<br>

Chapter

02
INTRODUC TION
Polynomials
7.
polynomials in one variable and their various degrees. We also studied
lo the previous class, We learnt about
more
and zeroes of a
polynomial. In this chapter we will
further expand this knowledge to study
about the
values
coefficients of polynomials, We will also see the division algorithm
etthe zeroes and their relationship with the
with real coefficients
forpolynomials

1.1 Revision
aosa,,az., ah
Polvnomial : An expression p(r) of the form p(x)=a,r"+ a,x"+a,x"+... +a, where
...,
all

is called a polynomial. Also, a, a, are called the c0

a,, a,,
are real numbers and n is
a
non-negative integer,
a, is called constant term.
efficients of the polynomial p(u). as terms a
x. Here 3x, 2x², 5x, -4 are known of
a polynomial in variable
For example: 3x'-2r*+ 5x-4 is
are its respective coefficients.
polvnomial and 3, -2, 5,–4
terms which are not polynomials:
The following list showS Some
has a negative exponent
O 51 a polynomial because the variable
is NOT
the variable is in the denominator
Br+2) is NOTa polynomial because
variable has a fractional exponent.
O r
is NOT a polynomial because the

Types of Polynomials
we divide polynomials on three bases:
Usually,
D Based on the number of
distinct variables

D Based on degree
O
Based on the number of terms
Based on numnber of distinct variables
Example
Name
Number of distinct variables
Univariate x?+4

2
Bivariate 2r+ 3y+4
3 Trivariate x+y+z
2 or more Multivariate 2abc + 3abd
<br>

2.2 Mathematics
Based on degree Example
Namo
Degree 0
zero
10
conslant
2x +3
linear
quadratic x+ 3x+4
2 + 1

cubic x+3x+3x
3
quartic (biquadratic) xt 4x+2
4
degree n x+3x+1
n(>3) zero polynomial. U
to have no terms at all) is called the
polynomial 0, (which may be considered either left exp
Note: The zero. degree of the zero polynomial is
its degree is not Instead, the
other constant polynomials,
or defined to be negative (either -1
or -o)
undefined,

Based on number of non-zero termns

Example
Number of non-zero terms Name
zero polynomial
x

1 monomial
binomial a+b
2
trinomial x+y+z
3
are written in either descending or ascer
one variable, then the terms usually
Note: If a polynomial has only
order of their powers.
Value ofa Polynomial a any number, then the value of the polynomial at x=
a variable x and is real
Let P(x) be polynomial in
substituting x=a in the polynomial and is denoted by Pla).
obtained by
a polynomial P(r) = 3r- 2x+1
Example: Consider
value at x=3, replace x by 3 everywhere
To find the
So, the value of P)=3x-2x at x=3 is + 1

P(3) =3 (3)2 X X3+ l

=
27-6+1=22
Similarly the value of P(x)= 3r-2r+1
polynomial
= 12+4+1=17
P(2) =3(-2)- 2(-2)+
1
at is
x=-2
P(0)=3(0)-2(0) =0-0+1=1
+ 1
x =
at 0
is

Zeroes of a Polynomial is zero at x=

A real number a is a zero of a polynomial P(x) if the value of the polynomial P(x)
x, for which the polynomial P(x) becomes zero is
Pla)= 0. Or in other words, the value of the variable
zero of the polynomial.
a replace x by 1
and 3.
Example: Consider, polynomial P(x)=x-4x+3;
P(1) =(1)–4 × 1+3=1-4+3= P(3) (3)²-4X3+3=9-12 +3 =0
=
0,

Hence, 1 and 3 are the zeroes of the polynomial P(x).

zero a also the root of the eguation P(x)= 0. The vice-ve
Note: a is
If a of the polynomial P*), then is

also true.
<br>

Polynomials 2.3

Important Points
no zero.
constant polynomialhas
.The linearpolynomial has one: onezero. = ax +
b, a # = 0
2 Every andonly Considera linearpolynomial P(x) 0; P(x)
ar+b: =0 ax=- b»x=is a zero of
the polynomial.
polynomial can have more than one zeroes.
3. A given

of a polynomial is n, of zeroes it can have n.

If the degree the maximum number is also
4 0
A zero of a polynomial need not be
6
Evample: Consider a polynomial P(*) =*-4, then P(2) = 22-4 = 0. Here, zero
=4-4 of
the polynomial
2 which itself is not 0.
P(r)=x'-4 is

6. 0 may be zero of the polynomial.

a
Example: Consider polynomial P(x)=x-x, then P(0) =
0-0=0. Here, 0 is the zero of the polynomial

P(r) =x-r
2 GEOMETRICAL MEANING OF ZEROES
zeroes of a polynomial P(¢) are the abscissa (x -coordinates) of the
Graphicaly (geometrically) speaking, the
intersects the x-axis. Let's try to understand this with help graphs of linear of

noints where the graph of y=P()

and quadratic polynomials.

Zero of Linear Polynomial

a
2.1
a
linear polynomial is a straight line.
the linear polynomial, P(x)=-3x+6. We know that the graph
of
Consider
To plot this on the Cartesian plane, we Consider two points:

1 2

-2
<br>

2.4 Mathenmatics
We can observe that the graph intersects the at (2, 0). We can alsO observe that the zero of P(y)
.axis
+6 is [Link] the zero of the polynomial is the x-c0ordinate of the point where the graph of
the x-axis. the polynomiol

In general, for a linear polynomial ax

+b, a#0, the graph of y = ax+b is a straight line which intersects 4
-axis at exactly one point,namely..0). Therefore, the linear polynomial ax +b, a#0, has exactly one
namely, the xcoordinate of the point where the graph of y=ax+ h
intersects the xaxis.
2.2 Zero of a Quadratic Polynomial

Consider a quadratic polynomial, y= P() =x-x-2. Let us take a few values of y corresponding to a
random values of x in this table:

-3 -2 0 2 3 4
4 0 2 -2 10
On plotting these points on the Cartesian plane, and drawing a
smooth free hand curve passing through th
points, we get the graph of y=x*-x-2. This graph is called a parabola.

