5-dars: O’tilgan mavzulardan turli masalalar tahlili va Ratsional daraja

1. x 4 + a x 2 +b ko’phadning bo’luvchisi x 2+ 2 x +5 ga teng bo’lsa, a va b ni toping?

Yechish:dastlab bu ko’phadni quyidagidek yozib olamiz, so’ngra chap va o’ng
tomondagi koeffisentlarni tenglashtirib yechamiz.
x 4 + a x 2 +b=( x 2+ 2 x +5 ) ( x 2 +cx +d ) ⟹
4 2 4 3 2
⟹ x +a x +b=x + ( 2+c ) x + ( 2 c +d +5 ) x + (5 c +2 d ) x+5 d ⟹
⟹ 2+c=0 ; 2 c +d +5=a ; 5 c+ 2d =0 ; 5 d=b . ⟹
⟹ c=−2 ; d=5 ; a=6 ; b=25.
Demak a=6 va b=25.
2. Agar quyidagilar berilgan bo’lsa, A+ B+C=?
1 1 1 1
A= + + +
2 3 5 9
1 1 1 1 1 1
B= + + + + +
2∙ 3 2∙ 5 2 ∙ 9 3 ∙5 3∙ 9 5∙ 9
1 1 1 1
C= + + +
2∙ 3 ∙5 2∙ 3 ∙ 9 2 ∙5 ∙ 9 3 ∙5 ∙ 9
Yechish: biz bu misolni yechishda quyudagi belgilashni kiritib olamiz.
1 1 1 1
=x ; = y ; =z ; =t ;
2 3 5 9
1 1 1 1
A= + + + =x+ y + z +t ;
2 3 5 9
1 1 1 1 1 1
B= + + + + + =xy + yz+ zx + tx+ty+tz ;
2∙ 3 2∙ 5 2 ∙ 9 3 ∙5 3∙ 9 5∙ 9
1 1 1 1
C= + + + =xyz +txy +tyz+tzx ;
2∙ 3 ∙5 2∙ 3 ∙ 9 2 ∙5 ∙ 9 3 ∙5 ∙ 9
Quyidagi kopaytmalarni yoyilmasidan foydalanamiz:
( 1+ x ) (1+ y )=1+ x+ y+ xy ;
( 1+ x ) (1+ y )( 1+ z )=1+ x + y + z + xy + yz + zx ;
( 1+ x ) (1+ y )( 1+ z ) (1+t )=¿
¿ 1+ x + y + z+ xy+ yz+ zx+ tx+ty+tz + xyz +txy+tyz+ tzx ;
Demak

( )( )( )( )
1+
1
2
1+
1
3
1+
1
5
1
1+ =1+ A+ B+C + ∙ ∙ ∙ ⟹
9
1 1 1 1
2 3 5 9
3 4 6 10 1 449 179
⟹ A + B+C= ∙ ∙ ∙ −1− = =1 .
2 3 5 9 270 270 270
179
Demak javob: 1 .
270
3. x 4 −nx+ 63 ushbu ko’phad butun koeffisentli ko'paytuvchilarga ajraladi, n ning eng
kichik natural qiymatini toping?
Yechish: x 4 −nx+ 63 ko'phad x 2+ ax +b va x 2+ cx +d ko'phadlarga ajralsin deb olsak,
( x 2 +ax +b ) ( x 2 +cx +d ) =x 4 + ( a+ c ) x 3 + ( b+ d+ ac ) x 2 + ( ad +bc ) x+ bd shunga
ko'ra,
2
a+ c=0 ⟹ a=−c ,b +d +ac=0 ⟹ b+ d=a , ad +bc=−n va bd=63
2
b+ d=a va bd=63 ⟹ ( b ; d )=( 1 ; 63 ) yoki ( 7 ; 9 )
Bundan n=± 8∙ 62 va ± 4 ∙2 ;
Agar ko’phadni bitta chiziqli va kubik ko’phadlarga ajraladi deb yechsak n min=48 ;
Demak eng kichik natural n=8 ga ega bo’lamiz.

