Fo

rM
at
h
ht an
t d
ht ps:/ Ph
tp /w ys
s: w ic
//w w c
ww .yo s vi
.fa utu deo
ce be. le
bo co cc
ok m tur
.co /c/ es
m Ma ki
Universal Notes Series

/u th nd
ni an ly
ve d s
rs Ph ub
al y sc
no si ri

Written by :
te csC be
Universal

ss o o
er n ur
Math Notes

( Chapter 7 to 13 )ei ce c
s1 pt ha
23 s nn
For 10th Class

el

Knowledge is Power
[Link] Mechanical Engineering(BZU)
:
Geometry Definitions

[Link] Rizwan
 Universal Maths Notes Writer:[Link] Rizwan 03422969417

No rights are reserved under the copyright act.

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students, teachers and schools. These notes are
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:
el
nn
s1 pt ha
ei ce c
er n ur
23 s
ss o o
Author: [Link] Rizwan

te csC be
no si ri
al y sc
[Link]. Mechanical Engineering (BZU)

rs Ph ub
ve d s
ni an ly
/u th nd
Contact # 03422969417
m Ma ki
.co /c/ es
ok m tur
bo co cc

Dedicated to: My students

ce be. le
.fa utu deo
ww .yo s vi
//w w c
s: w ic
tp /w ys
ht ps:/ Ph

Price: ‫نجولوگںوکامونسٹےسافدئہےچنہپام ب‬
‫سیکداعںیئ‬
d
ht an
h
at
t
rM
Fo

For free online help, important questions, past papers and

guess papers kindly like our Facebook page:

Http://[Link]/universalnotesseries123

1
 ‫‪Universal Maths Notes‬‬ ‫‪Writer:[Link] Rizwan 03422969417‬‬

‫دنچبباںیت‬
‫’’‪….‬آجمہںیہنڑپںیھےگ‘‘‬
‫اطلملعریحامورپاشیم کایدورسےاکہنمےنکتےگل۔‬
‫اصحےنرکسماےتوہےئاہک۔اسرے ب‬
‫ب‬ ‫رپورسیف‬
‫’’‪….‬آپدودمامٹرٹوںاکالیھتااھٹےئکھتےئگوہںےگ۔اسےیلآجآپےکےیلاچےئاکیف ک‬
‫ریمیرفےس‘‘‬
‫ایسدورامرچکیلاہكںیماکجلاک ُ کپومدالخوہااسےکاہھتںیماکیفےکدو ببرےےسجبگےھت۔اسھتیہتہبےسپکےھت‪،‬وپرنیلسےکپک‪،‬الپکٹس‬
‫ک ت‬
‫اہنییتمیق‪،‬وخوصبرتاورسیفن‬ ‫‪….‬ےکپک‪،‬ےشیشےکپک‪،‬امںیمےسضعباسدہےسپکےھتاورضعب‬

‫‪:‬‬
‫‪el‬‬
‫‪nn‬‬
‫اطلوملعںےساہکہ‘‘ ب‬
‫ساینپدمدآپےکتحتوہرگامرگلاچےئاکیفآپوخدےلںیل۔‬ ‫’’رپورسیفےنامتل ب‬

‫‪s1 pt ha‬‬
‫‪ei ce c‬‬
‫اصحوگ کابوہےئ۔‬
‫ب‬ ‫ب ب‬
‫حامتل ب‬
‫اطلوملعںےناےنپاچےئاوراکیفےکپکاہوھتںںیمےلےیلوترپورسیف‬

‫‪er n ur‬‬
‫‪23 s‬‬
‫‪ss o o‬‬
‫‪te csC be‬‬
‫آپولگوغررکںی…‪ .‬امتلسیفن‪،‬یتمیقاوردےنھکیںیمنیسحاکیفپکااھٹےیلےئگںیہ‪،‬ہکبجاسدہاورےتسسوپکںوکیسکےناہھتںیہناگل کبا‪،‬وہویںیہ ‘‘‬

‫‪no si ri‬‬
‫‪al y sc‬‬
‫’’رےھکوہےئںیہ۔‬

‫‪rs Ph ub‬‬
‫‪ve d s‬‬
‫‪ni an ly‬‬ ‫اساکایکبلطمرس’’۔ کای ب‬
‫اطلملعےنوپاھچ‘‘‬
‫‪/u th nd‬‬
‫‪m Ma ki‬‬

‫سےسرتہبنیاکااختنبرکےتںیہنکیلیہیوسچآپےکیئکاسملئاورذینہدبباؤیکڑجیھبےہ۔‘‘‬‫’’وگہیاعلیسبباتےہہآپاےنپےیل ب‬
‫‪.co /c/ es‬‬

‫ک‬
‫‪ok m tur‬‬

‫ت‬
‫’’اسرے ب‬
‫اطلملعوچیاےھٹ‪ ‘‘،‬ہیایکہہکرےہںیہرسایھچزیچاکااختنبوتایلعٰذوقیکالعمےہ۔ہیاسملئیکڑجےسیک…‪.‬؟‬
‫‪bo co cc‬‬
‫‪ce be. le‬‬

‫سوکتقیقحںیمسجزیچیکبلطیھت‪،‬وہاچےئ کاباکیفیھت…‪ .‬ہنہپک…‪ .‬نکیلآپ ب‬

‫سےنداہتسنوطررپ‬ ‫رپورسیفےنرکسماےتوہےئاہک‪‘‘:‬آپ ب‬
‫‪.fa utu deo‬‬
‫‪ww .yo s vi‬‬

‫’’رتہبوپکںےکےیلاہھت ببراھ کاباور ب‬

‫س کایدورسےےکوپکںوکوچراگنوہںےسدےتھکیرےہ۔‬
‫‪//w w c‬‬
‫‪s: w ic‬‬
‫‪tp /w ys‬‬

‫ریمےوچب…‪ .‬ونوجاون… کبادروھک…‪ .‬زدنیگاکالصنسحببانطےسوھپےنٹوایلوخویشںیکوہجےسےہ۔اعیلشامہلگنب‪،‬یتمیقاگڑی‪،‬داںیئبباںیئالمزنیم‪،‬‬

