TAXONOMY
CLASS INSECTA
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Learning Objective
At the of the class, you should be able to:
1) Differentiate Apterygota and Pterygota
Insects.
2) Classify insect order based on morphological
characteristics
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CLASS INSECTA
Apterygota Pterygota
- Wingless - Most have wings
- Thorax divided into
- Simples thoracic
certain feature
Structure
- Stylike at genital
abdomen
Exopterygota Endopterygota
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1) APTERYGOTA
Wings : No
Body : Minutes, small
Metamorphosis : Simple
Immature stage : Similar to adult stage, different
only in size
Order : Protura, Thysanura, Collembola
Common Name : Protura
Body : White or ivory in colour
Habitats : Moist habitats such as deciduous
forests (serasah daun)
Antennae : Absent
Compound eyes : Absent
Head : Conical, all mouthparts enclosed
within the head capsule
Front legs : Directed forward
Abdomen : 9-12 complete segments, cerci
absent
Berless funnel
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• Common Name : Spring tails
• Habitats : Variety of habitats and are scavenger
• Compound eyes : Absent or reduced to a cluster of not
more than 8 ommatidia
• Antennae : 4 to 6 segmented
• Abdomen : Segmented of 6
Springtail used furcula to jump and avoided
from predator
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Common name : Silverfish
Habitat : Nocturnal and usually hide under
rocks and leaves during the day, and
can also live in attics and basements.
: Pests in houses & building,
: Feed on starchy substances
Characteristics : Flat body, three cerci
Eyes : Simple or absent.
Metamorphosis : Ametabolous
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2) PTERYGOTA
EXOPTERYGOTA ENDOPTERYGOTA
- Ephemeroptera - Neuroptera
- Mecoptera
- Odonata
- Trichoptera
- Plecoptera
- Coleoptera
- Orthoptera
- Lepidoptera
- Isoptera
- Diptera
- Dermaptera
- Hymenoptera
- Malophaga
- Hemiptera
- Homoptera
1) Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, katydids)
Greek "ortho" = straight, "ptera" = wing
Spot ID
✓ Jumping legs
✓ parallel-sided
structure of front
wings
1) Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, katydids)
Greek "ortho" = straight, "ptera" = wing
Spot ID
➢ Jumping hind legs
➢ Some with ovipositor at
hind end
Family Acrididae
Family Gryllidae
Grasshopper
Family Tettigonidae
Cricket
Katydids
Female Katydid used her ovipositor to
lay the eggs
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2) Coleoptera (beetles)
Greek “koleos”= sheath, “ptero”= wing
Spot ID
Chewing
mouthparts
Forewings (elytra)
form hard shell
covering hindwings
2) Coleoptera (beetles)
Greek “koleos”= sheath, “ptero”= wing
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Ladybirds can eat as many as 5,000
aphids in its lifetime, which makes them a
gardener’s best friend.
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Hercules beetles can lift 850 times
their own weight. That’s equivalent
to a human lifting 10 elephants.
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3) Lepidoptera (butterflies, moths)
Greek “lepido”= scale, “ptero”= wing
Common Name : Butterflies, Moths
Habitat : Found world wide
Butterfly characters : Larva are called caterpillars, larvae
are herbivores, adults have large
wings
Wing : Overlapping scales, very beautiful,
Moth characters : Furry bodies
Antennae : Look like feathers
Mouthparts : Have a proboscis
Metamorphosis : Complete
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3) Lepidoptera (butterflies, moths)
Greek “lepido”= scale, “ptero”= wing
Spot ID
➢ Coiling-sucking mouthparts
➢ Four wings covered with scales
Kupu-kupu
(Butterflies)
Rama-rama
(Moth)
Snake-mimic caterpillar, Hemeroplanes triptolemus, Sphingidae
from the Amazon rainforest near Puyo, Ecuador. 26
Some caterpillars have striking colors that
serve a practical purpose, such as warning
predators that they taste bad
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Malaysia’s national butterfly, the Rajah Brooke’s Birdwing,
Trogonoptera brookiana
Rajah Brooke's birdwing is a protected species and
listed as an endangered species 28
4) Diptera (flies)
Latin “di”= two, “ptero”= wing
Spot ID
Two wings
Hind wings
reduced to halteres
Sponging-sucking
mouthparts
Except mosquitoes
and some others
that pierce skin
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4) Diptera (flies)
Latin “di”= two, “ptero”= wing
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Parasitic flies
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5) Hymenoptera (bees, wasps, ants)
Greek “hymen”=membrane, “ptero”=wing
Hymen, the Greek god of marriage because the
forewing & hindwings are joined together with
small hooks
Hooks not shown
5) Hymenoptera (bees, wasps, ants)
Greek “hymen”=membrane, “ptero”=wing
Spot ID
✓ Chewing mouthparts
✓ Four membranous wings
✓ Waist often constricted
✓ Females with ovipositor or
stinger at end of abdomen
5) Hymenoptera (bees, wasps, ants)
Greek “hymen”=membrane, “ptero”=wing
Ants Bees Wasps
Apidae Vespidae
Formicidae
it’s thought they make about 10 million nectar-collecting
trips to produce enough honey to fill a 450g jar.
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Death spiral (ant mill)
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Good of leadership
Pest for forestry
Parthenogenetic insects
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6)Hemiptera (true bugs, also sometimes called
Heteroptera)
Greek “hemisys” = half, “ptero” = wing
Spot ID
A beak: piercing-sucking mouthparts
Forewings covering hindwings
Wing half membrane, half thickened
Which of these are BUGS?
A male giant water bug cares for
his eggs.
