CEMENTING
Important Functions of Primary Cementing
Bond and support the casing
Restrict fluid movement between formations
Prevent blowout by setting rapidly
Protect casing from corrosion
Protect casing from shock loads
Seal of lost circulation zones
PNGE 310 1
Problems with Cementing
Premature setting
Failure to bump plug
Mixing can not be completed
Gas leakage in the annulus
Channeling
PNGE 310 2
Primary Cementing
Conductor casing
Surface casing
Intermediate casing
Production casing
PNGE 310 3
Primary Cementing – Liner Cementing
Liner cementing is a difficult operation
Procedure:
1. Running the liner on drill pipe
2. Pumping cement slurry through the drill pipe and the liner
3. Displacing the cement behind the liner to just above the liner hanger
Equipment:
1. Float shoe and float collar
2. Landing collar
3. Liner and liner hanger
4. Liner setting sleeve and setting tool
5. Swivel assembly and liner wiper plug
6. Pump down plug
PNGE 310 4
Secondary Cementing
Squeeze cementing
Re-cementing
Plug-back cementing
Abandonment
Whipstocking
Shutting off water
PNGE 310 5
Factors to be considered in the design of
cement jobs
Well depth
Temperature
Pressure
Slurry viscosity
Thickening time
Strength of cement to support pipe
Water used in the mixture
Permeability of cement
Filtration control
Drilling fluids and additives used
Heat of reaction
Resistance of formation brines
PNGE 310 6
Manufacturing of Cements
Raw materials
Limestone (or other materials with high calcium carbonate content)
Clay (or shale)
Iron and Aluminum oxides
Processing
Dry process
Wet process
Composition
Tricalcium Aluminate (C3A) - 3Ca0.Al2O3
Tetracalcium Aluminoferrite (C4AF) - 4Ca0.Al2O3Fe2O3
Tricalcium Silicate (C3S) - 3CaO.SiO2
Dicalcium Silicate (C2S) - 2CaO.SiO2
PNGE 310 7
Basic Cement Types
ASTM API Class C3S C2S C3A C4AF
% % % %
I A 53 24 8 8
II B 47 32 3 12
III C 58 16 8 8
IV D 26 54 2 12
V G, H 52 32 8 12
PNGE 310 8
API Classification of Cements
Class API Class Depth, ft Temperature, oF
A Portland cement < 6,000 < 170
B Portland cement < 6,000 < 170
C High Early cement < 6,000 < 170
D Retarded cement 6,000 – 10,000 < 230
E Retarded cement 6,000 – 14,000 < 290
F Retarded cement 10,000 – 16,000 < 320
G Basic cement < 8,000 < 200
H Basic cement < 8,000 < 200
J 12,000 – 16,000 < 320
PNGE 310 9
Specialty Cements
Pozzolanic cements
Pozzolan-Lime cements
Resin or plastic cements
Gypsum cement
Diesel oil cements
Expanding cements
Calcium Aluminate cements
Latex cements
Permafrost cements
PNGE 310 10
Additives
Density Control Additives
Light Weight Additives
Heavy Weight Additives
Setting Time Control Additives
Retarders
Accelerators
Lost Circulation Control Additives
Filtration Control Additives
Viscosity Control Additives
Special Additives
PNGE 310 11
Additives (Cont.)
Light Weight: Sp. Gr. Composition
1. Bentonite 2.6 1 – 16 wt. %
2. Attapulgite 2.89 0.5 – 4 wt. %
3. Diatomaceous Earth 2.1 10, 20, 30, 40 wt. %
4. Pozzolan (Fly Ash) 2.5 74 lbs/sk
5. Gilsonite 1.07 1 – 50 bbls/sk
6. Expanded perlite 2.2 5 – 20 lbs/sk
7. Nitrogen
8. High-strength microspheres 0.603 0 – 145 lbs/sk
PNGE 310 12
Additives (Cont.)
Heavy Weight: Sp. Gr. Composition
1. Barites 4.25 10 – 108 wt. % of cement
2. Ilmenite 4.6 5 – 100 wt. % of cement
3. Hematite 5.02 4 - 104 wt. % of cement
4. Sand 2.63 5 – 25 wt. % of cement
5. Salt 2.17 5 – 16 wt. % of cement
PNGE 310 13
Additives (Cont.)
Retarders:
1. Calcium-sodium Lignosulfonate 0.1 – 1 wt. %
2. Calcium Lignosulfonate 0.1 – 2.5 wt. %
3. CMHEC (Carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose)
4. Saturated salt 14 – 16 lbs/sk
PNGE 310 14
Additives (Cont.)
Accelerators:
1. Calcium Chloride (CaCl2) – Flake, powder, anhydrous 2 – 4 wt. %
2. Sodium Chloride (NaCl2) 3 – 10 wt. %
3. Gypsum 20 - 100 wt. %
4. Sodium silicate (Na2SiO2) 1 – 7.5 wt. %
5. Dispersants and reduced water 0.5 – 1 wt. %
6. Sea water
PNGE 310 15
Additives (Cont.)