‫‪ht ps:/ Ph‬‬

‫ک‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ت‬

‫سیتمیقپکیکیہںںیہ۔ارگاسیتمیقپکںیماکیف کاباچےئ ہہرہوہوتایکآپاےس؟ےگ ےگ؟۔‬ ‫دولیککمچدکمیکوہجےسےننبواےلدوسہی ب‬
‫‪d‬‬
‫‪ht an‬‬

‫ک‬
‫‪h‬‬

‫ساکچنےکےنبوہےئبازک ببرنتںیہ‪،‬ذرایسسیھٹےنگلےسہی ببرنتوٹٹاجںیئےگ کاب‬ ‫الصاتیمہزدنیگ‪،‬تحصاورآپےکایلعٰرکداریکےہ۔ببایق ب‬

‫‪at‬‬
‫‪t‬‬
‫‪rM‬‬

‫امںیم ک‬
‫رکیآاجےئاگ۔‬
‫‪Fo‬‬

‫ت‬
‫رہیریکمچدکمیکرطیہاےنپآپوکمرگا ۔ے۔ز ہکزدنیگےکاج ی ک ر‬
‫وجیوک ُایرار۔۔‬ ‫کبادرےیھک!داینیک ک‬
‫ک‬ ‫ت‬
‫ںیہ۔لذاوپکںوکاےنپذ ناکجوھ‬
‫ٰ‬ ‫بوتہجرصفپکرپرموکزرکےنےسمہاسںیموموجداکیفینعیزدنیگےسفطلادنوزوہےنےسرحمولرہاجےت‬ ‫امتل ر‬
‫اسیکاجبےئاکیفےسفطلادنوزوہں۔‬ ‫‟‟ہنانبںیئ…‪.‬‬

‫ریخادنشی‬
‫ارئنیجندمحمروضام‬
‫‪2‬‬
 Universal Maths Notes Writer:[Link] Rizwan 03422969417

Mathematics Geometry Definitions Notes

(CHAPTER# 7, 8, 9,10,11,12 and 13)

Unit-7 Introduction to Trigonometry

Angle:

An angle is the union of non-collinear rays with some common end points.

:
el
nn
s1 pt ha
The rays are called arms of the angle and common point is known as vertex of the

ei ce c
er n ur
angle.

23 s
ss o o
te csC be
no si ri
al y sc
rs Ph ub
ve d s
ni an ly
/u th nd
m Ma ki

Vertex
.co /c/ es
ok m tur
bo co cc

Initial Side of Angle:

ce be. le
.fa utu deo

When we form an angle in this way, the original position of the ray is called initial side
ww .yo s vi
//w w c

of the angle.
s: w ic
tp /w ys
ht ps:/ Ph

Terminal Side of Angle:

d
ht an
h
at

When we form an angle in this way, the final position of the ray is called terminal side
t
rM

of the angle.
Fo

Sexagesimal system of measurement of angles:

In Sexagesimal System, an angle is measured in degrees, minutes and seconds. A

complete rotation describes 360°. In this system, a right angle is divided into 90 equal
parts and each such part is called one degree (1°); a degree is divided into 60 equal
parts and each such part is called one minute (1‟) and a minute is further sub-divided
into 60 equal parts, each of which is called one second (1‟‟).

3
 Universal Maths Notes Writer:[Link] Rizwan 03422969417
Circular system of measurement of angles:

In this System, an angle is measured in radians. In higher mathematics angles are

usually measured in circular system. In this system a radian is considered as the unit
for the measurement of angles.

Degree:

We divide the circumference of a circle into 360o equal arcs. The angle subtended at
the centre of the circle by one arc is called one degree and is denoted by 1o.

:
el
nn
s1 pt ha
Radian:

ei ce c
er n ur
23 s
ss o o
The angle subtended at the centre of the circle by an arc whose length is equal to the

te csC be
no si ri
radius of the circle is called one radian.

al y sc
rs Ph ub
ve d s
ni an ly
/u th nd
m Ma ki
.co /c/ es
ok m tur
bo co cc
ce be. le
.fa utu deo
ww .yo s vi
//w w c
s: w ic

Arc of a circle:
tp /w ys
ht ps:/ Ph
d

A part of the circumference of a circle is called an arc.

ht an
h
at
t
rM
Fo

Segment of a circle:

A part of circle bounded by an arc and a chord is called segment of a circle.

4
 Universal Maths Notes Writer:[Link] Rizwan 03422969417

:
el
nn
s1 pt ha
ei ce c
er n ur
Minor Segment of a circle: Minor segment is the portion of a circle bounded by minor

23 s
ss o o
te csC be
arc and corresponding chord.

no si ri
al y sc
rs Ph ub
Shaded area represents the minor segment of a circle.
ve d s
ni an ly
/u th nd
m Ma ki
.co /c/ es
ok m tur
bo co cc
ce be. le
.fa utu deo
ww .yo s vi
//w w c
s: w ic
tp /w ys
ht ps:/ Ph
d
ht an

Major Segment of a circle: Major segment is the portion of a circle bounded by major
h
at
t
rM

arc and corresponding chord.

Fo

Shaded area represents the major segment of a circle.

5
 Universal Maths Notes Writer:[Link] Rizwan 03422969417
Sector of the circle:

A part of the circle bounded by the two radii and an arc is called sector of the circle.

AOB is the sector of a circle with centre o.

:
el
nn
s1 pt ha
ei ce c
er n ur
23 s
ss o o
te csC be
no si ri
al y sc
General Angles or Coterminal angles:

rs Ph ub
ve d s
ni an ly
Two or more than two angles with the same initial and terminal sides are called
/u th nd
m Ma ki

coterminal angles.
.co /c/ es
ok m tur

Plane: In mathematics, a plane is a flat, two-dimensional surface that extends

bo co cc
ce be. le

infinitely far. A plane is two dimensional analogue of a point (zero dimension) ,A

.fa utu deo
ww .yo s vi

line(one dimension) and three –dimensional space.

