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Alternating Current

The document provides an overview of alternating current (AC) concepts, including definitions of peak value, average value, and phase relationships in AC circuits. It discusses the behavior of AC in resistive, inductive, and capacitive circuits, highlighting the differences in phase angles and impedance. Additionally, it covers mathematical representations and calculations related to AC, such as root mean square (RMS) values and phasor diagrams.

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rohanbania387
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358 views28 pages

Alternating Current

The document provides an overview of alternating current (AC) concepts, including definitions of peak value, average value, and phase relationships in AC circuits. It discusses the behavior of AC in resistive, inductive, and capacitive circuits, highlighting the differences in phase angles and impedance. Additionally, it covers mathematical representations and calculations related to AC, such as root mean square (RMS) values and phasor diagrams.

Uploaded by

rohanbania387
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
~? Alternat ng Crorreent’ (AC) t= Alternating Connent Curent £ B voltage /eref emf :- Ain alternate aking current ort emf <8 one cdhose mogni fuck changes contin coth time and hose devection fas peciodtcally ' * Tt can be represent by a stne CUE or. cosine, curwe . ie. L = TpStneot om T = Tocoscot ; (hene, T = Instantoneous value of current on tmet? Io = Amplitude ort peak solue of ecyutent. W = Angular Froequency = 20 2 anf” Te Teme Periods? = 2 Fes T as a sine fncin ct T asa tosine Purckion of t or le of AC Ac. of Peak value of Ac ~ aan erm are called peak valive oe the oiplitude cf conned Tt ws represented a Ty. Penk to peak value = 2%, 2. Time Peftiod ~ The time faken | by affernating cuncent to complete one cycle of variation as called Periodic ttme ore A¢me period the cust S. Freequene The eae e nate completed: by on altsrcnati in one «econd called the et ot Roe cunuent, Unit: (cyde/s) on (Hz) Th Tndio : f = SOHz, supply Voltage = 220 volt Th ust : F= 60 Hz, Supply voltage = 110 volt ll Condétion reequirced for Carmnent fer fo to be Alternat Wei “ Amphitude as constant. * Atternate “halls pple te positive ond halk negofeve * The alternating caurent continuously voucies tn ro and periottcaly reverses ts direction. I Sinvsodiol AC tr AT mot change) Not Ac Coot perio) a fe pe Avercage: Yaleve Vall cue of Funckon 2— TP y= Fe) over on ‘m-tnkeroal faom +, ve be canbe Colerloted as F= = Je dt . moa my dt “Average value of Ijin Functions curve 2- = =O (Fore Full cycle) = 0 (For Full cps) = 2 {For holk cyte) 2 ey ( For Full [halt cycle’) Compamston f Re APC = Alterra Ceunent Denved Cungeent > is IySinwt ij C t Changes diwection pertiodicaly Flows onty in one direction, >Can be qenereted by oy > Can be geome by using Ac Generator . EO » Batterey, > Tnverden convert De into Ac. -? ReckeFien converds AC Into +> Can be elt! using > cannot be contreatled using- Trransforum TronsPoremer. Peak Value / Nox Vales: The moximum value oF obternoti mg quantily (Ton V) ta debined as peck value. Bt may ore vy not be equal to ampletude. Some Common Examples: : T=I, sinwt Peak Value = Te Amplitude ¢ Te T= Tp cos ot Peak value = Ip feplttude a T= To sin(attd) Peak