4 -2 4

-2

We can see from the table that -1 and 2 are the zeroes of the polynomial P«) Also, we ca
=-r-2.
observe from the graph of this polynomial that it cuts the x-axis at points whose .x-coordinates are -I and 2.
This is true for any quadratic polynomial, i.e., the zeroes of a quadratic polynomial ar+
bx +c, at0,
a

exactly the x-coordinates of the points where the parabola representing y = ar+ bx +c intersects the x-axis.
2.3 Different cases of parabola
For any quadratic polynomial ax + bx + c, a#0, the graph of the corresponding equation y= at+ bx tc
parabola which either opens upwards like this: U,or downwards like this: n, on
depending whether a>0 or a

respectively.
Based on the shape of the graph, and where it cuts the x-axis, the following three cases can happen:
<br>

Polynomials 2.5
graph cuts x-axis at two distinct points 1 and 1'.
Case-l: Here, the
x-cOordinates of and A' are two zeroes of
A

the quadratic polynomial x'+ bxtc.

The

y= ax +
bx +c

y= ar+ bx +c

(i) (ii)

Case-l :Here, the graph cuts the x-axis at exactly one point, ie., at two coincident points. So, the two points
of Case () coincide here to become one point A.
A
and A'
y= ax+ bx +c

y=ax+ bx+ c

(ii) (iv)

The x-coordinate of A is the only zero for the quadratic polynomial ax + bx +c in this case.
:
Case-ll Here, the graph is either completely atbove the x
-axis or completely below the x-axis. So, it does not
cut the x-axis at any point.
y= ax'+ bx +c

y= ax+ bx +c
(vi)
()
So, the quadratic polvnomial ax'+ bx +c has no zero in this case.
So, you cansee geometrically that a quadratic polynomial can have either two distinct zeroes or one zero, or no
zero. This also means that a polynomial of degree 2 has atmost two zeroes.

Note : In general given a polynomial p(x) of degree n, the graph of y =p(x) intersects the x-axis at atmost
n points. Therefore, a polynomial p(x) of degree n has atmost n zeros.
<br>

6 Mathematics
llustration: 1
some Find the number of zeros of n

are given below for polynomial p(x).

The graphs of y=p(x)
in each case.

y'

() (ii)
)

y' y y'

(vi)
(iv) ()

Solution: at any point.

(i) has no zero because its graph does not intersect x-axis
(() The polynomial represented in
one zero graph intersects x-axis at one point.
(ii) The polynomial represented in (ii) has because its
zeros its graph intersects x-axis at three points.
(iii) The polynomial represented in (ii) has three because
zeros its graph intersects x-axis at two points.
(iv) The polynomial represented in (iv) has two because
intersects x-axis at four points.
in (v) has four zeros because its graph
(V)The polynomial represented x-axis at three points.
in (vi) has three zeros because its graph intersects
(vi) The polynomial represented

2
IIlustration:
y Read off zeros from the graph.
Draw the graph of the polynomial =x-4x.
Solution: zeros. Putting y=0,
three
tttttttt+ttttttt++tHtttt*

y=x- 4x is a cubic polynomial. So,

it has - (3,15)

we get x=0,2, -2. Hence, the zeroes of the polynonmial

are (0, 0), (2, 0) and (-2, 0)
- 4x y=x- 4x
(- 1,3)
-3 -27 12 -15
(- 2.0)
-2 -8
4 3
-1 -1 L
(1. - 3)

0
1 -4 -3
8 -8 0
2
3 27 -12 15 15
(- 3,-1 5)
<br>

Polynomials 2.7
INTEXT EXERCISE- 1

Questions 1 to4
Forthe
following graphs, for y= P(r), find the number of
zeroes of P(x)

3.

(a) 1 (b) 2 (a) 1

(b) 2
(c) 3 () 4 (c) 3 (d) 4

4.

1
(a) 1
(b) 2 (a) (b) 2
(c) 3 () 4 (c) 3 (d) 4

Which of the following is not the graph of a quadratic polynomial?

(a) (b)

(c) ()
<br>

2.8 Mathematics
3
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ZEROES AND COEFFICIENTs
3.1 Linear Polynomial

For a linear polynomial ax + b, (a 0), we have, zero of a linear polynomial (constant term)
(coefficicnt of x)
3.2 Quadratic Polynomial
For a quadratic polynomial ax +
bx+c (a # 0), with a and B as i's zeros, we have
Sum of zeroes =a+ß=-0 (cocfficient of x)
a (cocfficicnt of x')
Product of zeros = (constant term)
aß= (cocfficicnt of x)
If a and B are
the zeros of a quadratic polynomial P(x). Then polynomial P(x) is
given by
P(x) = K{x- (a+ B)x+ aß or P(x)= K{x?- (sum of
where K is a constant.
the zeros) product of the zeros} xt
3.3 Cubic Polynomial

For a cubic polynomial ax + bx + cx

+d (a # 0), with a, B and y as its zerOs, we have :

Sum of zeros = a+B+y=D

a
Sum of the product of its zeros taken two at a
time = aß + By +ya =
Product of its zeros = aßy =

a
The cubic polynomial whose zeros are a, B
and Y is given by
fx) = K{x-(a+ B+)x+ (aß + By +ra)x- aßy} where K is a
constant.
3.4 Biquadratic Polynomial
For a bi-quadratic polynomial ax+
bx+ cx'+ dx+e (a #0), with a, B, and as its zeros, we have:
Sum of four zeros = a +B++ =O
a
Sum of the product of its zeros taken two at a time =
aß + ayt + By + +Y =
a
a B

Sum of the product of its zeros taken three at a time = aBy +

aß8 + By8 + Ya =
Product of all the four zeros = aßr& = a
a
The bi-quadratic polynomial whose zeros are a,B,y and ô is given by
f) ={x-(a+ B+y+ô)r+ (aß + ay + + By+ Bö +yô)x²- (aßy+ a aßô + By8 + yôa)x+ aßy}
Ilustration: 3
Find the zeros of the quadratic polynomial f(x)=abx +(b' + ac)x+ be and verify the relationsh
between the zeros and its coefficients.
Solution:
Ax)=abx²+(b+ ac)x + be = abx + b²x t acx + bc = bx(ax + b)+ c(ax+ b)=(ar+ b)(bx + c)
is zero when
So, the value of x) ax+b=0 or bx+c=0, i.e. x=or =

Therefore, a and are the zeros (or roots) of fx).