//w w c
s: w ic
tp /w ys

Quadrants:
ht ps:/ Ph
d
ht an

The x-axis and y-axis divides the plane in four regions, called quadrants.
h
at
t
rM

There are four quadrants.

Fo

6
 Universal Maths Notes Writer:[Link] Rizwan 03422969417
Origin:

When x-axis and y-axis intersect each other at right angle, the point of intersection is
called origin.

It is denoted by O.

Quadrantal Angles:

:
el
nn
If the terminal side of an angle in standard position falls on x-axis and y-axis, then it is

s1 pt ha
called a quadrantal angle.

ei ce c
er n ur
23 s
ss o o
For example, 90o, 180o, 270o and 360o are quadrantal angles.

te csC be
no si ri
al y sc
rs Ph ub
Angle in standard position:

ve d s
ni an ly
/u th nd
A general angle is said to be in standard position if its vertex is at the origin and its
m Ma ki
.co /c/ es

initial side is directed along the positive direction of the x-axis of a rectangular
ok m tur
bo co cc

coordinate system.
ce be. le
.fa utu deo

For example 45o is an angle in standard position shown in following figure:

ww .yo s vi
//w w c
s: w ic

Angle of elevation:
tp /w ys
ht ps:/ Ph
d

The angle of elevation of an object as seen by an observer is the angle between the
ht an
h

horizontal and the line from the object to the observer's eye (the line of sight).
at
t
rM
Fo

7
 Universal Maths Notes Writer:[Link] Rizwan 03422969417
Angle of depression:

If the object is below the level of the observer, then the angle between the horizontal
and the observer's line of sight is called the angle of depression.

:
el
nn
s1 pt ha
ei ce c
er n ur
23 s
ss o o
te csC be
no si ri
Unit -8 Projection of a side of a triangle

al y sc
rs Ph ub
ve d s
ni an ly
/u th nd
Apollonius Theorem:
m Ma ki
.co /c/ es
ok m tur

In any triangle, the sum of the squares on any two sides is equal to twice the square on
bo co cc
ce be. le

half the third side together with twice the on the median which bisects the third
.fa utu deo

side.
ww .yo s vi
//w w c
s: w ic
tp /w ys

Projection or Projection of a point:

ht ps:/ Ph
d

The projection of a given point on a line is the foot of perpendicular drawn from the
ht an
h
at

point on that line .However the projection of given point P on a line AB is the
t
rM

point P itself.
Fo

8
 Universal Maths Notes Writer:[Link] Rizwan 03422969417
Supplementary angles:

If the sum of the measurement of two angles is equal to 180o then they are called
supplementary angles.

Complementary angles:

If the sum of the measurement of two angles is equal to 90o then they are called
complementary angles.

:
el
Acute angle:

nn
s1 pt ha
If the measure of an angle is less than 90o then it is called acute angle.

ei ce c
er n ur
23 s
ss o o
te csC be
Angle ABC is an acute angle.

no si ri
al y sc
rs Ph ub
ve d s
ni an ly
/u th nd
m Ma ki
.co /c/ es
ok m tur
bo co cc
ce be. le
.fa utu deo
ww .yo s vi

Right angle:
//w w c
s: w ic
tp /w ys
ht ps:/ Ph

An angle which is bounded by two lines perpendicular to each other is equal to 90 is

d
ht an

called right angle. Angle ABC is right angle.

h
at
t
rM
Fo

Obtuse angle:

An angle which is greater than 90 but less than 180 is called obtuse angle.

9
Universal Maths Notes Writer:[Link] Rizwan 03422969417
Angle ABC is an obtuse angle.

Unit-9 Chords of a circle

:
el
nn
s1 pt ha
ei ce c
er n ur
Semicircle:

23 s
ss o o
te csC be
no si ri
Half of the circumference of a circle is called a semicircle.

al y sc
rs Ph ub
ve d s
Angle subtended by semicircle at the centre of a circle is equal to 180o.
ni an ly
/u th nd
m Ma ki
.co /c/ es
ok m tur
bo co cc
ce be. le
.fa utu deo
ww .yo s vi
//w w c
s: w ic
tp /w ys
ht ps:/ Ph
d
ht an

Circle: The set of all points in a plane which are equidistance from some fixed point in
h
at
t

the plane is called a circle.

rM
Fo

10
 Universal Maths Notes Writer:[Link] Rizwan 03422969417
Q. How many circles can pass through three non-collinear points?

Ans. One and only one circle can pass through three non-collinear points.

Centre of the circle: The fixed point from which all the points of a circle are
equidistance is called the centre of the circle.

:
el
nn
s1 pt ha
ei ce c
er n ur
23 s
ss o o
te csC be
Q. How can you find the centre of a given circle.

no si ri
al y sc
rs Ph ub
ve d s
Ans.
ni an ly
/u th nd
m Ma ki

In order to find out the centre of a circle, we draw two chords of given circle. After this,
.co /c/ es
ok m tur

we draw their right bisectors .Point of intersection of the right bisectors of chords gives
bo co cc
ce be. le

the centre of given circle.

.fa utu deo
ww .yo s vi

Radius of the circle:

//w w c
s: w ic
tp /w ys

The distance of any point of the circle to its centre is called its radius.
ht ps:/ Ph
d
ht an
h
at
t
rM
Fo

Chord of a circle:

The straight line joining any two points of the circumference is called a chord of the
circle.