Lost Circulation:
1. Gilsonite
2. Perlite
3. Walnut shells
4. Coal
5. Cellophane
6. Nylon
PNGE 310 16
Additives (Cont.)
Filtration Control:
1. Organic polymer (Carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose)
2. Latex additives
3. Bentonite
PNGE 310 17
Additives (Cont.)
Specialty:
1. Salt
2. Silica flour
3. Radioactive tracers
4. Dyes
5. Hydrazine
6. Fibers
7. Gypsum
PNGE 310 18
Properties of Cement Additives
Materials Bulk density, lb/ft3 Specific Gravity
API cement 94 3.14
Attapulgite 40 3.89
Barite 135 4.25
CaCl2 56.4 1.96
Gilsonite 50 1.07
Bentonite 60 2.65
Sand 100 2.63
NaCl 71 2.17
Water 62.4 1.00
Diatomaceous earth 2.10
Pozzolan 2.50
Ilmenite 4.60
Hematite 5.02
PNGE 310 19
API Recommended Normal Water Content
API Class Cement Water Percent by Water, gal/sk
Weight of Cement
A&B 46 5.19
C 56 6.32
D, E, F and H 38 4.29
G 44 4.97
PNGE 310 20
Water Requirement
Materials Gallons per lbs sack Slurry Weigth, Slurry Volume,
of cement ppg ft3/sk
API Class A & B 5.2/94 15.8 1.18
API Class C 6.3/94 14.8 1.32
API Class D & E 4.3/94 16.4 1.06
API Class G 5.0/94 15.8 1.15
API Class H 4.3/94 16.4 1.06
Barite 2.64/100
Bentonite 0.65/1%
CaCl2 None
Gilsonite 2.0/50
Sand None
NaCl (Salt) None
PNGE 310 21
Cement Calculations
Use equations given for mud density calculations
𝑊𝑊1 (𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐) + 𝑊𝑊2 (𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤) + 𝑊𝑊3 (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎)
𝜌𝜌𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 =
𝑉𝑉11 (𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐) + 𝑉𝑉21 (𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤) + 𝑉𝑉31 (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎)
Water needed is based on API recommendations
4.3 - 6.3 gallons per sack of cement
“Yield” is the volume of slurry obtained by mixing one sack of cement with
the required water and any additives
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔) + 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊(𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔) + 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴(𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔)
𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌 𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡 3 =
𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔
7.48 �𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡 3
PNGE 310 22
Cement Calculations
Thickening time (Tt) is given as:
𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡 = 𝑇𝑇𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 + 𝑇𝑇𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷
Where
𝑉𝑉𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷
𝑇𝑇𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 =
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
𝑉𝑉𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 (𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝)
𝑇𝑇𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 =
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
PNGE 310 23
Cement Calculations
The Bottom Hole Treatment Pressure (BHTP) is based on wellhead treatment
pressure (Pwellhead), mud in the hole and the pressure based on fluids used for
displacement:
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 𝑃𝑃𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 + 𝑃𝑃𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 + 𝑃𝑃𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 + 𝑃𝑃𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
Primary cement calculations are :
1. Amount of cement, water and additives needed (An excess factor is used)
2. Thickening time
3. Displacement volume (to displace top plug)
4. Forces due to pressure
PNGE 310 24
Example Problem
Calculate the Class G cement in sacks necessary to fill 300 ft
into upper casing for the following well configuration.
Also, calculate the total water requirement. Use 1.5 as
the excess factor.
Surface Casing: 13⅜” (ID = 12.615-in.)
Intermediate Casing: 9 ⅝ “ (ID = 8.921-in.)
Hole Size: 12¼”
Float Collar: 42 ft above shoe
PNGE 310 25
Example Problem
0 ft
B
1,700 ft
C 4,908 ft
4,950 ft
12.25”
PNGE 310 26
Example Problem
Annular volume (A) between hole and 9⅝-in. CSG:
𝜋𝜋
𝑉𝑉1 = 12.252 − 9.6252 4950 − 1700 = 1017.86𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡 3
4 ∗ 144
Annular volume (B) between 9⅝-in. CSG and 13⅜-in. CSG:
𝜋𝜋
𝑉𝑉2 = 12.6252 − 9.6252 300 = 108.81𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡 3
4 ∗ 144
PNGE 310 27
Example Problem
Volume (C) inside 9⅝-in. CSG below float collar:
𝜋𝜋
𝑉𝑉3 = 8.9212 42 = 18.23𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡 3
4 ∗ 144
Total volume of cement slurry needed with excess factor of 1.5 is:
𝑉𝑉𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 = 𝑉𝑉1 + 1.5 ∗ 𝑉𝑉2 + 𝑉𝑉3 = (1.5) ∗ (1017.86) + 108.81 + 18.23
𝑉𝑉𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 = 1653.8𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡 3 = 12370.6 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔
PNGE 310 28
Example Problem
Based on one sack, the slurry density of Class G cement is:
𝑊𝑊1 (𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐) + 𝑊𝑊2 (𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤)
𝜌𝜌𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 =
𝑉𝑉11 (𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐) + 𝑉𝑉21 (𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤)
94𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙/𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 + (5.0𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔/𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠) ∗ (8.33𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝)
𝜌𝜌𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 =
(94𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙/𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠) ∗ (3.14 ∗ 8.33𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝) + 5.0𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔/𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝜌𝜌𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 15.78𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
PNGE 310 29
Example Problem
Total Cement Slurry:
𝑀𝑀𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 12370.6𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 ∗ 15.78𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 195208.5𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
Wt. % of cement in the slurry:
94
𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊. % = ∗ 100 = 69.3%
94 + 5.0 ∗ 8.33
𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 195208.5𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 ∗ 0.693 = 135279.5𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
PNGE 310 30
Example Problem
Based on 94 lbs/sk, 135,280 lbs is approximately 1440 sacks
Water requirement:
𝑉𝑉𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 = 1440𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ∗ 5.0𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔/𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 7200𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔
PNGE 310 31
Example Problem
Determine the cementing time if the cementing truck
has a mixing capacity of 20 cu. ft./min and rig pump
(Pump factor = 0.975 cu. ft. /stroke) can operate at 50
spm.