Now, sum of zeros
-()+()-=ab ac (6²+
ab
ac) Coefficient of

Coefficient of x?
x

Product of zeros -() ab

bc Constant termn
Coefficient of x2
<br>

Polynomials 2.9
Mustration: 4
Find the
zeros of
the quadratic polynomial '+7x+ 12,
and verify the rolation between the zeros and
coefficients.
its
Solution:
A) ='+7
+
We have,
+
12=+4x +
3r+ 12
4) 3(t 4) ) (r+ 4)(r+3)
The
zeros otf
fa) are given by x)=0
= 0
+7x+ 12
(r+4)(r+3) = 0
or, t+3 =0
rt4 =0
r=4 orX3
Thus. the zeros of x)=x'+7xt 12 are a=-4 and B
-3
Now, sum ofthe
zeros =a++ß=(-4) +
(-3) Cocfficient of x
=-7 and
Cocfficicnt of x =-f--7
. Sum of the zeros - Cocfficient
Cocfficicnt of x?
of x

Product of the zeros = Constant term

aß =(-4)
Constant term
X (-3)= 12 and.
Coefficient of x? -=12
Product of the zeros
Coefficient of x?

Mustration: 5
If a and B are the zeros of
the polynomial f(x)=x-5x+k such that a-B=1, find the value of k.
Solution:
Since a and are the zeroes of the polynomial x) =x'-5x+k.
and aß ==k
Now, a-B=1
Given
-
(a-B}=
1

» (a+}-4aß = 1

= a'+g-2aß = + -
((a-B
=
a'+ B² 2aß 4aß|
1
25-4k
24 = 4k

k=6
Hence, the vlaue of k is 6.

Ilustration: 6
Find a quadratic polynomial, the sum and product of whose zeros are and -1 respectively.
Solution:
Here a +
B=, aß =-1
: Required poynomial is =
fr) k[*-(atB)x + (aB)
=k(--1)
Where k is a non-zero constant.
<br>

2.10 Mathematics
lustration: 7
If a and are the zeros of the quadratic polynomial f) = 2x -
8 5x+7, find a polynomial who
zeros are 2a +38 and 32+28.
Solution:
Since a and ß are the zeros of the quadratic polynomial x) 2x'- 5x+7.
. a+ß=--3)= and aß =
Let S and P denote respectively the sum and product of zeros of the required polynomial. Then,

S=(2a+38) +
(3a 2£) = s(a+B) = 5 x
+ =

and, P= (2a +38)(3a + 2B)

»P=6(a?+B?)+ 13aß = 6a+6ß + +

12aß aß =6(a+B}+ aß

P=6x3+-+=41
Hence, the required polynomial g{x) is given by or. =
g) =k(r–Sk+ P)
gx) k*-+41) where

s any non-zerO real number.

Illustration: 8
If a and B are the zeros of the quadratic polynomial f(x)= ax+ bx+c, then calculate :

(i)
a'+B (i)
Solution:
Since a and B are the zeros of the quadratic polynomial f(x)= ax+ bx+c
.".
a+ß=- andaß=
() We have, a'+B= (a+ p}- 2aB

at8=}-2e b?-2ac

(ii) We have,t e+B+p' (a+B)- 3aß(a +B)_-)-3(-4) 3abc- b

aß aß a'c

9
Ilustration:
If @ and B are the zeros of the quadratic polynomial p(s)= 3s-6s
+
4, find the value d

++)+ 3aß
Solution:
Since a and B are the zeros of the polynomial p
(s) =3s-6s +
4.

.:.
a+B==2 and aß =

We have
++2(t)+ 3aß =
aß
-+2(te)
aß + 3a8

(a+B}- 2aß 2(e+ B) (2}-2x

L+2x2+3
aß aß +3aß =
4 x=8
<br>

Polynomiols 2.11
Mustratlon: 10
zeros of
the polynomialKx) 2r'+ 5x
are the + k
satisfying the relation o' + +
' oß=
IH
aß the value of for this to be p0ssible.
k

thenfind
Solution:

Since and
B are the zeros of
the polynomial x)= 2x' 4 5x +k,
=
.. atB= and aß

= 21
a' B+ aß
+
Now,

- (a'+B 2aß)- + aß =

(atB}'- aß =2

and aß -
::a+ß=-
--f-1
k=2

Illustration: 11
If a, B are the zeros of the polynomial ax+ bx+ c, find a polynomial whose zeros are aatb and
1

aß +h
Solution:
Since a and B are the zeros of the polynomial ax + bx +c.

:. a+B= and aß
=

a a
1

Since are the zeros of the required polynomial.

aa +b and aß + b
.. Sum of the Zeros aß + b+ aa +b
+ aß +
aa+h b
(aa + b)(aß + b)

ala+B) + 2b
a'aß t abla+B) +bi
ax+2b b
ax)+ ab
x+b
Product of the zeros + + +
aa+ b/ aß + b) a'aß abla B) b?

a'
xt x+8ab
-
ence, the required polvnomial =- (sum of zeros) x+ product of zeros =
<br>

2.12 Mathematics
-INTEXT EXERCISE- 2

1. A
quadratic polynomial, whose zeroes are -3 and 4, is
(a) x'-x+ 12 (b) x'+x+ 12 (c)
--6 () 2x + 2x-24
2. If the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial x?+(a+ 1)x +b are 2 and -3, then
(a) a=-7, b
=-1 (b) a= 5, b
=-1 (c) a= 2, b
=-6 () a=0, =-6b

3. The number of polynomials having zeroes as-2 and 5 is

(a) 1
(b) 2 (c) 3 (d) more than 3
4. Given that one of the zeroes of the cubic polynomial ax+ bx+ cx+d is zero, the product of the other
zeroes is
(a) C
a (b) (c) 0
a
5. If one of the zeroes of the cubic polynomial
x+ ax+ bx+ c is -1, then the product of the other two zero

(a) b-a+1 (b) b-a- 1

(C) a-b+1 () a-b-1

4. DIVISION OF POLYNOMIALS
Ifp(x) and g(x) are any two polynomials with
g(x)0, then we can find polynomials g(x) and r(x) such th
P() =g() X q(r)tr(),
where r(x)=0 or degree of r(x)< degree of g(x).
In other words: Dividend = Divisor X Quotient +
Remainder
Note: If r(x)=0, then the polynomial g(x) is a factor of polynomial
p(x)
4.1 Long Division Method
The process for dividing one polynomial by another is very similar to that for dividing one
number by another
formal algorithm (called the long division method) is given below:
Step 1: Arrange the indices of the polynomial in descending order
of their degrees. Replace the missing term
with 0.
Step 2: Divide the first term of the dividend (the polynomial to be divided) by the first term of
the divisor. This giv
the first term of the quotient.
Step 3: Multiply the entire divisor by the first term of the quotient and write it below
the dividend.
Step 4: Subtract the product from the dividend then bring down the next (single) term.
The difference clubbed w

the next term will be the new dividend.