11
 Universal Maths Notes Writer:[Link] Rizwan 03422969417
AB is the chord of circle.

Q. If an arc of a circle subtends a central angle of 60 , what is the central angle of

:
el
nn
corresponding chord of the arc?

s1 pt ha
ei ce c
Ans. Central angle of arc and corresponding chords are equal .So if central angle for

er n ur
23 s
ss o o
te csC be
an arc of circle is 60 then central angle of corresponding chord will be 60 .

no si ri
al y sc
rs Ph ub
Q. If a chord of length 8cm and its radius is 5cm then find the distance of the

ve d s
chord from the centre. ni an ly
/u th nd
m Ma ki
.co /c/ es

Ans. . Perpendicular OC from the centre of a circle on the chord AB bisects it, so
ok m tur
bo co cc
ce be. le
.fa utu deo
ww .yo s vi

= =4cm
//w w c

mOA =
s: w ic
tp /w ys
ht ps:/ Ph
d

In right triangle OBC

ht an
h
at
t
rM

Hypotenuse=mOA=5cm,
Fo

Perpendicular=mOC

Base=mAC=4cm

By using Pythagoras Theorem

(Hypotenuse)2= (Base)2+ (Perpendicular)2

(5cm)2= (4cm)2+ (mOC)2

12
 Universal Maths Notes Writer:[Link] Rizwan 03422969417
25cm2= (4cm)2+ 16cm2

25cm2= 16cm2+(mOC)2

25cm2- 16cm2= (mOC)2

(mOC)2=25cm2- 16cm2

9cm2= (mOC)2

(mOC)2=9cm2

:
el
nn
√ √ mOC=3cm

s1 pt ha
ei ce c
er n ur
23 s
ss o o
Q. Calculate the length of a chord which subtends at a distance 5cm from the

te csC be
no si ri
centre of a circle whose radius is 9cm.

al y sc
rs Ph ub
ve d s
Ans. In right triangle OBC ni an ly
/u th nd
m Ma ki

Hypotenuse=mOA=9cm, Perpendicular=mOC=5cm
.co /c/ es
ok m tur
bo co cc

Base=mAC
ce be. le
.fa utu deo

By using Pythagoras Theorem

ww .yo s vi
//w w c
s: w ic

(Hypotenuse)2= (Base)2+ (Perpendicular)2

tp /w ys
ht ps:/ Ph
d

(9cm)2= (mAC)2+ (5cm)2

ht an
h
at
t

81cm2= (mAC)2+ 25cm2

rM
Fo

81cm2= (mAC)2+ 25cm2

81cm2- 25cm2= (mAC)2

(mAC)2=81cm2- 25cm2

56cm2= (mAC)2

(mAC)2=56cm2

13
 Universal Maths Notes Writer:[Link] Rizwan 03422969417
√ √ mAC =7.5cm

Perpendicular OC from the centre of a circle on the chord AB bisects it, So

Length of chord AB =2× mAC

Length of chord AB =2×7.5cm

Length of chord AB =15cm

Q. Find the radius of circle having 4cm long chods subtends a central angle of

:
el
nn
60 .

s1 pt ha
ei ce c
er n ur
Ans. If a chord subtends a central angle of 60 , then radius of the circle is equal to the

23 s
ss o o
te csC be
length of chord. So, the radius of a circle is 4cm.

no si ri
al y sc
rs Ph ub
Q.A 8cm long chord subtends a central angle of 60 . Find its radius.
ve d s
ni an ly
/u th nd
m Ma ki

Ans. If a chord subtends a central angle of 60 , then radius of the circle is equal to the
.co /c/ es
ok m tur

length of chord. So, the radius of a circle is 8cm.

bo co cc
ce be. le

Q. In the adjacent circular figure with centre

.fa utu deo
ww .yo s vi

o and radius [Link] the length of the chord intercepted at 4cm away from the
//w w c
s: w ic
tp /w ys

centre
ht ps:/ Ph
d
ht an

of this circle.
h
at
t
rM

Ans. In right triangle OAC

Fo

Hypotenuse=mOA=5cm, Perpendicular=mOC=4cm

Base=mAC

By using Pythagoras Theorem

(Hypotenuse)2= (Base)2+ (Perpendicular)2

(5cm)2= (mAC)2+ (4cm)2

14
 Universal Maths Notes Writer:[Link] Rizwan 03422969417
25cm2= (mAC)2+ 16cm2

25cm2= (mAC)2+ 16cm2

25cm2- 16cm2= (mAC)2

(mAC)2=25cm2- 16cm2

9cm2= (mAC)2

(mAC)2=9cm2

:
el
nn
√ √ mAC=3cm

s1 pt ha
ei ce c
er n ur
23 s
ss o o
Perpendicular OC from the centre of a circle bisects the chord AB .So,

te csC be
no si ri
al y sc
Length of chord AB =2× mAC

rs Ph ub
ve d s
Length of chord AB =2× 3cm ni an ly
/u th nd
m Ma ki
.co /c/ es

Length of chord AB =6cm

ok m tur
bo co cc
ce be. le

Q. From which point perpendicular bisector of the chord of a circle passes

.fa utu deo

through?
ww .yo s vi
//w w c
s: w ic

Ans. Perpendicular bisector of the chord of a circle passes through the centre of a
tp /w ys
ht ps:/ Ph

circle.
d
ht an
h

Q. If two chords of a circle are equidistant from centre then what is relation
at
t
rM

between their lengths.

Fo

Ans. If two chords of a circle are equidistant from centre then their lengths are equal.

Radial Segment:

Radial segment of a circle is a line segment determined by the centre and a point on
the circle.