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7) Homoptera (hoppers, aphids, scales, cicadas)
Greek “homo” = uniform, “ptero” = wing
Spot ID
A beak: piercing-sucking mouthparts
Forewings covering hindwings
Wings all membranous
Some entomologists now combine Order
Homoptera with Order Hemiptera because
the DNA has been found to be similar. In
this case, Homoptera would be considered
a suborder.
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adults = from two to six weeks
Each species of cicada has a
different song.
Some cicada calls can be heard up
to 1 mile (1.5 kilometer) away,
according to National Geographic.
Most 17 years species have red eyes
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8) Dermaptera (earwigs)
Greek “derma” = skin, “ptero” = wing
Spot ID
✓ Long skin-like hindwings folded
under very short forewings
✓ Pinchers off end of abdomen
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9) Odonata (dragonflies, damselflies)
Greek “odon” = tooth (referring to teeth on their mandibles)
Spot ID
✓ Long slender wings
✓ Long thin body
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9) Odonata (dragonflies, damselflies)
Greek “odon” = tooth (referring to teeth on their mandibles)
dragonflies
damselflies
• A single dragonfly can eat 30 to hundreds of
mosquitoes per day.
• If they can’t fly, they’ll starve because they only eat
prey they catch while flying.
• In one Harvard University study, the dragonflies
caught 90 to 95 percent of the prey released into their
enclosure.
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10) Isoptera (termites)
Greek "iso" = equal, "ptera" = wings
Spot ID Sometimes now
✓ Pale, elongate body classified with Blattodea
✓ 2 pairs of membranous
because their DNA
wings of equal length suggests that they are
only present in specialized roaches
reproductives and shed
after mating
✓ Mandibulate (chewing)
mouthparts
✓ Antennae about the
same length as the head
10) Isoptera (termites)
Greek "iso" = equal, "ptera" = wings
Queen
Allates
11) Blattodea (roaches)
Latin “blatta” = cockroach, Also called Blattaria
Spot ID
➢ Flat
➢ Spiny legs
➢ Long antennae
11) Blattodea (roaches)
Latin “blatta” = cockroach, Also called Blattaria
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• A cockroach can live for a week without its head. The roach
only dies because without a mouth, it can't drink water and dies
of thirst.
• A cockroach can hold its breath for 40 minutes, and can even
survive being submerged under water for half an hour.
• Cockroaches can run up to three miles in an hour, which means
they can spread germs and bacteria throughout a home very
quickly.
• A one-day-old baby cockroach, which is about the size of a
speck of dust, can run almost as fast as its parents.
• Cockroaches are believed to have originated more than 280
million years ago, in the Carboniferous era.
• There are more than 4,000 species of cockroaches worldwide,
including the most common species,
• Because they are cold-blooded insects, cockroaches can live
without food for one month, but will only survive one week
without water. 56
12) Neuroptera (ant lions, lacewings, mantidflies)
Greek "neuron" = nerve and "ptera" = wings
Spot ID
✓ four membranous
net-veined wings
✓ forewings and
hindwings about
the same size
12) Neuroptera (ant lions, lacewings, mantidflies)
Greek "neuron" = nerve and "ptera" = wings
Spot ID
✓ Larvae have
elongated mandibles
adapted for piercing
and sucking
✓ Oliver the Owlfly
larva is an example
✓ Antlion larvae
(doodlebugs)
12) Neuroptera (ant lions, lacewings, mantidflies)
Greek "neuron" = nerve and "ptera" = wings
ant lions
lacewings mantidflies
Antlion capturing prey
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13) Mantodea (praying mantises)
Greek “mantis” = prophet
Spot ID
✓ two grasping,
spiked forelegs
often held in
“praying”
position
✓ Triangular,
swiveling(berputar)
head with large
compound eyes
13) Mantodea (praying mantises)
Greek “mantis” = prophet
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14) Phasmatodea (walking stick insects)
Also Phasmida, Greek “phasm” = phantom
Spot ID
➢ cylindrical stick-
like body or
flattened, leaflike
shape
➢ long, slender
antennae
➢ sometimes have
wings
14) Phasmatodea (walking stick insects)
Also Phasmida, Greek “phasm” = phantom
14) Phasmatodea (walking stick insects)
Also Phasmida, Greek “phasm” = phantom
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16) Ephemerida (mayflies)
Also Ephemeroptera, Greek "ephemera" =short-lived
Called Mayflies
Juveniles are aquatic;
called naiads
Adults found near water
& don’t feed
Adults reproduce & die in
24 hours
Soft bodies with 2 or 3 ADULT
long Ceri (tail fibers)
NAIAD
17) Plecoptera (stoneflies)
Greek "pleco" = braided, "ptera" = wing
Stoneflies
Aquatic nymphs
Aerial adults are
short lived
Make drumming
sound to find
mates
18) Mecoptera (scorpionflies)
Greek “meco-” = long, “ptera” = wings
Spot ID
✓ abdomen is cylindrical,
and typically curves
upwards in the male,
superficially resembling
the tail of a scorpion
✓ wings are narrow in
shape, with numerous
cross-veins
19) Thysanoptera (thrips)
Greek "thysano-" = fringed, “ptera" = wing
Very small insects
with a range of 1/32
to 1/8 inch in length
Feed on plants,
considered crop pest
20) Siphonaptera (fleas)
Greek "siphon“ = tube or pipe, "aptera" = wingless
Spot ID
✓ Wingless (adaptation to
ectoparasitism)
✓ 1-10mm long
✓ Mouthparts are sucking and
piercing
✓ Hind legs are enlarged for
jumping
✓ Laterally flattened
Some Common Insects
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