Step 5: Repeat steps 2-4 to find the second term of the quotient, and the new dividend.
Step 6: Continue the process until the final remainder is obtained. This is
either zero or is of lower degree th
the divisor.
If the divisor is a factor of the dividend, you will
obtain a remainder equal to zero. If the divisor is not a
factor
the dividend, youwill obtain a remainder whose index is lower than the index of the divisor.
Let's see a few examples to understand this long division process:
<br>

lLustraton: 12 verify the division algorithm.

polynomial 2r+3r+1 by the polynomial +2 and
Dividethe
Solution.:

Wehave
-1
21
rt2)2r°+3r+1
2r°+4r

3
quotient=2r-1 and remainder =3
Clearly,

Also, (x+ 2)(2r-

1)+3
=
2r*+4r--2+3=2r+ 3x+1
Thus, Dividend = Divisor
X Quotient + Remainder.
:o 2yt 3x+
1
=(r+2)(2r-1)+3.

ustrauo 13
2r+3-2/-91–12, by dividing
Check whether the polynomial r-3 is a factor of the polynomial
polynomial by the first polynomial.
the second
Solution:
We have

2+31 + 4
t-3)2r+3/-2-91-12
-6
21*

12
3/+ 4P-9f-
3
-9t
4
-12
4f -12
0

Since the remainder is zero, therefore, the polynomial -3

a
is factor of the polynomial 2/+3-2/-9f-12,.

Ilustration: 14

remainder were x-2 and

On dividing fx) =-3x+x+2 by a polynomial g(x), the quotient and
-2x+4, respectively. Find g(x).
Solution:
Quotient =x-2, Remainder =-2x +4 and Divisor =g(x).
Here, Dividend =x-3x+x+2,
Since Dividend = Divisor X Quotient + Remainder
So, x-3x+x+2=g) x (*-2) + (-2x + 4)
g) x (-2) =x*-3x+x+2 + 2r-4
gr)=-3x+3x- 2
(-2)x*-x+1)-2-yt1
X-2 -2
Hence, g(*)=*-x+1.
<br>

2.14 Mathematics
lustration: 15
Find all the zeros of 2-3- 3r*+6r- 2, if you know that two of its zeros are
/2 and -/2.
Solution:
Let = polynomial. Since two zeros are so, (&
p(r) 2r*- 3x- 3r²+ 6x-2 be the given /2 and -/2
and (x +/2) are both factors of the given polynomial p(x).
(r-/2x+/2) =(x'-2) is a factor of the polynomial.
Now, we divide the given polynomial by x-2.

*-2)2x*-3r-3x? + 6x-2 (2'-3x+ 1

2x* -
4x'
-3x +x+6x -2
-3x' + 6x
-2
-2
0
By division algorithm, we have 2x3x-3x2 + 6x-2 =(-2)(2x-3x+ 1)
=
2r*-3r-3r+6x-2 (x-2)(x+/)\(2x²-2x-x+1)
2x*-3* -3x + 6x -2 = (x-/2)x+/2){2x(x- 1)-(*-1)}
2x*-3x-3x²+ 6x-2 =(x-2)(x+/2)(x-1)(2x– 1)
=
When p(x) x=/2,-2,1 and
0,

Hence, all the zeros of the polynomial 2x-3*-33r+ 6x-2 are 2,-V2,1 and

IIWustration: 16
What must be subtracted from p(x)= 6x+7x+ 26x- 25x +
25 so that the resulting polynomiali
exactly divisible by g(x)= 3x-x+4?
Solution:
By division algorithm, we have Dividend = Divisor X Quotient + Remainder
Dividend- Remainder = Divisor X Quotient
x
p(x)-rx)=gx) q(r)
On dividing p(x) by g(*), we get
-- 25x +
+3x+7
3x2-x+4)6x + 7x+ 26x 25 (2x2
8x*
6x*-2r+
9x+ 18x -- 25x+ 25
9x'- 3x'+ 12x +
21x?-37x 25

21x-7x+28
-30x 3
r(x)=

Thus if we
subtract -30x-3 from 6x*+ 7x+26x-25x
+
25, it will be divisible by 3x-xt4.
<br>

Polynomials 2.15

ustration: 17
be. added to p(x)= 4r-5-39,2
What
must -46x- so that the
2
resulting polynomial is divisible by
7r+ 22
pl.x)= 4.r+
Solution.:
algorithm, we have p(x)=g(x) x
q)+r()
division
xg(a)
p(r)-a)=g() x
g(r)
tl-)=gx)
p(r)
Clearly RHS s divisible by g(a)
.
LHS is also divisible by g(x)

-r(r) is added to p(x), then polynomial becomes divisible by g(x)

Thus, if the resulting
4x' +7x+2)4x*-5x-39x- 46x-2 (a?-3r-5
4x* + 7x+ 2x?

-12x-41x'–46x -2
12x-21x- 6x
- 20x- 40x-2
-20x*-35x– 10
- 5x+8
r(x)=-5x+8
Hence. we should add -r(x)F 5x-8, so that the resulting polynomial is divisible by g(x).

INTEXT EXERCISE-3
-3, then the value of k is
one the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial (k- l)x*+k x+1 is
of
1. If

(6)
(a) 3

(c) ()
zero kx+ 12, then the value of k is
2. If 3 is a of
the polynomialx)=*--8r+
(a) -2 (b) 2

(c) -3 () 3
3. On dividing
x-3x+x+2 by polynomial g(x), the quotient and remainder were x-2 and 4-2x
respectively, then gx)=
(a) x*+x+ 1 (b) x+x-1
(c) x-x-1 () x-x+1
For what value of a is the polynomial 2x*- ax+ 4x*+ 2x+ divisible 1-2x ?
1 byy
4.
(a) a= 25 (b) a= 24
(c) a= 23 () a= 22
5. Jx)= 16x' + 51x + 35 then one of the factor of f(x) is:
(a) x-1 (b) x+3
(c) x-3 () x+1
<br>

2.16 Mathematics
Ofympiad Enabler
WITH GIVEN ZEROES
FORMING
A
QUADRATIC POLYNOMIAL S
zeroes ot Fi
one can formulate the original polynomial. Let the
zeroes of a polynomial are given, then
If allthe ... given by:
a.B.r., then the polynomial is
polynomial P(a) be
a non-zero constant
where k is
P)= k|(x- a(x-Br-)....].
Mustration: 18
a
cubic polynomial with zeros a=3,
B
= 2, =- 1.
From
Solution:
= y

a=3,
B 2,
=-1 1)]
Required polynomial = k|(x- alx-B)(x-r)]= k[(x-3)(x-2)(x+ 1

= k[(a?-5x 6)(r + )]
+

=
kx- 5x+ 6x+x?-5x+6]
1
= k is a non-zero constant.
klx- 4x*+x+ 6], where
Mustration: 19
From a quadratic polynomial whose zeros are 2 and -3.
Solution:
=
Required polynomial k[(x-2)(x-(-3))]
= k[(x-2)(x + 3)]
= k(x+x-6), where k is a non-zero constant.

