective and

engaging manner.
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Basic Electronics. The fundamental principles and concepts of electronic

circuits and components, including voltage, current, resistance, capacitance, and

inductance.

Circuit Analysis. The process of analyzing and troubleshooting electronic

circuits, including circuit diagrams, using tools like multimeters and oscilloscopes,

and identifying common faults.

Communication Equipment: Tools and devices used for transmitting and

receiving audio and video signals, such as telephony, voice, or data systems.

Connectivity. The ability to establish a connection or link between

devices or networks, allowing for the transfer of audio and data signals.

Digital Audio. Audio signals that are stored, processed, or transmitted in

digital format, using binary code representation.

Electronics. The branch of physics and technology that deals with the

behavior and control of electrons and their movement in circuits and devices.

Laboratory Experience. Practical hands-on experience gained through

experiments and activities conducted in a controlled environment, such as a

physical laboratory or workshop.

Level of Proficiency. The degree or extent of competence, knowledge,

and skill in a particular field or area of expertise.

Maintenance. The process of keeping audio systems in good working

condition through regular inspections, repairs, and servicing.

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Online Classes. Educational courses or programs conducted over the

internet, allowing remote participation and learning.

Optimal Performance. The highest level of functioning, efficiency, and

effectiveness achieved by audio systems when properly maintained and

configured.

Proficiency Needs. The specific skills, knowledge, and competencies

required to perform effectively and efficiently in the field of audio system repair

and maintenance.

Repair. The process of identifying and fixing problems or faults in audio

systems, restoring them to their normal functioning.

(TESDA). The government agency responsible for the development and

implementation of technical-vocational education and training programs in the

Philippines.

Troubleshooting. The systematic process of identifying, analyzing, and

resolving problems or malfunctions in audio systems.

Underlying Principles. The fundamental concepts, theories, and laws

that govern the operation and behavior of audio systems and their components.

Vocational Education. Education and training programs that focus on

providing practical skills and knowledge for specific occupations or trades.

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REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

In this chapter, the researcher has included studies that were

conducted and found to have relation to the present study. Other important

materials are also included. This provides the researcher sufficient

background on the topic under study.

Margie R Mendoza (2018)¹4 The Bachelor in Technical-Vocational

Teacher Education (BTVTEd) program offered by the University of Science and

Technology of Southern Philippines (USTP), which includes courses in

electronics technology and technical-vocational education[1], it can be assumed

that BTVTED Electronics students receive some level of training in audio system

repair and maintenance. It is also worth noting that there are various schools and

colleges that offer programs in sound technology and audio engineering, which

may provide more specialized training in this area.

According to a study by Thomas and Davis (2019)15 technical vocational

students face several challenges in acquiring practical skills. The study identified

factors such as limited access to specialized equipment, inadequate supervision,

and insufficient time allocated for practical training. These challenges can hinder

the development of practical skills among students and affect their ability to

perform well in their chosen field.

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These findings are relevant to understanding the challenges faced by

BTVTED Electronics students in audio system repair and maintenance skills.

Students in this field require hands-on experience to develop the necessary skills

to diagnose and repair audio systems. However, limited access to specialized

equipment and inadequate supervision can hinder their ability to acquire these

skills. Additionally, insufficient time allocated for practical training can limit the

amount of hands-on experience students receive, which can negatively impact

their ability to perform well in their future careers.

To address these challenges, vocational education institutions can consider

investing in specialized equipment and providing adequate supervision to ensure

that students have access to the resources they need to develop practical skills.

Additionally, allocating sufficient time for practical training can help students gain

the necessary hands-on experience to succeed in their chosen field. In

conclusion, technical vocational students face several challenges in acquiring

practical skills, including limited access to specialized equipment, inadequate

supervision, and insufficient time allocated for practical training. These

challenges are relevant to understanding the challenges faced by BTVTED

Electronics students in audio system repair and maintenance skills. Addressing

these challenges can help students develop the necessary skills to succeed in

their future careers.