15
 Universal Maths Notes Writer:[Link] Rizwan 03422969417
OA is a radial segment.

Formula for Area of a circle: Area „A‟ of a circle with radius „r‟ is:

:
el
nn
Area of a circle „A‟ with diameter „d‟ is:

s1 pt ha
ei ce c
er n ur
23 s
ss o o
te csC be
A=

no si ri
al y sc
rs Ph ub
ve d s
Formula for area of semicircle: Area „A‟ of a semicircle with radius „r‟ is:
ni an ly
/u th nd
m Ma ki
.co /c/ es
ok m tur

A=
bo co cc
ce be. le
.fa utu deo

Q. In adjacent figure, find semicircular area if

ww .yo s vi
//w w c
s: w ic

π=3.1416 and m OA=20cm

tp /w ys
ht ps:/ Ph
d

Solution: Raduis=r=mOA=20cm
ht an
h
at
t

We know that
rM
Fo

Area of semicircle=

Area of semicircle =

( )
Area of semicircle =

16
 Universal Maths Notes Writer:[Link] Rizwan 03422969417
Area of semicircle =3.146×200cm2

Area of semicircle =628.32cm2

Collinear points:

Two or more than two points lying on same straight line are called collinear points.

P, Q and R are collinear points.

:
el
nn
Non-collinear points:

s1 pt ha
ei ce c
er n ur
23 s
Two or more than two points which do not lie on the same straight line are called

ss o o
te csC be
no si ri
al y sc
non- collinear points.

rs Ph ub
ve d s
P, Q and R are non-collinear points. ni an ly
/u th nd
m Ma ki
.co /c/ es
ok m tur
bo co cc
ce be. le
.fa utu deo

Q. What will be the chord length of a circle subtending a central angle of 180 ?
ww .yo s vi
//w w c
s: w ic
tp /w ys

Ans. Chord length will be equal to the diameter of the circle .

ht ps:/ Ph
d
ht an

Diameter = 2 ×Radius of circle

h
at
t
rM

So Chord length= 2×Radius of the circle

Fo

[Link] length of the chord and the radial segment of a circle are congruent,what will
be the central angle made by the chord?

[Link] length of a chord and the radial segment of a circle are congruent,the central
angle made by the chord will be 60 .

17
 Universal Maths Notes Writer:[Link] Rizwan 03422969417

(i)Differentiate between a circle and a circumference and illustrate them by

diagram.

Ans. Circle: The set of all points in a plane which are equidistance from some fixed

:
point in the plane is called a circle. The fixed point is called “ centre ” of the circle.

el
nn
s1 pt ha
„O‟ is the centre of circle and „r‟ is the radius of circle.

ei ce c
er n ur
23 s
ss o o
te csC be
no si ri
al y sc
rs Ph ub
ve d s
ni an ly
/u th nd
m Ma ki
.co /c/ es
ok m tur
bo co cc
ce be. le
.fa utu deo
ww .yo s vi

Circumference of a circle: The circumference of a circle is the boundary traced by a

//w w c
s: w ic

moving point in a circle is called circumference of a circle.

tp /w ys
ht ps:/ Ph

OR
d
ht an
h
at

The perimeter or length of the boundary of the circle is called the circumference.
t
rM
Fo

2πr is the circumference of a circle with radius „r‟

18
 Universal Maths Notes Writer:[Link] Rizwan 03422969417
(ii) Differentiate between a chord and the diameter of a circle and illustrate them
by diagram.

Ans. Chord: A straight line joining any two points of the circumference is called a
chord of circle. A chord cannot pass through centre of a circle.

AB is the chord of a circle.

:
el
nn
s1 pt ha
ei ce c
er n ur
23 s
ss o o
te csC be
no si ri
al y sc
rs Ph ub
Diameter of a circle: A chord of a circle passing through its centre is called the
ve d s
ni an ly
/u th nd
diameter of the circle. Its length is twice the radius.
m Ma ki
.co /c/ es
ok m tur

AB is the diameter of a circle.

bo co cc
ce be. le
.fa utu deo
ww .yo s vi
//w w c
s: w ic
tp /w ys
ht ps:/ Ph
d
ht an
h
at
t
rM
Fo

(iii) Differentiate between a chord and an arc of a circle, illustrate them by

diagram.

Ans. Chord of a circle: A straight line joining any two points of the circumference is
called the chord of a circle. A chord can not pass through centre of a circle.

AB is the chord of a circle.

19
 Universal Maths Notes Writer:[Link] Rizwan 03422969417

:
el
nn
An arc of a circle: A part of the circumference of a circle is called an arc.

s1 pt ha
ei ce c
er n ur
23 s
ss o o
te csC be
no si ri
al y sc
rs Ph ub
ve d s
ni an ly
/u th nd
m Ma ki
.co /c/ es
ok m tur
bo co cc
ce be. le
.fa utu deo
ww .yo s vi
//w w c
s: w ic
tp /w ys
ht ps:/ Ph
d
ht an

(iv)Differentiate between Minor arc and Major arc of a circle, illustrate them by
h
at

diagram:
t
rM
Fo

Minor Arc Major Arc

An arc smaller than half of the An arc larger than half of the
circumference is called the minor arc of circumference is called the minor arc of
the circle. the circle.
Measure of an angle subtended by minor Measure of an angle subtended by minor
arc at the centre of a circle is less than arc at the centre of a circle is greater than
180o 180o

20
 Universal Maths Notes Writer:[Link] Rizwan 03422969417

Arc AB is minor arc Arc AB is major arc.

:
el
nn
s1 pt ha
ei ce c
er n ur
23 s
ss o o
(iv) Differentiate between interior and exterior of a circle , illustrate them by

te csC be
no si ri
diagram.

al y sc
rs Ph ub
ve d s
Interior of a circle: ni an ly
/u th nd
m Ma ki

The interior of a circle is the part of the plane enclosed by the circle is called interior of
.co /c/ es
ok m tur

a circle.
bo co cc
ce be. le
.fa utu deo

OR
ww .yo s vi
//w w c
s: w ic

The area bounded by the circumference of the circle is called the interior of a circle.
tp /w ys
ht ps:/ Ph
d
ht an
h
at
t
rM
Fo

Exterior of a circle :

The area outside the circumference of a circle is called the exterior of a circle.

21
(vi)Differentiate a sector and a segment of a circle, illustrate them by diagram.