EXERCISE 1

Very Short Answer Questions

Fill in the Blanks
1. The value of the polynomial P(r) at x=k is denoted as
2. Value of k, if k is a zero of P(r)= 2x+3 is 2
3. is the sum of the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial ax + bxtc
x
4. is the point where P(r)= 3x +5,intersects the -axis
5. The number of
zeroes of the cubic polynomial x3x-x+3 is

ldentify True or False

6. If the zeroes of a quadratic polynomial + bx tc are both positive, then a, b and c all have the same sid
ax

7. If the graph ofa polynomial intersects the x-axis at only one point, it cannot be a quadratic polynomial. 2

8. If the graph of a polynomial intersects the x-axis at exactly two points, it need not be a quadratic polynom

9. If two of the zeroes of a cubic polynomial are zero, then it does not have linear and constant terms.

10. If all the zeroes of a cubic polyrnomial are negative, then all the coefficients and the constant term oft
polynomial have the same sign.
<br>

Polynomials 2.17
QUestions
ShortAnswer
zeroes of the following polynomials by factorisation method and verify the relations between the zeroes and
the
Findcoefficients of the polynomials:

the
11.
3r+4r-4
12.
'-2r'-15/
13.
2r'+r+
14. 2s'-( +2\2)s +5
15.
y'+43r-15
12r + 7
16. 5r+
17. 41-
3r-1
18.
4r°+5/2x-3
Questions
Long Answer
k so that r²+2r +k is a
factor of
2r*+x- 14x+ 5x+ 6.
Also find all the zeroes of the two polynomials.
19. Find

which values of
a
and b, are the zeroesg(x)=+ of the zeroes 2x+-a also of the polynomial
20. For

lr)=rs--4r+3x*t 3x+ b? Which zeroes of p(x) are not the zeroes of g(x)?

Case Study Questions

Case - 1

1.x+2 6.x-3
2. 2r + 3 7.x+x+1
8.x´+ 2x + 1

3.x+x+1
4. x+2r+1
3 9. 2x-x
2x + 1 10. x*-1
5.x-
a on black board. Students wrote as
to write polynomial
Refer to the above image. A teacher told 10 students
shown in the above image.

21. How many students wrote cubic polynomial? All students

(c) 5 ()
(a) 1 (b) 3
22. Divide the polynomial (x+ 2r+ 1) by (x+ 1)
(c) (*) (a) (r?- 1)
(a) (r- 1) (b) (x+ 1)
23. is
What the answer when (x- 1) is divided by (r-1) ?
1)
(c) (*) (d) (r+
(a) (r- 1) (b) (r+1)
24. Which of the following is not a polynomial?
(6) (r- 3x+ 1)
(9)
() () None of these
(c) (r+x+ 1)
Z5. The degree of
thepolynomial (x+--5)
(a) 4 (b) 6
()- 5
(c) 3
<br>

2.13 Mathemotics
EXERCISE 2
Relationship between Zeroes and Coefficien
Geometrical Meaning of Zeroes a, zeros of the quadratic polynon
5. If
B
be the
a polynomial p(x) is as shown. The
1. The graph of 2r2 4 5x +
1, then value of atß+ aB=
number of its zeroes are (a) -2
(b) -1
(c) 1

(d) None of these

6. Ifa, B be the zeros of the quadratic polynon:

2-3x-x', then a+ß=
(b) 1
(a) 2 (6) 3
(a) 2
(c) 0 (d) 3 (c) 1
(d) none of these

2. Consider graphs 7. If sum of zeros =/2, product of its zeros

The quadratic polynomial is
1
(a) 3x?-3/2x+1 (6) /2x?+ 3x+
(c) 3r'-2/3x+1 () /2x?+x+3
8. Sum of zeros of polynomial P(x)= 4x-1 is

(a) (b) -4
(c) 0 (c) 4
(a) (b)
9. The quadratic polynomial whose zeroes are
If a and b represent number of zeros respectively and /2 is
for given figures (a) *'-/2x+1 (b) 2x²-2x+3
(a) a<b (b) a> b (c)
-2x (d) none of these
(c) a=b () cannot say
10. If the product of twO zeros of the polynomi:
3. The graph of y= ar
+ bxtc is given in figure f(x)= 2x+ 6x²- 4x+9 is 3, then its third zel
then identify the sign of a: S:
(a) (0)
-3
(c) 9 (d) 9
2
11. If one root polynomial fx)= 5x+ 13x
of the
is reciprocal of the other, then the value of k is
(a) 0 (b) S
(c) () 6
6
(a) a <0 12. The ratio of sum of zeros and product of zeros
polynomial 2(*-1 )(x-3) is
(6) a >0
3
(c) Can't be determined (a) 4 (b)
() None of these (c) () 3
3
4. The graph of the quadratic polynomial ax+ bx+ 13. For polynomial p(*) 4x+x+6 ratio =x- ?
C, a
# 0 is always a sum of zeroes to product of zeros is
(a) Straight line (b) Random Curve
(a)
- (b)
(c) Parabola (d) None of these
(c) ()
<br>

Polynomials 2.19

are zeros ofrthe polynomial )= pr+ 23. If a, B.y be the zeros of the polynomial px)
a, B.y 3, af +
Bytya- 10
+y)=
+

14. If then such that (a

atrxts, B
and aBy = 24 then p(x) is
(6)
(a)
(a) x+ 3r-10x +
24

+ 10r- 24
- () (b) 3r+
(c)
root of the polynomial )= kx?+ 13x + 6 (c) x'-3r'-10x-24
one (d) none of these
15. If reciprocal of the other then the value k is of

is (b) 6 24. If B,y are the zeros of the polynomial

a, 2r+x*
(a) 0 - -13x+6, the value of aßy is
()
(c) (a) 3 (b) -3
y are zeros of the polynomialAx)=x-
16. If a. B.