value =Ty_ Amplitude = Tp TI, t+, Sint Peak valwes Lt To [Amplitude = Io TJ, Sin wt +T,cas wt |Peak volue -\((T% 1) fmplttede = VIR +13 T= Th Sint + Tq costot Peak value = J+ (r¥+1 Amplitude “Vise ra T=Tpsintot cos@t [Peak volur = = Amplttude = Jo Lal ®] »y=e Re Average Value or Mean volte value oF AC oF AC iA Seinen vole FAC ne OR overs any ae. code ( (either positive ore negative’) a that value of De whith would ctl Same amount of change rege Anos co cinewl as 2s sent bby the Ac through same citcuit zn the same 4éme. Mathematically, Tay = |le® . = ah. ad ea E0050 | = Alo mera cos 0} ay a Te (141) Xv > Tay = ae The similaic aE can be preoved Fon Alterenetting em? Eqy = 2%, > 0. 63F& * Ave age Value of Stnusotdhl Ae :- Root Mean Squawte (RIS) ot virtual oc Ebbecttve valve of AC !- Tt ws value of Dc whith would produve same heat in given mesistawe tn given Time od os done the alterenating curcent hen posed through #he same reesistarce bo the come time . Mathematically » Tremg = \| 5 2c ot 2 T > Ting = Sr't _ Jrdsin*at dt a ee Fat er 33 T . nn [ sintwt dt T OO . zs IC! saa dt 0 a Ff T = Jo e - [Link] } QT Jo 0 : = i T # (0-9 Q 2 = Tog = Jo aR Q > \Tem = 22 tms ra ? “Tums, “= 20-404 Ty The similar melodion con be proved b> the altercnat- ing eme , -~ © _ Enms = Tr = 0.40F Go Phose :— TP allernating current xs expressed as L = Ty Sin(at +e) then the argument of sine is coWled tts phose ; when wt = instantaneous phose = initio phase ox phave constant Unit +- radian . Phase difference : - Alternating emP € = Eo sin (wt +8) Altercrating cunent T= Tp sin (wt + Xa) Phase dibberenve of T' want’ gs AB =B—-B, Phase dikbercence oP 'e’ wot-t ‘I’ ts De = &)- * Phase dibberence - s Tame dibberence. OT >>| AR . AE - Phasoe Deageam :— a A deagram cepresenting alternating current g em? ore vol oF a Frequency cs vedor. (Phasor) with the ea angle between them zs called phasor. diogram. ist E= EoSinat ~ T= To sin (wt +a) _ Y A” The length of phasors wepresents the moxineem value Complétude) of qpantily. & The projection of a phosor on y-oxis or verdiol Component resprtesmis the tnstontaneows value of quantify . Different types of AC Gincail 2 - AC Circet containing purve Resistor. -- (Pare Resistive Gru ) Considere o resistore of ‘reesistance'R’ &s conneded to a source of altermating emP e guen by neg a — €= &singt ——- Let of any anstont 't’, é the cuccert in the cuit TL, then the potential difPerente across the meststar Vy =k. . E = E,sinat According to kirechhoPh's Loop low, e-V =0 > vre => IR = Esinat => 1s (@) sin cat I< Ip,smat ——O (here Tp = £2. = Peak Value of ac Fiom ©” 0 3@ we note that both €81 ome function of Sinot . Henve, On pure resistive ofwuit, the emf € & cutent I axe in the same phase. Phase cetationshép belween €8 11 Phasore Diagram Te Th Greuphically oo pee ye oa (Pee Bnduckive Circuit) Consider an inductor of induckance ‘L’ having negligible. resistone conneded aaith a source oF alternating em & gin & = Esinat | —-O E= Egsinat when the alternating current blows through the indudor, a bok en® enduced otis the tnduttor which opposed .the applied emf, vs given by e/= -L oT According £0 kirechhoPPS Loop Law, ete’-=0 Sec -e'= -(+L ot >e . (+L oF) D>Lere » L dr a & sin wt ? oe : (2) Sin tot > dI = (&) sin ct..dt Integrating bothsides we get Sat = J(§) smat dt 7 T = & {sinat dt i - © cosat + C jl . T > 1 = ~& cosut ( t=0) ae £2 sin (at ~ %) I av = I, sin(wt.