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Jess Mark L Alinea (2021)16 The challenges encountered by BTVTED

Electronics students in audio system repair and maintenance skills. However, I

did find some general information on the challenges faced by students in

vocational and technical education programs. According to a World Bank blog

post, some of the challenges include a lack of resources, outdated curricula, and

inadequate teacher [Link] challenges could potentially impact BTVTED

Electronics students in their pursuit of audio system repair and maintenance

skills.

Garcia (2019)17 conducted a study on the impact of equipment availability

on technical vocational students' skill development and found that the provision

of adequate and up-to-date tools and equipment significantly enhanced students'

learning outcomes. This highlights the importance of ensuring that BTVTED

Electronics students have access to the necessary tools for audio system repair

and maintenance. Therefore, it is crucial to provide students with the required

equipment to improve their technical skills and enhance their learning outcomes.

In a study conducted by Chen et al.,(2018)18 the challenges faced by

students in developing audio system repair and maintenance skills were

investigated. The study found that the primary challenges encountered by the

students were the lack of access to proper tools and equipment, as well as

insufficient training programs. These challenges hindered the students' ability to

acquire the necessary skills and knowledge required for audio system repair and
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maintenance. Therefore, it is important for educational institutions to provide

students with adequate resources and training programs to overcome these

challenges and ensure their success in this field.

Wanke Gao, ZhishengShang, Huji (2015) 19 The level of proficiency in

audio system repair and maintenance can vary depending on the individual's

experience, training, and skills. Generally, someone with more experience and

training in audio system repair and maintenance will have a higher level of

proficiency than someone with less experience and training. Proficiency in audio

system repair and maintenance requires a combination of theoretical knowledge

and practical skills. A person must have a strong understanding of electronic

components, audio technology, and troubleshooting techniques. They must also

have the practical skills to diagnose and repair issues with audio systems, such

as soldering, wiring, and circuit board repair. Training programs and hands-on

experience can help individuals develop their proficiency in audio system repair

and maintenance. These programs can provide instruction on the latest

technologies, tools, and techniques used in the field. Additionally, working with

experienced professionals can help individuals learn best practices and gain

practical experience.

Overall, the level of proficiency in audio system repair and maintenance can vary

widely depending on the individual's background, training, and experience.

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However, with the right training and experience, individuals can develop the skills

they need to excel in this field.

A study Chen and Chen (2019),20 hands-on experience is crucial in

learning technical skills such as audio system repair and maintenance. The study

found that students who received more hands-on experience had better

performance and higher confidence in their skills. The study also emphasized the

importance of collaboration with instructors and group mates in developing skills

and knowledge.

Johnson's (2019)21 study emphasizes the importance of providing an

engaging learning environment and incorporating real-world applications to

enhance students' interest in audio system repair and maintenance. The study

suggests that students' motivation and engagement play a significant role in skill

development. Therefore, educators should focus on creating a learning

environment that is both stimulating and relevant to the students' interests. By

incorporating real-world applications, students can see the practical applications

of what they are learning, which can increase their motivation and engagement.

This approach can also help students develop problem-solving skills that are

essential in the audio system repair and maintenance industry.

In summary, Johnson's study highlights the importance of creating an engaging

learning environment and incorporating real-world applications to enhance

students' interest in audio system repair and maintenance. This approach can
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UNDERGRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH

help students develop the necessary skills and knowledge to succeed in the

industry.

The literature by Smith (2018)22 highlights the significance of hands-on

training and practical experience in the development of technical skills. According

to Smith, theoretical knowledge alone is not sufficient to master technical skills,

and practical experience is crucial for individuals to become proficient in their

field. This is because hands-on training allows individuals to apply theoretical

knowledge in real-world scenarios, which helps them to develop problem-solving

skills and gain a deeper understanding of the subject matter. Therefore, it is

essential for educational institutions and training programs to provide

opportunities for hands-on training and practical experience to ensure that

individuals are well-equipped to succeed in their chosen field.