R =
(c)
-5
pr'tqr-r, then 25. The sum and product of the zeros of a quadratic

(a)
(6) 2 polynomial are 2 and-15 respectively. The
quadratic polynomial is
(c)
- () (a) x'-2r+ 15 (b) x'- 2x- 15

are thezeros ofthe polynomial r)= 3r () r+ 2r+ 15

17. Ifa. B (c) r'+ 2r- 15

5r-2, then
26. If a and Bare the zeros of 2x+ 5x- 10, then

(a)
(6) -3 the value of aß is
(d) none of these
(c) 0
zeros of the polynomial fx)=
ax
(a)
-3 (b) 5
() 32
of
18. Ifthe product (c)
-6r*+1 lx-6 is 9, then a is equal to -5
polynomial whose zeros are
(6) 27. The quadratic
(a) is
(c) 3 (d)
and -3
(a) 10x*-x-3 (b) 10x+x-3
19. If zeros of the polynomial f)=x
the sum of the (c) 10x²-x+3 none of these (d)
is 6, then the value of k is
-3Ar-x+ 30
28. If a, B arethe zeros ofthe polynomial f(x)=
px +

(a) 4 (b) 2 1
A2 is equal to
qx+r, then
(c) -2 () -4
px
20. If a,B are the zeros of polynomiai x)=r+ (a)
g'-2pr (b)
a
+2q, then polynomial having and 1 as its p
A
zeros is (c)
q²+ 2pr
() g'+ 2pr
p
(a) x+2qx +p
(b) x-px + 2q 29. If a, B, y are zeros of
the polynomial x)= pr+
(c) 2qr + px + 1
qx+ rxts, then a+B+y² is equal to
pr 2-2pr
() px+ 2qx +
(6)
1
(a) p
21. Ifa, B,7 are the zeros ofthe polynomial
6r x- q'+2pr
-x+30, then the value of (aß + By+ ya) is (c) q p
(a) -1 (b) 1

a, B are the zeros of the polynomial - px

30. If
(c) -5 30 ()
22. If a and B are zeros of x'+ 5x +8, then the
+36 and a'+ß=9, then p=
value of (a+ B) is (a) ±6 (b) #3
(a) 5
(b) -5 (c) ±8 (d) ±9
(c) 8 (d) - 8
<br>

2.20 Mathematics
Division of Polynomials 35. If ax+9x +
4x-1 is divided by (x+
31. If (x-) is a factor of +
1, remainder is 3; then value of 'a' is
k²- 2kr then the
value of k is (a) -3 (b) -2
(a) 1 (c) 0 () 3

(b) -1 36. The remainder obtained on dividing x

(c) 2 by x+3 is
() -2 (a) 0 (b) 3x²-3x +7
32. If one of the factors of x*+-20 is (r+5), then (c) -3x?-3x+7 () 3x t 3x-7
the other factor is 37. If (x-3) is the factor of 3x-**+ px+g the
(a) (r- 4) (b) (r- 5) (a) p+q=72 (b) 3p+q=72
(c) (x-6) () (r-7) (c) 3p +g=-72 q-3p =72(d)
33. Ifthe polynomial P(x) =2r+- 5x-x+1 is 38. If x+3 is a factor of 3x+ k+6, then k is
divided by the polynomial (*)=x-x then the (a) 3 (6) 12
remainder is a linear polynomial R(x)= ax+ b. (c) 11 () 9
Then (a+b) equals: a factor of ax+ +cx+ dx +e f
39. If
x+1 is bx
(a) -2 (b) -1 (a) atcte=b+d
(c) 1
() 2
(6) atb=ctd
4x° +
34. The polynomial P(x)=*+ 5x+ 8 is: (c) a+b+c+d+e=0
(a) divisible by (x+2) but not divisible by (x+1) (c) atc+b= dte
(b) divisible by (x+1) as well as (x+2) 40. When x3x+x+2 is divided by the polynon
(c) divisible by (x+ 1) but not divisible by (x+2)
gx), the quotient and remainder are x-2 a

-2x +4 respectively. What is g(x)?

() neither divisible by (+1) nor by (x+2) (a) x-x-1 (b) x-x+1
(c) tx-1 () x²+x+1
EXERCISE 3
Single Option Correct 4. If a,B,y are the zeroes of the polynomial
1. If aptg'+2bpg + c
=0
and also alg+r +11, then the polynomial whose zeros
+2bqr +c=0 then pr is equal to (a+B), (B+7) and (+ «) is
(a) p'+a C (b) q+ C
a
(a) r'+ 3x+ 11
(b) x*- 3x+ 11
(c) p'+ (d) q²+aC
2. Ifone zero of the polynomial ar + bx +c
(c) x+ 3x-11
and the other negative then (a,b,cE R, a #0)
is positive (d) x- 3r-11
(a) a and b are of opposite signs 5. If a,b are the zeros of fx)=x+ px +1 and d

are the zeros of x)=x+qx+1 the value

(6) a and c are of opposite signs
(c) band c are of opposite signs E=(a-c)(b-c)(a +
d)(b+ d)is
() a, b,c are all of the same sign.
(a) p'-g (6) g'-p'
(c) g'tp° () none of these
3. If a,ß and y are the zeros of the polynomial
roots of polynomial x+ + ac are a
1 6. If the bx
x)=xtpx-pqrxtr, then tt and roots of the polynomial x+ ax+ be are
(a) pr (b) pg then the values of a,B, respectively are
(a) a,b,c a
P (b) b,c,
(c) qr ()a (c) C,a, b (d) none of these
<br>

Polynomials 2.21
zerossofthe polynomial a? a+ 21 = t 6a =- 14,
c

a,B bethe 16. If 7,

1' +4c =-7 and
Let
7.
be the zeros of x'- qxtr. Then the then the value of (a'+)'+) is [NSEJS]
and .2B
value ofr
is (a) 14 (b) 25
(0) álg-p)\2p-q)
(a)
Sp-e2q-p) (c) 36 () 47
-
Bl9-2pX2q-p) (d) (2p-q\24-p) 17. The expression (5a-3b) +(35 7c)-(5u-7c)
(c) is divisible by [NSEJS]
-
are zerOS
of
1'- - 10ax 11b and a,b (a) (5a+ 3b+ 7c) (b) (5a-3b-7c)
8. If Cd 2. -
10cx 1ld, then value of -
are zeros () (7c- 5a)
of
(c) (35 7c)
is
athtctd (6) -1 Multiple Options Correct
1210
(a) a
2530 () -11 18. Which of the followinggraphs represent
(c)
and
Y
the zeros of the polynomial
are polynomial with three distinct zeroes
9. If
a, B
+