PNGE 310 32
Example Problem
Each sack is 1 cu. ft., then 1440 sacks is 1440 cu. ft.
1440𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑡𝑡𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =
20𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠/minmin
Time to displace the top plug is given as:
𝜋𝜋
𝑉𝑉𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼_𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 8.9212 4950 − 42
𝑡𝑡𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = = 4 ∗ 144 = 43.7min
𝑄𝑄𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 (50) ∗ (0.975)
𝑡𝑡𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 = 𝑡𝑡𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑡𝑡𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 72 + 44 = 116min
PNGE 310 33
Well Plugging – Balanced Plug
Equal heights inside DP and annular section
𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 𝐻𝐻 𝐶𝐶𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝐶𝐶𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
Preflush
H
PNGE 310 34
Cement Plug Example Problem
Balance 100 sacks of Class G cement using 10 bbls of
water as the preflush.
Hole size: 8.5-in.
Tubing: 3.5-in. (ID=3.068-in.)
Depth: 6,000 ft
Pump Factor: 0.1 bbl/str.
PNGE 310 35
Cement Plug Example Problem
Calculate:
1. Total slurry volume
2. Height of balanced plug
3. Volume of water needed as a spacer behind
4. Volume of mud to displace plug
5. Number of strokes to displace cement below DP shoe
6. Volume of cement and number of sacks if the plug is 500 ft.
PNGE 310 36
Cement Plug Example Problem
Solution:
𝜋𝜋 𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡 2 𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡 3
𝐶𝐶𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = 3.068 2 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖.2 (1𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓) = 0.05134
4 144𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖.2 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝜋𝜋 2 2
𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡 2 𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡 3
𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 8.5 − 3.5 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖.2 (1𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓) = 0.3272
4 144𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖.2 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡 3
𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝐺𝐺 = 1.15
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
PNGE 310 37
Cement Plug Example Problem
Solution:
1. Total slurry volume
𝑉𝑉𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = # 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ∗ 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌 = (100) ∗ (1.15) = 115𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡 3
2. Height of balanced plug
𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 115 𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡 3
𝐻𝐻 = = 𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡3
= 304 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓`
𝐶𝐶𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 +𝐶𝐶𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 0.05134+0.3272 �𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
PNGE 310 38
Cement Plug Example Problem
Solution:
3. Volume of water needed as a spacer behind
𝐶𝐶𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 0.05134
𝑉𝑉𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = ∗ 𝑉𝑉Pr 𝑒𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = ∗ 10 = 1.6 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
𝐶𝐶𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 0.3272
4. Volume of mud to displace
1. Height of water inside TBG:
𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡 3�
1.6 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 ∗ 5.615 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
ℎ𝑤𝑤 = = 175 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡 3
0.05134 �𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
PNGE 310 39
Cement Plug Example Problem
Solution:
4. Volume of mud to displace
2. Height of cement and water inside TBG:
ℎ𝑤𝑤 + ℎ𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 304 + 175 = 479 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
3. Height of mud to fill-up TBG:
ℎ𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 6000 − 479 = 5521 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
4. Displacement volume:
𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡 3� 3
ℎ𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 5521 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 ∗ 0.05134 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 283.4 𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡 = 50 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
PNGE 310 40
Cement Plug Example Problem
Solution:
5. Number of strokes to displace cement below DP shoe
50
𝑁𝑁𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 = = 500 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
0.1
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
6. Volume of cement and number of sacks if the plug is 500 ft.
𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 ∗ 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
PNGE 310 41
Cement Plug Example Problem
Solution:
6. Volume of cement and number of sacks if the plug is 500 ft.
𝜋𝜋 𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡 2
𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 500 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 ∗ 8.5 2 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖.2 = 197 𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡 3
4 144𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖.2
197 𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡 3
# 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = = 171 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡 3
1.15
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
PNGE 310 42