Another relevant foreign literature by Brown et al. (2020)23 explored the

effectiveness of collaborative training programs with industry partners in

enhancing technical vocational students' skills. The study involved partnerships

between educational institutions and audio system repair companies. Results

indicated that students who participated in these collaborative programs

exhibited higher levels of proficiency and reported improved problem-solving

abilities and hands-on experience. This highlights the potential benefits of

integrating industry partnerships into the training process.

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Bünning, Frank, Ed.; Spöttl, Georg, Ed.; Stolte, Harry, Ed. (2022) 24.

This book deals with teacher training for vocational education and training. In

individual chapters next to the positions of relevant international organizations,

donors and development banks, it also covers selected countries in their ways of

shaping of Technical Vocational Education and Training and teacher training.

The structure of the book aims at two objectives: (1) To outline positions of

important stakeholders of the international Technical Vocational Education and

Training policies and international cooperation in TVET teacher training and (2)

To discuss the current status of Technical Vocational Education and Training and

teacher training in selected countries, from developing countries, countries with

emerging economies to industrialized countries. The book is meant to create a

platform that supports a reference concept within international cooperation for the

further development of Technical Vocational Education and Training and teacher

training up to a higher quality and performance.

Bachelor of Technical Teacher Education versus Bachelor of Technical-

Vocational Teacher Education: A comparative analysis of technical teacher

education curriculum JESS MARK ALINEA, JERMINE ALINEA, (2022)25

Technical teachers are the main contributors to the development of effective

technicians and TVET practitioners. The effective implementation of the

curriculum depends on the capabilities of technical teachers. Thus, this study

sought to compare and analyze the Bachelor of Technical Teacher Education

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and Bachelor of Technical-Vocational Teacher Education curricula in a state

university in Southern Luzon. It identified the similarities and differences in the

curricula regarding its general educational objectives, program specifications and

goals, and program outcomes and competency standards. This descriptive-

comparative study utilized qualitative procedures to compare the curricula under

investigation. Document analyses and guided interviews were used as methods

of gathering data. Baseline data from the CHED Memorandum Issuances were

mainly utilized in the analysis. Findings revealed that the BTVTEd curriculum is

better in general educational objectives. Program specifications and goals are

common in both curricula regarding graduate attributes and the adequacy of the

program to produce quality graduates. BTVTEd curriculum is better considering

the addition of TLE and TM courses. However, BTTE is better considering its

provision for multiple entries and exits in the program. There are differences

between the TLE and ICT competencies in terms of program outcomes and

competencies. BTVTEd is better in this consideration, but in terms of balance in

theory and practice, BTTE is better. The research recommends that the general

educational objectives of both curricula must be adhered to at all times to result

in an aligned teaching-learning process approach. Curricularists should review

the program specifications and goals and incorporate revisions. The

competencies and program outcomes should be revisited with consultation with

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the people of the industry to set standards aligned to the needs of the industry

properly.

Synthesis of the State-of-the-Art

The literature and studies discussed are all relevant to the present study.

The studies and literatures presented were very significant in the conduct of this

research, they provided insights and guidelines in the completion of this study

like Afeez (2016) similarly to the study of Chukwuedo & Ainetor (2015) asserted

that repairs include actions taken to restore a structure. For instance, labour

done to repair machinery or electrical/electronic appliances is what repairs are. In

the context of this study, repairs are the actions and tasks conducted. For the

repair of a malfunctioning, broken, or damaged part, instrument, piece of

equipment, or application to a stable or good working state. In order to effectively

use these products. According to Rosborough (2022). Repair manuals are an

essential resource for repairing today’s modern and computerised devices. And

though these manuals may contain purely utilitarian and uncopyrightable facts,

they often receive copyright protection in their entirety as literary [Link] the

study of Silas(2016). Maintenance is defined as “any action conducted on

anything to maintain it functioning or to restore it to a decent condition.”In good

operating order. According to Silas, if a piece of machinery or a tool is not

properly maintained, it may suddenly fail, resulting in numerous hassles and

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occasionally fatalities. According to the study theres a Chinyere Ogbuanya,

Samson Onyeluka Chukwuedo(2017), that the practical competence required for

the transition from school to work is one of the employability skills that new

graduates lack. This has led to students acting in ways that hinder their

[Link] purpose of their study is to ascertain the longitudinal effects of a

career-training mentorship intervention on the career-related behaviors and

learning outcomes of vocational electronic students similarly to the study of MD

Tambari, C Kelechi (2022), that the purpose of the their study is to evaluate the

abilities of electrical and electronic students to maintain and repair electric motors

in order to be self-sufficient in the post-Covid-19 era.