-6r'- 4x+ 30, then the value of (aß By

+ya) is
(6) 2
(a) -2
(d) -30
(c) 5 (a)
are not all equal and a and B be
10 If andca. b

bx tc, then
the zeros of the polynomial ax*+
value of (1+a+l+B+ B²) is:

(a) 0 (b) positive

(c) negative (d) non-negative

11. When +1 is divided by x+1, the remainder

is equal to
(a) x+2 (b) 2x-1
(6)
(c) 2 (d) -1
a, are zeros of the polynomial 6x+ 6px
12. B If the
polynomial whose zeros are
tp, then the
(a+B} and (a-B} is
(a) 3r +4p'xtp (b) 3x²+ 4p'x-p*
(c) 3r-4p'x tp (d) none of these

13. If
x- 5x+1 =0, then x°+1 has the value
[NSEJS] (c)
(a) 2524 (b) 2525
(c) 2424 (d) 2010
14. If a+?+c?=| and p= ab+ bc+ ca, then

(a)
sps2 (b) -sp < [NSEJS]
<
(c)
-<pSI () -1sp
15. If a,b,c are in continued proportion, the expression
at abtb²
B²+ bc + c
can be simplified to: [NSEJS] ()

(a) a+e (b)

atb C

(c)
a
<br>

2.22 Mathematics
19. Which of the following are zeroes of the
12?
24. Which of the followingpolynomials has a
a
polynomials -4-3r+ of its zeroes?
(a) 3 (b) 4 (a) Pr) =x'-4x+4
(c) 2 () -V3 (b) P(x)=-6x+9
20. Which of the following is a polynomial? (c) P(x)=*-3x+2
3x+4 (d) Pr) =x-&x+ 16
(a) r+3 (b) r'-
(c) m+ 1000 25. What is the value of ?
(a)
1
(b) 2
21. If 2 and 3 are the zeroes
a)= 2r+mx-13x of
(c) 3 () -3
+n, then which of the following are true?
(a) m=F5, =30 n
(b) m =-5,n =30 Subjective Type
(C)
m
n= 25 (d) mn = 150 26. If the expression ax+ 3x-3 and 2x'-srs
22. Which of the following is a factor of the polynomial
on dividing by
x-4 leave the same remaind
x'-6x+t 1lx-6 then the value of a is:
(a) x (b) x-1 27. If the polynomial pxtqx--x-3
(c) x-2 (d) x-3 divisible by x-1,then the value of ptg is

Comprehension Type
28. When polynomial 4x*-3x+ 2x +6 is divided
Let the zeroes of a polynomial P(x)=x-4x+3
x-3, then remainder is
be a,ßB,Y,8 such that a+ß=0 and y+ = 0. It is
29. Let p(x)=x+ bx+c where b and c
also given that a is a natural number. +
integers. If p(x) is a factor of both x+6x
23. What is the value of aBy + By+ aß +ayo? and 3x+ 4x?+ 28*+5, what is p(1)?
(a) 3 (b) -/3 roots a
(c) 1
(d) 0 30. If
the of the polynomial 2rt ax+b
reciprocals of each other, then the value of b
EXERCISE 4

2020-21 NTSE QUESTIONS

ax+ 2. n is an odd number. Which of the follow
1. If bx
tc is divisible by x+d+ 1,then
statement is true? [Maharasht
[Haryana]
(a) (2"+ 1) is divisible by 5
(a) a+ b²=ac
(b) (2*+ 1) is divisible by 3
(b) a-c'== ac ab
b? (c) (2-1) is divisible by 5
(c) a'-
() (2-1) is divisible by 3
() a'tc'= ab
2019-20 NTSE QUESTIONS
3. Let a, b and c are the roots of the polynomial 5. If (2 -
4} +(4-2 =(4* + 2*- 6}, then
-
equation x-597x 5236 = 0 then the value of sum of all real values of x is [Del
(a'+ b + ) is [Delhi]
(a) 0.5 (b) 1.5
(a) 597 (b) 15708
(c) 2.5 (d) 3.5
(c) 5236 (d) 10472
4. If x)= x+ axt5, bx'+cx+d isapolynomialsuch 6. If 2019*+ 2019 =3, then the value
that 1)= A2)= 10, = 20,
(3)= 15,f(4) 20190-2019-r [Dell
12)+f-8) 2019*2019 is
find the value of 100 [Delhi
(a) 3 (b) 6
(a) 198 (b) 198.2
(c) 9 () 12
(c) 198.6 (d) 199.2
<br>

Polynomials 2.23
a„100-2r5l
+ 1
is divided by '-1,
the '+7x?-x-1
When 8
[Maharashtra]
remainder is r(x). The value r(-2) +
7. of r(2) is:
x+ 6x-7
[Haryana] (r-1)
(a) (x+1) (b) (r
(x+)
(6) 4 t7)
(a) 0 () 8
(c) (r- 1) (c) (xt )
(c) 6
2018-19 NTSE QUESTIONS
is factor a of
-px+g, then the 13. Allthezeroes ofthe polynomial x+ +a arealso
9. If.r-3rt+2
2r
are:
values ofp and q respectively
(b) -5,-5
[Delhi] zeroes of the polynomial x-x-
3x+3x 4r +

(a) -5,4 +b. Then, the values of a and b are respectively.

(c) 5,4
() 5,-4 [Haryana]
are the roots of the equation +4x+ (a) -1 and 2
10. If a.B.y
1=0. then (a+B)+(B+)+(y+as' is
(b) -1 and -2
[Delhi] (c) 1
and -2
(a) 2
(b) 4
(d) 1
and 2
(c) 3 (d) 5
14. If (5x+ 14x +2 -(4x?-5x +7} is divided
11. If one factor of the polynomial x+4x-3x-18 then the quotient is 'g' and the
by x+x+1,
x+3, then the other factor is [Gujarat]
is
remainder is 'r, what are 'g' and '?
(a) r+r (b) x*+x+6 [Odisha]
(c) r+r-6 () xx+6 (a) q=r+9x-5, r=0
the zeros of [Gujaratl
12. The sum of 3x*+5x-2 is
(6) q=9(r+ 19x-5), r=0
(6) -
q=x+9x– 5, r=
1
(a) (c)
- q=9(r+19x-5), r=1
(c) () (d)