-%) (2) Where TB. = S = peak volue of ac. From eq” OS @, wl get Th a pure onuckive circuit, cosucent olitoys behind the em? by a phase angle of "Ya or emf Leads the a.c by a prose angle ob 7/. . Phase eelationship belween &A 2 Phasore Dtggroam iT Graphically £1 * Inductive Reactance (X,) !- The non- resistive opposttion £0 blow of Ac. ina pune inductive ctrewd ts known as Induckeve reoctance Xi - ie. XL = WL = QAFL ' >x_wFt ! ; unit oP x_: ohm (2) * For dic circuit, f = 0 wXLs OL = afl <0 Hence, inductor offers no opposition to the blow of d.c. where as a resistive path fo a.c. AC_cincuit containing pusce capacitor. (Pure copacttive Cuncuit ) Considere a pune capacitor of capacitance ‘c' connected cath a source of altecroting em? given by € = & sinnl ——@O lohen alfernoting erP zs applied avrenss the copacitore asimilardy varying alternotirg curuvent blows in the circuit. Let of any tnstant ‘t', cha ge on, the capacitor. be 'Y’ x eee poterkol dibbervence oxcreoss toe Copauitor be @< Es >q= ce = cesinat The instantaneous value of ceuecent T= a = me smoat) €=€, sin wt '— = to d,{sinat) DL = cewcosat = 4) €08 wt >) I =I, coswt 5S E=Tsin(t+%) »-——@ Where To = CE = Us = peak value of a.c (aC), oe From eg @O 3@ we get, Th pene enductive cintuit, the cuneent clays Leads the emf by a phoue aungle of Vp. on The olterratirg em? lags. behind the oltercratting exuucent by a phose angle of Me - Phase relationship between € aT Prasor Sfegrem Tn Graphite eee The ‘non-rcesistive opposition to the biow of wc ino. pore capacitive cirecuit es known as capacitive reactance Xe « ie. a ee * te RFC —— P| Xe X = Unit of x. : ohm (2) | * for dc. cinceit P= 0 oX tle Xe anf =0o but has vey Small value bor a.c. This shows that -capatcitort blocks the blu oP dc. but provides an easy) path bor a-c. ALC. Citccust Containing RL in Semies (R-L cincuit) > A Cénceutt containing o series combination ofa. resistance 'R’ Ban tnductance L, connected witha source of aera emt € ts given by & = g,sincot as shown in the egune KVR V, =X Phasoe deagrear bor bon RL “cecal ~~ Ta T be the cuument in the sacl at any énstant Vas. the potential dibberences ocnoss Rs L respectively at thot znstant. Then Ve =IR g V= 1X, Now, Ve és in phase with the current While V. leads the cuerent by 7/2. vy SO Vay ane mutually perpendicular. The resultant of [Link] must be equal < emf €, Thus, € =\Weave 2 VPRTRE VERS) = LV R4x2 PI-e VReexs The phasor diggram shows. thal. in Rb cinectit the applied emf € Leads the crereent T by a phase angle R. Mw Fa TX . AL. We Ve IR R R a -| —t IL > to (4) > (8) * Inductive Tmpedance (2) + Tn R-L céncuit the maximum value of cunwent - & a &o Vrt+xR Rt orle Here RFU epresents the ebbective, opposition . ” offened by R-L céncuit to the bow of a.c. theough tt. It és known as tmpendance of R-L circuit e ct represented by Z, Z_ = V Rex -V Rew * Admitlance : The mectprocal ot empendonce called ; ~t odmiHance Y= Zr Tene X Power factor of R-L céncuit aS given by _R R ton @ = A.C. Cémecit Containing Rec im senles(R-< circuit) A Cenewit a series combination of a mesistance RA capacitance ‘c', connected witha source of e.m-F. & is given by E= &dinat as shown tn the biguive - ke-Vp= RI AK Ve =X I —A E,Sin wt - Phasore diagram for R-C Circuit :- Let T be the current in the circuit af any instant. Vp ® Ve the potential dibbervenves acmoss REC reespectvey