:
el
nn
A sector of a circle: A region bounded by two radii and an arc lying between the radii

s1 pt ha
ei ce c
is called the sector of a circle.

er n ur
23 s
ss o o
te csC be
AOB is the sector of a circle.

no si ri
al y sc
rs Ph ub
ve d s
ni an ly
/u th nd
m Ma ki
.co /c/ es
ok m tur
bo co cc
ce be. le
.fa utu deo
ww .yo s vi
//w w c
s: w ic
tp /w ys
ht ps:/ Ph

A segment of a circle: A segment is the portion of a circle bounded by an arc and

d
ht an

corresponding chord.
h
at
t
rM

Shaded area represents the segment of a circle with center o.

Fo

22
 Universal Maths Notes Writer:[Link] Rizwan 03422969417

Unit-10 A tangent to a circle

Tangent of a circle

A tangent to a circle is the straight line which touches the circumference at a single
point only.

:
el
nn
AB indicates the tangent line to the circle with centre o at point T.

s1 pt ha
ei ce c
er n ur
23 s
ss o o
te csC be
no si ri
al y sc
rs Ph ub
ve d s
ni an ly
/u th nd
m Ma ki
.co /c/ es
ok m tur
bo co cc

Secant of a circle:
ce be. le
.fa utu deo

A secant is a straight line which cuts the circumference of a circle in two distinct points.
ww .yo s vi
//w w c
s: w ic

AB is a secant .It cuts the circle at two points P and Q.

tp /w ys
ht ps:/ Ph
d
ht an
h
at
t
rM
Fo

The length of a tangent:

The length of a tangent to a circle is measured from the given point to the point of
contact.

23
 Universal Maths Notes Writer:[Link] Rizwan 03422969417
AB is tangent is drawn from an external point A to a circle with centre o. “l” is length of
tangent

:
el
nn
Unit-11 Chords and Arcs

s1 pt ha
ei ce c
er n ur
23 s
ss o o
te csC be
A central angle:

no si ri
al y sc
rs Ph ub
The angle subtended by an arc at the centre of a circle is central angle.
ve d s
ni an ly
/u th nd
Angle AOB is central angle.
m Ma ki
.co /c/ es
ok m tur
bo co cc
ce be. le
.fa utu deo
ww .yo s vi
//w w c
s: w ic
tp /w ys
ht ps:/ Ph

A Circumangle or Circumsccribed angle:

d
ht an
h

The angle subtended by an arc of a circle at its circumference is called circumangle.

at
t
rM
Fo

Angle ACB is a circumangle.

24
 Universal Maths Notes Writer:[Link] Rizwan 03422969417
Quadrilateral:

A polygon having four sides is called quadrilateral.

Following are quadrilaterals:

:
el
nn
Q .What is the relation between the opposite angles of a quadrilateral inscribed

s1 pt ha
ei ce c
in a circle?

er n ur
23 s
ss o o
te csC be
Ans. Opposite angles of a quadrilateral inscribed in a circle are supplementary.

no si ri
al y sc
rs Ph ub
ve d s
Square:
ni an ly
/u th nd
m Ma ki

A square is a closed figure in the plane formed by

.co /c/ es
ok m tur

four non-collinear points such that lengths of all sides

bo co cc
ce be. le
.fa utu deo

are equal and measure of each angle is 90

ww .yo s vi
//w w c
s: w ic

Cyclic Or Cyclic quadrilateral:

tp /w ys
ht ps:/ Ph

A quadrilateral is called cyclic when a circle can be drawn through its

d
ht an
h
at

four vertices.
t
rM
Fo

Quadrilateral ABC is a cyclic.

25
 Universal Maths Notes Writer:[Link] Rizwan 03422969417

Unit-11 Chords and Arcs

Geometry: The word geometry means measurement of the Earth or land. It is an
important branch of mathematics which deals with the shape, size and position of
geometric figures.

Polygon:

:
el
nn
s1 pt ha
A plane closed figure with three or more straight edges as its sides is called a polygon.

ei ce c
er n ur
Polygons are named according to the number of sides.

23 s
ss o o
te csC be
no si ri
Examples: Square and triangle are regular polygons

al y sc
rs Ph ub
ve d s
ni an ly
/u th nd
m Ma ki
.co /c/ es
ok m tur
bo co cc
ce be. le
.fa utu deo
ww .yo s vi
//w w c
s: w ic
tp /w ys

Vertices of a polygon:
ht ps:/ Ph
d

The corners of a polygon are called its vertices.

ht an
h
at
t
rM

In triangle ABC A, B and C are its vertices.

Fo

Regular Polygon:

26
 Universal Maths Notes Writer:[Link] Rizwan 03422969417
A figure bounded by equal straight lines which has all its angles equal is called a
regular polygon.

Example: Square and triangle are regular polygons.

:
el
nn
Perimeter:

s1 pt ha
ei ce c
The length of boundary of a plane figure (two- dimensional) is called its perimeter.

er n ur
23 s
ss o o
te csC be
OR

no si ri
al y sc
rs Ph ub
ve d s
The perimeter of a closed geometric figure is the sum of the length of its sides.
ni an ly
/u th nd
m Ma ki

Locus:
.co /c/ es
ok m tur

The path of an object moving according to some rule is the locus of the object.
bo co cc
ce be. le
.fa utu deo

Triangle:
ww .yo s vi
//w w c

A closed figure in a plane obtained by joining three non –collinear points is called a
s: w ic
tp /w ys
ht ps:/ Ph

triangle.
d
ht an

In the triangle ABC the three non-collinear points A, B and C are the three vertices of
h
at
t
rM

the triangle ABC. The line segment AB, BC and CA are called sides of the triangle.
Fo

27
 Universal Maths Notes Writer:[Link] Rizwan 03422969417
Equilateral Triangle:

If the lengths of all three sides of a triangle are same, then the triangle is called an
equilateral triangle.

An Isosceles Triangle:An isosceles triangle is a triangle which has two of its sides
with equal length while the third side has a different length.