2017-18 NTSE QUESTIONS

15. If the sum of squares of zeros of the quadratic 19. Ifone zero of the quadratic polynomial 6x*+ 15x
polynomial x)=x-8x+k is 40. Then the +6 is reciprocal of the other, then the zeroes of the
value of k will be. [Chhattisgarh] polynomial are: [Haryana]
(a) 6 (b) 24 (a) 2 and 2
(c) 12 () 10
(b) -2 and
16. The product of the roots of equation 3x-7x-5
=0 will be: [Chhattisgarh] (c) 3 and 3
(a (6) (d) -3 and
(c) () 20. If (x+a) is the factor of
the polynomials (r+pr
17. If (x+31) is divided by (x+ 1), the remainder tg) and (+nx + n) then the value of 'a is
is: [Bihar] [Karnataka]
(a) 0 (b)
1

(c) 30 (a) mp
() 31
(b) mP
T8. Find the product of zeroes of the quadratic n4
polynomial:
(a) 1
x- 4x+3 [Gujara (c)
(b) 3 m-p
(c) 4 (d)
()-4
<br>

2.24 Mathematics
2016-17 NTSE QUESTIONS
21. If a andare the zeros of the polynomial 25x
B
24. If a and B be the zeroes of the polynomial
16, then a²+B is: [Tamil Nadu]
bx + c, then the value of
(a)% (6) VB +E is
[Chandiga
(c) 16
16 (0) 25 (a) b
a, B and y each is a zero of
22. If
6xx+30 x- -b
and a B#, then what is the value of 5(aß+
1
(c) ()
ac ac
By + ra)? 25. a factor of
[Odisha] If
(xt/2) is
kr'-2x+1, then
(a) -1 (b) -5 value of k is [Rajasth:
(c) 1
() 5 (a) - (6) -
23. If one of the zeros of the cubic polynomial
xt ax (c)
3
+ ()
bx+c is -1,then the product of
the other zeros
is 26. Ifa=x-y, b=y-z and c=z-x then the va
[Jharkhand) +
of a'+b is [Rajasth
(a) a-b-1
(b)
(a) 3(x-y)y-z)(z-x)
b-a-1
(c) 1-a+b
(6) (x-y}(y-z}(2-x}
() 1+a-b
(c) (xtytz)
() xty +z³
2015-16 NTSE QUESTIONS
27. If m and n are the roots of x-px + q = 0 then 30. The graph of the
polynomial P(x)=+ax* t|
the value of p'-3pg is [Karnataka] +cx'+ dx +e has five distinct x -interce
m² +n?
(a) (b) m²-n' one of which is at (0, 0). Which of the follow
(c) m+n'+ mn
(d) m -ntmn coefficients cannot be zero? [Telanga
(a) b (b) d
28. If
a,ß and y are the three zeros of the polynomial a
(c) (d) c
p(x)=r-64x- 14, what is the value of
31. The quotient obtained on dividing (8x*-2x+
a'+ß+? [Haryana] -7) by (2r+ 1) is (4+px-qx +3). 1
(a) 36 (b) 40 value of (g-p) is [Karnata
(c) 42 () 64 (a) 0 (b) -2
(c) 2 (d) 4
29. Let a#B,a'+3 = 5a and B' = 5ß-3. The
quadratic equation whose roots are B and
32. If. x+ 2x +5
is a factor of x*+ Px
+0, then
value of P+Q is.... [Andhra Prade
will be [Delhi]
(a) 18 (b) 25
(a) 3x*- 19x+3 =0 (b) 3x+19x+3=0 (c) 31 () 28
(c) 3r'- 19x-3 =9 () 3x?-3x+ =0
1
<br>

Polynomials 2.25
2014-15 NTSE QUESTIONS

obtained on dividing (*+ 10+ 36. If are

a and the zeroes
B of the polynomial ()
quotient
If the that a-B= 1, then value of
33.
50r+ 29) by (xt4) is
-
ax'+ bx +
6, =x-5x+k such [Delhi
35x+ k is:
the value of
is [Karnataka]
then -b (a) 8

(6) 17 (b) 6
(a)
53
(d) 25 (c)
(c)
graph of y =p(x)is (d) 4
34. The Y

below. The P(*) and O(x) are polynomials of

given 37. Given that
coefficients, which one of the
number of zeros of degree 3 with real
polynomial p(x), is following is not true? [Tamil Nadu]
x
[Rajasthan] X (a) deg[P(x) Q(r)]=6
(b) 2 (b) deg[P(r) + Qx)]=3
(a) 3
(c) 1 (d) 0 (c) deg[P(x)-0«)]s3
(() deg|[P)F[O)]=15
px+3 =0, if one of the
35. The roots of the equation x+px t q=0 are 1
38. For the equation 3xt
root is the square of the other then p =
and 2. The roots of the equation qx- px+ I=0 [Jharkhand]
[Chandigarh]
must be:
(a) - (b) -1
(b)
--1 (c) -6 (c)
1

(c)
-! () -1,5
<br>

2.26 Mathenatics
Answer Key
Intext Exercise-1
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. () 4. (a) 5. (d)
Intext Exercise 2
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (a)
Intext Exercise-3
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (d)
Exercise - 1

2. - -
1. P(k) 3.
a 4. (-0) 5. 3

6. False 7. False 8. True 9. True 10. True

21. (b) 22. (b) 23. (d) 24. (a) 25. (b)
Exercise - 2
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. () 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10. (6)
11. (6) 12. (d) 13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (b) 16. (b) 17. (b) 18. (a) 19. (b) 20. (c)
21. (a) 22. (b) 23. (c) 24. (b) 25. (b) 26. (c) 27. (a) 28. (b) 29. (d) 30. ()
31. (a) 32. (a) 33. (a) 34. (c) 35. (d) 36. (c) 37. (c) 38. (c) 39. (a) 40. (b)
Exercise -3
1. (6) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. () 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. () 8. (a) 9. (a) 10. (6)
11. (c) 12. (c) 13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (b) 16. (a) 17. (c, d)
18. (C, d) 19. (a, b, d) 20. (b, c) 21. (b, c) 22. (b, c, )
23. (d) 24. (c) 25. ()
26. (1) 27. (10) 28. (375) 29. (4) 30. (2)
Exercise -4
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. () 6. (d) 7. (b) 8. () 9. (c) 10. (b)
11. (c) 12. (d) 13. (b) 14. (6) 15. (c) 16. (b) 17. (o) 18. (b) 19. (6) 20. (a)
21. (a) 22. (b) 23. (c) 24. (b) 25. (a) 26. (a) 27. (a) 28. (c) 29. (a) 30. (b)
31. (c) 32. (c) 33. (c) 34. (a) 35. (b) 36. (b) 37. (b) 38. (c)