a
4. a va b sonlari 1000 ning o'zoro tub bo'luvchilari, barcha ko'rinishidagi kasrlar
b
yig’indisini toping?
Yechish:1000=23 ∙ 53 ekanligidan bo’luvchilar ko’rinishi 2m 5n ko’rinishda bo’ladi.
a
Bundan ning ko’rinishi 2 x 5 y ko’rinishda, bu yerda x va y butun sonlar −3 ≤ x ; y ≤3
b
a
kesmada joylashadi. kasrlarning ixtiyoriy ko’rinishi quyidagi ko’paytma yoyilmasida
b
a
topiladi, demak bu ko’paytma barcha ko’rinishidagi kasrlar yig’indisini bera oladi:
b
( 2−3+2−2+ 2−1+ 20 +21+ 22+ 23) ( 5−3 +5−2 +5−1 +5 0+5 1+5 1+5 2+5 3)
Bu hisoblashni bajarsak:2480,437 natijaga ega bo’lamiz.
Demak javob: 2480,437 .
Ratsional daraja
Ratsional darajaga tegishli asosiy qoidalarni aytib o’tsak:
√
√ √
√
n
a a n a na
√ a ∙ √b=√ ab ; = ; √ a= √a ; √a ∙ √ b= √ ab ; n = ;
nk k n n n

√b b √b b
( √ a ) =√ an ; ( √n a ) =√ am ; √ m√ a= nm√ a ;
n m n n

Bulardan tashqari mahrajni irratsionalikdan qutqarish formulasini ham ko’p ishlatamiz:

= √
a b−c √ d
= √2
1 1 a b∨+ c √ d
va ;
a √ b+c √ d a 2 b−c 2 d a √ b−c √ d a b−c 2 d
Mavzuni aniqroq ochib berish uchun, mavzuga tegishli turli misollar yechamiz:

1-misol: Agar x=
√ 7+ √ 3 va y= √ 7+ √ 3 bo’lsa, x 4 + y 4+ ( x+ y )4 ni toping?
√7−√ 3 √ 7− √3
Yechish:

2 2

x=
√ 7+ √ 3 = ( √ 7+ √ 3 ) = 5+ √21 ; y= √7−√ 3 = ( √7−√ 3 ) = 5−√ 21 ;
√7−√ 3 4 2 √7 + √ 3 4 2
Bundan bilish mumkinki: x + y=5 va xy =1.
2 2
x + y + ( x+ y ) =( x + y ) −2 x y +5 =¿
4 4 4 2 2 2 4

¿ [ ( x + y ) −2 xy ] −2 ( xy ) + 625=23 −2+625=527 +625=1152.

2 2 2 2

2-misol: Yig’indini hisoblang:

1 1 1
+ +…+
2 √ 1+ √ 2 3 √ 2+ 2 √ 3 100 √ 99+99 √ 100
k
Yechish:ixtiyoriy natural uchun quyidagi tenglikni topib olamiz.
=√
1 1 k +1− √ k 1 1
= = − ;
( k +1 ) √ k +k √ k +1 √ k ( k +1 ) ( √ k +1+ √ k ) √ k ( k +1 ) √ k √ k +1
Bu tenglikdan qo’shiluvchilarni o’zgartirishda foydalanamiz:
1 1 1
+ +…+ =¿
2 √1+ √ 2 3 √ 2+ 2 √ 3 100 √ 99+99 √ 100
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
¿ − + − +…+ − =1− =0 , 9.
√1 √ 2 √ 2 √ 3 √ 99 √100 10

3-misol: ildizdan chiqaring:√ 7+2 ( 1+ √ 3 ) ( 1+ √ 5 )