Right Angle Triangle:

:
el
A triangle in which one of the angles has measure equal to 90 is called a right angle

nn
s1 pt ha
triangle.

ei ce c
er n ur
23 s
ss o o
Scalene Triangle:

te csC be
no si ri
al y sc
A triangle is called a scalene triangle if measures of all the three sides are different.

rs Ph ub
ve d s
Boundary of the circle: ni an ly
/u th nd
m Ma ki
.co /c/ es

The circumference of a circle is called boundary of the circle.

ok m tur
bo co cc
ce be. le

Concentric Circles:
.fa utu deo
ww .yo s vi

Two or more circles with the same centre and different radii are called concentric
//w w c
s: w ic

circles.
tp /w ys
ht ps:/ Ph
d

Following circles C1, C2 and C3 are concentric circles.

ht an
h
at
t
rM
Fo

28
 Universal Maths Notes Writer:[Link] Rizwan 03422969417
Perpendicular

A line is said to be perpendicular to another line if the two lines intersect at right angle
(90 ).

Line CD is perpendicular to line AB.

:
el
nn
s1 pt ha
ei ce c
Circum-circle:

er n ur
23 s
ss o o
te csC be
The circle passing through the vertices of triangle is known as [Link] radius

no si ri
al y sc
rs Ph ub
is called circum radius and centre as circum centre.

ve d s
ni an ly
/u th nd
Circle C1 is circum-circle passing through the vertices of triangle ABC
m Ma ki
.co /c/ es
ok m tur
bo co cc
ce be. le
.fa utu deo
ww .yo s vi
//w w c
s: w ic
tp /w ys
ht ps:/ Ph
d
ht an
h

Circum-centre:
at
t
rM

The centre of circle which is the point of intersection of the right bisectors of the sides
Fo

of the triangle is called circum-centre. It is denoted by “o”

29
 Universal Maths Notes Writer:[Link] Rizwan 03422969417
Circum-radius:

The radius of circum-circle is called the circum-radius .It is denoted by R.

:
el
nn
Inscribed-circle or In-circle:

s1 pt ha
ei ce c
er n ur
23 s
The circle drawn inside a triangle touching its three sides is called its inscribed circle or

ss o o
te csC be
in-circle .Its radius is called in-radius. Its centre is called [Link] centre is denoted

no si ri
al y sc
rs Ph ub
by „I‟ .Its radius is denoted by „r‟

ve d s
ni an ly
/u th nd
m Ma ki
.co /c/ es
ok m tur
bo co cc
ce be. le
.fa utu deo
ww .yo s vi
//w w c
s: w ic
tp /w ys
ht ps:/ Ph

In-centre:
d
ht an

The centre of in-circle which is point of intersection of the bisectors of angles of

h
at
t
rM

the triangle is called in-entre. It is denoted by “I”.

Fo

30
 Universal Maths Notes Writer:[Link] Rizwan 03422969417
In-radius:

The radius of in-circle is called in-radius. It is denoted by “r”

:
el
nn
s1 pt ha
ei ce c
er n ur
23 s
Escribed circle or e-circle:

ss o o
te csC be
no si ri
al y sc
A circle which touches one side of the triangle externally and other two produced sides

rs Ph ub
ve d s
internally is called an escribed circle ( e-circle).The centre of e-circle is called e-centre
ni an ly
/u th nd
and radius is called e-radius.
m Ma ki
.co /c/ es
ok m tur

Centres of e-circles opposite to the vertices A, B and C are denoted by I1 ,I2 and I3
bo co cc
ce be. le

respectively. Radii of e-circle opposite to the vertices A,B and C are denoted by r1,r2
.fa utu deo

and r3 respectively.
ww .yo s vi
//w w c
s: w ic
tp /w ys
ht ps:/ Ph
d
ht an
h
at
t
rM
Fo

E-centre or Ex-Centre:

The centre of e-circle which is the point where the internal bisector of one and the
external bisector of the other two angles of the triangle meet is called e-centre or ex-
centre. Centres of e-circles opposite to the vertices A, B and C are denoted by I1 ,I2 and
I3 respectively.

31
 Universal Maths Notes Writer:[Link] Rizwan 03422969417

:
el
nn
E-Radius:

s1 pt ha
ei ce c
er n ur
23 s
The radius of e-circle is called e-radius .Radii of e-circle opposite to the vertices A,B

ss o o
te csC be
and C are denoted by r1,r2 and r3 respectively.

no si ri
al y sc
rs Ph ub
ve d s
ni an ly
/u th nd
m Ma ki
.co /c/ es
ok m tur
bo co cc
ce be. le
.fa utu deo
ww .yo s vi
//w w c
s: w ic

In-centre of a triangle:
tp /w ys
ht ps:/ Ph

In-centre of a triangle is the centre of a circle inscribed in a triangle. It is denoted by „I‟

d
ht an
h
at
t
rM
Fo

32
 Universal Maths Notes Writer:[Link] Rizwan 03422969417
Common tangent:

A line that is tangent to more than one coplanar circles is referred as common tangent
of these circles .A common tangent can be tangent either internally o externally.

AB is a common tangent to equal circles C1 and C2.

:
el
nn
s1 pt ha
ei ce c
Q. How many common tangents can be drawn for two disjoint circles?

er n ur
23 s
ss o o
te csC be
Ans. Four common tangents can be drawn for two disjoint circles. Two tangents are

no si ri
al y sc
rs Ph ub
direct common tangents and other two are transverse common tangents.

ve d s
ni an ly
/u th nd
Four common tangents for two disjoint circles C1 and C2 are shown in figure.
m Ma ki
.co /c/ es
ok m tur
bo co cc
ce be. le
.fa utu deo
ww .yo s vi
//w w c
s: w ic
tp /w ys
ht ps:/ Ph
d
ht an
h
at
t
rM
Fo

Q. How many common tangents can be drawn for two touching circles?

Ans. Three common tangents can be drawn for two touching circles.