at that enstant. Then, “yp = IR g Ve = TX Now, Ve @s in phase with curtnent while Ye fags behind the ccurttent by TR . SO Ve & Ve ave mutually pecpendtewlar ! The resublant oF Ve js ve must & (applied em®) be equal to applied emP Thus, ¢ = var > (RRB = [TR (R84 x2) = IVR 2 LT a RA+X? The phasor drogram shows that in Oo _ oR R-c cemeuit the applied em? & ime lags behind the cunnent T by o Phase angle &. anne 2X =e): of Ff R > = Xe _ > tone = = pee > &® = tant ax) A” Capocitive TDmpedonce (Z,) :- Th Re céncuit the moximum value oP ceuuvent Eo &0 T, = - VRE VR Be dere R34 x3 rueproesents the ebbective opposition offered by R-c cércut fo the blow of oe. through tt TE es knownas empedance of Re cincuit ~ ts tepresented by Z. . Z.=VRexA =VR +e # fdmittance ::( Ye It tw the reecepreocal, of tmpedance et. LL Ye ao = Feat *® Powere Aactore of R-c cecuit zs given by cos Be KR . RK R % VR? Rae) L-C-R Series Cercuit t- a A circuit containing a series combination of a resistor of resistance *R’, a coil of tnductonce'L’ g a capacitor of capacitance ‘c’, connected with a source of alternating em. ts given by k-VeeRI—AHV=XE Ve =xX TI E= Eysin wt : Egsinet .;” Phasor Déagram for Seeiss L-c-R céreuit + we As L,C,R ane joined én ventes, therefore cuxutent at ony enstont through the three elements hos same. Let at ony instant of teme't, the cureent én the cencuit ‘Tg the potential dibberenve cmos Lic R ae Viz TX > Vee TXB Ve= IR, Now Ve ts 1m phase with cunnent I but V beads ‘£' by Y_ while Ve lags behind ‘I’ by 1/, . 7 As V_% Ve ase opposite to each other B iF VL >Ve then their resultant will be vita WS (\L-Ve) + The resultont of Vea(VirVe) must a be equal = WAS, E= V Ve + (VirVe)® =\) PRR+ (IX 1X)? =\T2 [Ro + (x= xR > E = LV Rex et-£_ .f R+(H-%)% Zz y Where z 2 VRt XP . Tmpedanee a nee The phowore déqgram also shown thet, af , Th Ler céccuit the applied em? Leads the current T by a phase angle) &.- ° tony = AO B COSR=S= Tmnpedance_:-(z) ‘The effective opposekion offered by series Ler cinautt to the blow of ac. trough zt & ts Knovon as impedance i@ Zl R24(X-XQR = \ RR (WL- ye) > COSE=1 == TF x 5% OF VL>Ve. & ws tve then curcrent lags behind the emP by phase angle % tone XX g cosy eB = RK : R R The series Ler-cinuit ts said to be inductive. COSE=M S- TP XK Xe OH Vi< Ve ® is -ve then the cuerent feads He em? by phase angle 9 tan = XX 2 cosm-R = KR RA 2 Te The series Ler- circuit és sold to be capacetive. COSE-W 2 TP X=Xe of Vi=Ve,R=0, then the em? g curtent will be in the same phase The series LeR ctreutt ts sould fo be purely resistive . aT = € Jo = 7? Tres = “as * Susceptance :- Tt w the rrecéprocal of the reactonve of an oc. circuit . ST-Unit i= ohm ore mho * hdmettance :- Tk a the reciprocal of empedance of an uc. Circe. SI Unit = ohm! or mho Resonance :— A cércuit is said fo be nesonont. when the noturcl Freequency of céncuit 2 equal to Frequency of the Opplied voltage Jem. * Fore mesmance both L gc must be present in circuit. * Ak mesonance : i) X,=%X_ ii) Y= Ve . ii) R= 0 (EAT in come phase) 1) Zmin = R ( Impedance minions) tere aa ay (current maximum’) Resonant Frequency (Fr) > — te XL = Ke ; | 3 Le 7 Oe Wee 2 2. 