Research Gap

There is a research gap in understanding the level of profiency in audio

system repair and maintenance among Bachelor in Technical Vocational

Teacher Education (BTVTEd) students major in Electronics, despite the body of

literature on technical vocational education and the difficulties students face in

learning practical skills. Studies already conducted have shed light on the

difficulties technical vocational students encounter when learning practical skills,

including the lack of access to specialized equipment, insufficient supervision,

and a lack of time allotted for practical training. The level of expertise in audio
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system repair and maintenance among BTVTEd Electronics students at GMVCC

Libamanan in Camarines Sur, S/Y 2022-2023.

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NOTES

¹ Kelley, A. (2023). Evolution of Sound – Audio Technology Past,

Present, and Future. [Link].
[Link]
present-and-future

² ToolSense. (2021, November 30). The 6 Types of Maintenance

Explained | ToolSense Glossary. ToolSense.
[Link]
benefits-examples/

³ Q-NEX.(2023, March 3). Benefits of Using Audio System in the

Classroom. Q-NEX. [Link]
in-the-classroom/#:~:text=The%20use%20of%20audio%20systems

⁴ Criss Derek – Trffc Media. (2013). Understanding the Importance

of Audio visual systems in modern world. Retrieved May 24, 2023, from
[Link]

⁵ Scribd. (2008). Scribd – Read books, audiobooks, and more. Scribd.

[Link]

⁶ Hughes,‌ A.K (2023). This $180 Android tablet is capable of things

my iPad Pro can only dream [Link]://[Link]/article/this-180-
android-tablet-is-capable-of-things-my-ipad-pro-can-only-dream-of/

⁷ Barrot, J. S., Llenares, I. I., & del Rosario, L. S. (2021). Students’

online learning challenges during the pandemic and how they cope with
them: The case of the Philippines. Education and Information Technologies,
26(7321–7338). [Link]

⁸ Owwamember. (2022, March 9). TESDA – Technical Education and

Skills Development Authority – Purpose, Functions and Responsibilities.
OWWA Member. [Link]
skills-development authority/#:~:text=The%20Technical%20Education%20and
%20Skills%20Development%20Authority%20(TESDA)%20is%20the
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UNDERGRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH

⁹ USTP.( 2016). Bachelor in Technical-Vocational Teacher

Education. University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines.
[Link]

¹⁰ Ghavifekr, S., & Rosdy, W. A. W. (2015). Teaching and Learning

with Technology: Effectiveness of ICT Integration in Schools. International
Journal of Research in Education and Science, 1(2), 175–191.
[Link]

¹¹ Crossman, G. (1959). Skills acquisition: Performance improves

with [Link]: PBLS

¹² Kolb, D. (1984). Experiencial learning. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-

Hall.

¹³ Elger, D. (2010). Performance Theory. Englewood Cliff: Prentice-

Hall

¹⁴ Mendoza,M.R (2018).Detachable Rubik’s Cube as an Innovative

Learning Strategy in Drafting Courses. Int. J. Sci. Res. Eng. Trends 6, 1787-
1807,

¹⁵ Thomas, J., & Davis, G. (2019). Challenges faced by technical

vocational students in acquiring practical skills. Journal of Technical
Education and Training, 11(1), 1-10.

¹⁶ Alinea,JM,L.(2021) Evaluation of Technical-Vocational Teacher

Education Program towards an Academe-and Industry-responsive
Curriculum

¹⁷ Garcia, J. (2019). The impact of equipment availability on

technical vocational students’ skill development. Journal of Technical
Education, 36(2), 45-52.