Yechish:ildiz ichidagini ochib chiqib quyidagiga ega bo’lamiz.
7+2 ( 1+ √ 3 ) ( 1+ √ 5 )=9+ 2 √ 3+2 √ 5+2 √ 15
Bundan bilishimiz mumkunki:
√ 7+2 ( 1+√ 3 ) ( 1+ √5 )=√ a+ √b+ √ c
Bu ifodaning ikkala tomonini kvadratga oshirsak:
9+2 √ 3+2 √ 5+ 2 √ 15=a+b+ c+ 2 √ ab +2 √ bc +2 √ ac
Bu tenglik bajarilishi uchun:
a+ b+c=9 ; a b=3; bc=5; ac=15
Bu tengliklar a=3 ; b=1 va c=5 da bajariladi.
Demak √ 7+2 ( 1+ √ 3 ) ( 1+ √ 5 )=√ 5+ √ 3+1
4 3 2
x −6 x −2 x + 18 x +23
4-misol: Agar x=√ 19−8 √ 3bo’lsa 2 ni toping?
x −8 x +15
√ 2
Yechish: x=√ 19−8 √ 3= ( 4−√ 3 ) =4−√ 3 ⟹ √ 3=4−x ⟺ 3=( 4−x )2
2 2
⟹ 16−8 x + x =3 ⟹ x −8 x+ 13=0
Topishimiz kerak bo’lgan kasrning surat va maxrajini x 2−8 x +13 ifodaga bog’laymiz:
x 4 −6 x3 −2 x 2 +18 x+ 23=( x 2−8 x +13 ) ( x 2 +3 x+1 ) + 10=10 ;
2 2
x −8 x +15=x −8 x +13+2=2;
Demak kasrning qiymati 5 ga teng.
O’tilgan mavzudan turli masalalar:
1. Hisoblang:
√ 4 + √ 15+ √ 4−√ 15−2 √ 3−√ 5
2. Hisoblang:
√ 3+√ 3+√ 10+6 √ 3−√ 3
3

3. Hisoblang:
√ 3+√ 2 √7+1−√ 3−√ 2 √7 +1
4. Hisoblang:

5. Hisoblang:
√ √5+ √3+ √ 2 ∙ √5+ √3−√2 ∙ √ 5−√ 3+ √ 2 ∙ √3+ √ 2− √5
2 2 2 2

6. Soddalashtiring:
3
√ 3−
√ 3
2
√3−1
3
+ √3

√ a3 + √b 3 : ( a 2+ ab+b 2) √3 a−b
√3 ( a2−ab )2 ( a √ a−b √ b ) √ a2
3

7. Soddalashtiring:
 x−1
∙
√ x+ √ x 4
4
∙ √ x+1
√4 x 3 + √ x √ x +1
8. Soddalashtiring:

( )
−1 −1
a−1+ b−1 2
+ ∙ a 2 +b 2

( a +b )
2 3
1
2
1
2
( √ a+ √ b )
9. Quyidagi ifodani x >3 da soddalashtiring:
x2 −4 x +3+ ( x +1 ) √ x 2−9
x + 4 x+ 3+ ( x−1 ) √ x −9
2 2
:
√ x−3
x +3
10. Soddalashtiring:

11. Soddalashtiring:
√
3
a+
3 √
a+ 8 a−1
3
−
a−1
3 √
√ √
5 5
3 ( √ a−1− √ a ) 3 ( √ a−1+ √ a )
+
√ a−1+ √ a √ a−√ a−1
12. Soddalashtiring:
√ 1+ a +√ 1+a +a
2 2 4

√1−a+ a2+ √1+ a+a2

13. Soddalashtiring:
√ x+ 2+ 3 √2 x−5− √ x−2+ √2 x−5

14.
1
Agar √ x=√ a− bo'lsa, quyidagini toping:
√a

x+ 2+ √ x 2 +4 x
x+2−√ x2 + 4 x
15. Hisoblang:

√
4 4
4 3+2 √5 √ 5−1
4
∙4
3−2 √5 √ 5+1