1 7 Oe = LC | ? |e Te | \ 7p 3h = Tie Variation of Z with f :- TP $< fy, then X,< X¢> Cenewit mature. copacstive,® (ve) TP $ =f, then X_=x, > Cincudt nature , Resistive R=0 Tf f >fe then x, >x. > Cerectuit nature, inductive, Q(+ ve ) As P ieneose 2 Pirest decrecues then tnereases. Variakion of I with :- As £ encmeases, I first tnerceases then decreases , alp =) — Hal power Freequenctes : — The Frequencies at which, power becomes halb of ds maximum value w called halb power Frequencies. Quakity Factor :-(Q) at aualily “Foctor of auc cencutt basically. gives an ideo clout stored energy Lost energy . Teg = ay Mavmim energy shred per cyele Maximum energy floss per cycle Mathematically , R | RVC © Rar 7 ? 8° ay Bond width A Tt represents the sharpness of resonance . * Tk w& unitless 8 dimension - Less quantity . ; * Q-Factore oF LER-Cencuit depends on -LogR Showepness : - “The char shorepness of resonance cs meosuced by the quality factor (4). i Sharpness quallity Factore * R decrsosses > @ encreases > Sharcpness meneases Qe= (Mn 2 Poe - aml 1 \fo_ fe = *® R tnereases > @ decreases > Sharpness decesuses Power in an A.c céncuit :- The rate ot which electrical energy. cs consumed im on electric circut ts called ths power» Suppose 1 an ac cénuit, the voltuge g cunrent ane hoving phase dibbecence Q ‘E = & Sinat & T= I din(wt-o) The enstantaneous power is given by P= €L =(& sinwt) [To sin(wt-9) | = & Tp Sinat . Sin (wt-8) = a [2 sinat. Sin (at-a)] P= = [cosy — cos (20t -¥)] Avercage Power 2- — a Rv = gl Pedt - J E [footy - cos act -))-ct 7, ° Tat ay Wy + To |" .dt — {cos 2ot-n)dt | aT li [Link] = feas(2u ean [cos ® te]- 0 | («Joos (zut-a)tl) » aT = Sole cosy. K 2K & Ts. cosy - leq = = 7 E188 = Vy Ki Pay = rms’ Trung COS%| = Enems - Toms & E l CosQ = Eepowere Factor. of auc. céecuit Tnstantaneous) Average power/actual [Virtual power” | Pe Power. Power / dissipated appoucent powert/ Peele POWEA/ power loss | tems Powerc P= VI P=Vams Trans COS [P= Vers Tams P=Volp CASE] Pure resistive ctecut : R=0', cosnel : Pay = Erems' Lems = Sims = Ha There % maximum power dessépation . COSEAW Purely enducteve on capacitive circuit R=G0", COSR =0 There cs no power dissipated (te. Py = 0) CASE= IN LCR series cerecuit : R= tor! (22s), $0 & moy be non-zero ™ RL om RC on Ror cimcutt . In such cases, power % disstpaked only in the resistor, Case= WW Pyysore dissipated at cesonance i LeR- cencuit: At fesonance X,=%e » R20". SO cosy = 1 p Pav TAZ 4 TraR: Thot ts maximum power is déasiated en a cencuit (through &) at resonance. Power Factor s- Poy = Erms » Tame * COS > Average = rms power. ~ cos powert > Powese Factore (cose) = vetoes Powere rms powesc The powere foctore of a series Le cereealt os cos Q FS = . _ \J ee (a-&y A For purely resistive circuit, R= 0° “powere Factor cos = caso” = 1 For purely enductive on capacckive ctreutt = go" “» power Factor cos ® = cos qo" = 0 Wattless Curent :- Tt xs Hnat component oP curcnent in a.c- cincutk which is not ockwe (te. which consumes no power) . as Pay = Ererns* Tres” CO8R Trams COS ts activity component oP current ( ce. which consumes ony power tM ac: circuit) on wattbull cucnert, workPull current because zu os in phase with opphied voltage . Trg Sin & the component ahich ts tnactive (ie. adhich conseumes no power). called wattless current or workless cuurent because ck ts in Va phase with applied voltage . Treansforemer oT _——————— Tt ts a device cused to converting an alternating. voltage From cgreatpe voltage fo smaller voltage. ort viceversc . Smaller step-up Voltoge — ~fransPormer a toge Greater step-down voltoge “transformer. "yl Préneeple s- Tt