¹⁸ Chen, Y., Chen, Y., & Chen, Y. (2018). Challenges encountered by

students in developing audio system repair and maintenance skills.
Journal of Technical Education, 15(2), 1-10.
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UNDERGRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH

¹⁹ Wanke Gao, ZhishengShang, Huji (2015)[Link] quasi-periodic

preventive maintenance policies for a repairable system with stochastic
maintenance interval.

²⁰ Chen, Y., & Chen, C. (2019). Hands-on experience is crucial in

learning technical skills such as audio system repair and maintenance.
Journal of Vocational Education & Training, 71(2), 265-287.

²¹ Johnson, A. (2019). The role of motivation and engagement in

skill development: A case study of audio system repair and maintenance.
Journal of Education and Training, 3(2), 45-56

²² Smith, J. (2018). The importance of hands-on training in

developing technical skills. Journal of Technical Education, 42(2), 56-67.

²³ Brown et al. (2020). Collaborative Training Programs with

Industry Partners in Enhancing Technical Vocational Students’ Skills.
Journal of Technical Education and Training, 12(1), 1-10.

²⁴ Bünning, Frank, Ed.; Spöttl, Georg, Ed.; Stolte, Harry, Ed.

(2022).Technical and Vocational Teacher Education and Training in
International and Development Co-Operation: Models, Approaches and
Trends. Technical and Vocational Education and Springer

²⁵ Alinea, JM.,Alinea J. (2022). A comparative analysis of technical

teacher education [Link] Review 17Bachelor of Technical
Teacher Education versus Bachelor of Technical-Vocational Teacher
Education: (5), 18-24,
‌
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Chapter 2
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the process of how the research was undertaken. It

illustrates and discusses the research design, population, of the study, research

instrument, the procedure in the conduct of the study, and the statistical

treatment of data. It provides the reader with a perspective on how this study was

done.

Research Method

In order to attain the objectives of this research study, the descriptive

evaluative method was employed. This method is especially designed to gather

information particularly on the assessment of Level of proficiency in Audio

System repair and maintenance of Bachelor in Technical Vocational Teacher

Education of Electronics major. A research-made survey questionnaire was used

as an instrument in the gathering of data. The descriptive method was utilized to

describe the prevailing conditions at the time of the study. This approach

according to Good¹ (2011) is appropriate whenever the object of any class vary

from among themselves and one is interested in knowing the extent to which
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different conditions were obtained among objects. This method is useful in

providing the value of facts, focusing attention to the most important thing to

gather and collect significant and appropriate data.

Likewise, it also stresses current condition with the assumption that things

will change. This method was also used to discover facts on which professional

judgment could be based. It is used in many fields of investigation due to its

applicability to solve different kinds of problems. Specifically, this method was

used to assess and determine the Students’ difficulties encountered, level of

proficiency and students’ suggestions to overcome the difficulties in the Audio

System Repair and Maintenance Skills in Governor Mariano E. Villafuerte.

Respondents Of the Study.

The respondents of the study will chosen (10) 2 nd students, (10) 3rd

students and (10) 4th student taking the BTVTED major in Electronics, a total of

(30) students at Governor Mariano E. Villafuerte Community College- Libmanan.

Table 1 shows the respondents of the study.

Table 1
THE RESPONDENTS OF THE STUDY

Number of the Students per Year

Year and Major
Level
2nd Year ELECTRONICS 20
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Data Gathering tools

The research utilized a number of time-tested research tools in gathering the

necessary data. Among them are; a) questionnaire survey, b) research

conducted through the use of internet.

Questionnaire

The primary tool used in this study was a survey questionnaire. This

consisted of three parts namely: Part I dealt with Students’ difficulties

encountered. Part II dealt with the questions to assess the level of proficiency in

Audio System Repair and Maintenance of BTVTED major in Electronics

student’s. Part III dealt with Students’ Suggestion to overcome the difficulties

encountered in Audio System repair and maintenance skills.