as based on the principle of ———~ — matitual tnduction.” Constreackton :~ Tt constals of two’ seks of cotls , ensulted com each other. They ane wound on a soft -irton cone, ezthet one on top of the other orcen separate Lembs of the cone. Soft icon=conce 5 i Le One of the cotls, called the primay cocl has Np turns 6 the othee cotl us called secondary cotk hos Ne teens . Usuaulls dt a d ly > pret col % the mput col g second Cott us the wah cocl of the raurtoemese. we Working := plhen an alternating woltege os applied to the primary, the wasuulting curent produces an ablerrati mognetic bux, which Lenks the secorndony »3 tnduced @ wn it Fasopuorag We consider an édeal transformer tn which the. Primary has 1 figzble meststurce & all the thux in the core Sanks both primony £ secondary windings Let & be the bux en each tunn en the core af feme't’ due to cuncent tn the primar when o. voltage Vp a applied to tt. The enduced emP on voltuge &5 , en the secondary with Ne funn as & = Ne = oO The alternating blu» Q also anduces an em? colled back em? in the primony vs fp = Np ae @ TP the seeandbuyy Ge open cincutit , then E,> Ve assumed & = Vp Where Vs Vp ote voltage aciton secondary. & promo eespectively Ww Vs 5 ~ Ne SR @: Vp = -Np SO 5 y= yR ——@ brom eA @ g@, we hove ‘ =Ns _—®@ \p Np . Geom an édeal transformer, the power nput 6s equal to the powee otdput Pin = Pout ? Tp = LNs > 2% __@ from 297 © 2 ©, we love tp 1M LNs i, \p ON NY iP Ng>Np» We can see that Vo >Vp , then transtronert is cabled wtep-up transforomer. . In this axereangement Is < Ip. TP Ns < Np, We can see Vs < Vp $ 1,>Ip then transformer. ts called step-down transformer . ecierny ¢ The efficiency of transfonmer te 7, = Power output power Input Enengy Losses an tronsformers 2- ~ ee ee X 100%. BR » Flax Leakage - The complete blux of primronuy secanday coel cannot be Linked. There ome some. Leakeges . Tt can be reduced by winding the coths over. one another. Reststance of the windérgs :~ The windengs hove some reststance which caxses Logs of energy in the form of heot. They arce minimized by using thick vires. 3. Eddy Current ;- The alternating en? enduces eddy curnents and causes loss oP energy as heat . - Hysteresis : - The mogneltzotion of come t& continvonsty revertsed by alternating wognelic Field which cowses Loss of energy due to hysteresis, Tt can be vsing moterials of Low hystenests Loss. » & AC Generator 3— Preincéple s- Tt ¢s based on the principle of electri - metic Induction, ie.

The cozl zs connected fo external cémeuit with the help of ship rings and breushes . Worcking : — When the covl ts roteted with a constant angulor. speed @, the angle ‘9’ bet” 8 a of the coil at an enstant t” zs 6 = cot (assuring 60° ot t=0) the Klux at any fame ‘tds & = BAcose = BACOS Wt The wnduced emf for the rootating cotl of N turns xs € = —dNQ _ -y od “da dt = —NBA d(Cosat) dt > Cae NB (-sinat ) 0 > E= EoSinwt D>) € = €oSin wot | where €p = NBAW Since value of sine function varies behoeen +1 g -1, the polonity of the em? algo varies . dence detection of curcnent cso vouties perdodically with tee. Therefore cucrent s called alferenating curnert . Stoget 1 Stage 2 Stoge 3 The plane of #he — vohen ts aerlue agratute Are ; 0 : ant Eere 1o. “the plore afte, eckson of joe tere tn ‘i y ig rcokcatit wep an fil) raters eS 130 calgon aes mye

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