Preparation of the Questionnaire. In the preparation of the

questionnaire, the researcher consulted some books, unpublished thesis, journal,

newspaper and other related materials. The questionnaire was constructed in

accordance with the following criteria defined by Altares 2 clarity of language,

specificity of content, singleness of purpose, linguistic completeness,

grammatical consistency, freedom from assumption, freedom suggestion and

time required to finish accomplishing the questionnaire. A five point Likert-type

rating scale method as criterion which serves as the basis for interpretation of

data was used to indicate the assessment namely:

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5 Very Highly Encountered (can teach it to others)

4 Highly Encountered (can come up with new solution)

3 Moderately Encountered (suitable for most

tasks)

2 Less Encountered (can perform simple tasks only)

1 Least Encountered

Validation of the Questionnaire. The content validation of the instrument

was undertaken with regards to the extent of which the various repair and

maintenance skills in identifying the level of proficiency of students in Audio

System Repair and Maintenance subject in order to measure, assess and

evaluate their respective proficiency, the repairing audio system and

maintenance has been made. To validate the instrument, repairing audio system

and maintenance was conducted in Governor Mariano E. Villafuerte Community

College. This was done to determine the instrument reliability, validity and

feasibility. The questionnaires were validated by 11 Electronics. The validators

were instructed to give their comments on the questionnaire, if they believed that

the items should be revised or changed. Subsequent revisions were made based

on comments and suggestions drawn from the repairing and maintenance skills.

Administration And Retrieval of The Questionnaire. With the instructor

of GMVCC electronics class 3b, the researchers haggled for permission to carry

out their research. Obtaining authorization to gather data was requested in a

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letter delivered to the professor. To ensure a through explanation of the report to

the respondents, the researcher personally distributed the questionnaire.

Statistical Treatment of Data. The following statistical tools for the interpretation

of results according to sub-problems were used.

Percentage. This was used as descriptive statistics which describes a

part of the whole.3

Ranking. This was used to reinforce the percentage to show the

proportional importance of an item considered.4

Weighted Mean. This was used to get the average frequency of the

responses in each weighted mean.5

The formula is:

TWF
WM=
N

Where :

WM = weighted mean

F = frequency of number of responses

W = weight of category of responses

N = number of responses
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Likerts’ Scale. To determine the level of proficiency, difficulties

encountered, suitability, acceptability and feasibility of the five-point Likerts’ scale

was used.6 Its interpretation are as follows:

For Difficulties Encountered

Verbal Symbol
Scale Range
Interpretation
Very Highly
5 4.20 – 5.00 VHE
Encountered
Highly
4 3.40 – 4.19 HE
Encountered
Moderately
3 2.60 – 3.39 ME
Encountered
Less
2 1.80 – 2.59 LE
Encountered
Least
1 1.00 – 1.79 LTE
Encountered

For Level of Proficiency

Scale Verbal Interpretation Range

VERY HIGLY
5 4.20 – 5.00
PROFICIENT(VPE)
4 HIGLY PROFICIENT(HE) 3.40 – 4.19
MODERATELY
3 2.60 – 3.39
PROFICIENT(MP)
2 LESS PROFICIENT(LP) 1.80 – 2.59

1 LEAST PROFICIENT(LPE) 1.00 – 1.79

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Notes

1
Kenneth D. Good, Statistical Methods in Education and Psychology (San
Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 2011), 45-48.
2
Priscilla S. Altares, [Link]., (2010) Elementary Statistics: A modern
Approach (Quezon City: Rex Bookstore Inc.,)101
3
Antonio S. Broto, (2015) Simplified Approach to Inferential Statistics
(National Bookstore, Mandaluyong City), 67
4
Priscilla S. Altares, [Link]., (2010) Elementary Statistics: A modern
Approach (Quezon City: Rex Bookstore Inc.) 256
5
Cristobal M. Pagoso, George Garcia and Cynthia Guerrrero De Leon,
(2011) Fundamental Statistics for College Students (Manila: Sinagtala
Publishers, Inc.), 116.
6
Ibid