Three common tangents for touching

circles C1 and C2 shown in figure

33
 Universal Maths Notes Writer:[Link] Rizwan 03422969417

:
el
nn
s1 pt ha
ei ce c
er n ur
23 s
Q. How many tangents can be drawn to the circle at the point on its

ss o o
te csC be
circumference?

no si ri
al y sc
rs Ph ub
ve d s
Ans. One and only one tangent can be drawn to the circle at the point on its
ni an ly
/u th nd
circumference.
m Ma ki
.co /c/ es
ok m tur

How many numbers of tangents are drawn from any point out of the circle? What
bo co cc
ce be. le

is the relation between their lengths?

.fa utu deo
ww .yo s vi

Ans. Two tangents can be drawn from a point out of the circle. Their lengths are same.
//w w c
s: w ic
tp /w ys

Q. If two tangents are drawn at the end points of a diameter of a circle then
ht ps:/ Ph
d

where they will intersect each other?

ht an
h
at
t

Ans. Two tangents drawn at the end points of a diameter of a circle are parallel .So
rM
Fo

they will never intersect each other.

Q. What is relation between the tangents drawn at the end points of the diameter
of a circle?

Ans. Tangents drawn at the end points of the diameter of a circle are parallel to each
other.

34
 Universal Maths Notes Writer:[Link] Rizwan 03422969417
Q. What is angle between the tangent line and the radial segment joining the
point of contact and centre?

Ans. The tangent line and the radial segment joining the the point of contact and
centre are perpendicular to each other. Angle between tangent and radial segment is
90 .

Q. What is the difference between the angle made by the tangents drawn at the
ends of a circle?

:
el
nn
Ans. In a circle, tangent drawn at the ends of a chord make equal angles with that

s1 pt ha
ei ce c
chord. So there is no difference between their angles

er n ur
23 s
ss o o
te csC be
Direct or external common tangent:

no si ri
al y sc
rs Ph ub
If two circles are on the same sides of a common tangent, this tangent is called the
ve d s
ni an ly
/u th nd
direct common tangent.
m Ma ki
.co /c/ es

AB is a direct or external common tangent to equal circles C1 and C2.

ok m tur
bo co cc
ce be. le
.fa utu deo
ww .yo s vi
//w w c
s: w ic
tp /w ys
ht ps:/ Ph
d
ht an
h
at
t
rM

Indirect or Transverse or internal common tangent:

Fo

If the two circles are on opposite sides of the common tangent, it is called the indirect
or transverse or internal common tangent.

35
 Universal Maths Notes Writer:[Link] Rizwan 03422969417

2.(i)

a) Define the segment of a circle and draw the geometric figure.

Ans. The segment of a circle: The region between the chord of a circle and an arc
lying between the chord end points is called the segment of a circle.

:
el
nn
s1 pt ha
ei ce c
er n ur
23 s
ss o o
te csC be
no si ri
al y sc
rs Ph ub
ve d s
ni an ly
/u th nd
m Ma ki
.co /c/ es
ok m tur
bo co cc
ce be. le
.fa utu deo
ww .yo s vi
//w w c
s: w ic

b) Define the tangent to a circle and draw geometric figure.

tp /w ys
ht ps:/ Ph

Ans. A tangent of a circle:

d
ht an
h
at

A tangent to a circle is a line in the plane of the circle that intersects the circle in
t
rM

exactly one point.

Fo

OR

A tangent to a circle is the straight line which touches the circumference at a single
point only.

AB indicates the tangent line to the circle with centre o at point T.

36
 Universal Maths Notes Writer:[Link] Rizwan 03422969417

:
el
nn
s1 pt ha
c) Define the sector of a circle and draw the geometric figure.

ei ce c
er n ur
23 s
ss o o
te csC be
Ans. The sector of a circle:

no si ri
al y sc
rs Ph ub
A region bounded by two radii and an arc lying between the radii is called the sector of

ve d s
a circle. ni an ly
/u th nd
m Ma ki
.co /c/ es

AOB is the sector of a circle

ok m tur
bo co cc
ce be. le
.fa utu deo
ww .yo s vi
//w w c
s: w ic
tp /w ys
ht ps:/ Ph
d
ht an
h
at
t
rM
Fo

37
 Universal Maths Notes Writer:[Link] Rizwan 03422969417
d ) Define the inscribed circle and draw geometric figure.

Ans. The circle drawn inside a triangle touching its three sides is called its inscribed
circle or in-circle .Its radius is called in-radius. Its centre is called in-centre. Its centre is
denoted by „I‟ .Its radius is denoted by „r‟

:
el
nn
s1 pt ha
ei ce c
er n ur
23 s
ss o o
te csC be
no si ri
al y sc
rs Ph ub
ve d s
ni an ly
/u th nd
m Ma ki
.co /c/ es
ok m tur
bo co cc

(e)Define the circumscribed circle and draw geometric figure.

ce be. le
.fa utu deo

Ans. The circumscribed circle:

ww .yo s vi
//w w c
s: w ic

The circle passing through the vertices of triangle is known as circum-cirrcle. Its radius
tp /w ys
ht ps:/ Ph

is called circum radius and centre as circum [Link] C1 is circum-circle passing

d
ht an

through the vertices of triangle ABC

h
at
t
rM
Fo

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 Universal Maths Notes Writer:[Link] Rizwan 03422969417
(f) Define the escribed circle and draw the geometric figure.

Ans. Escribed circle:

A circle which touches one side of the triangle externally and other two produced sides
internally is called an escribed circle ( e-circle).The centre of e-circle is called e-centre
and radius is called e-radius.

Centres of e-circles opposite to the vertices A, B and C are denoted by I1 ,I2 and I3
respectively. Radii of e-circle opposite to the vertices A,B and C are denoted by r1,r2

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and r3 respectively.

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(iv)The length of each side of a regular octagon is 3cm .Measure its perimeter.
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Ans. Length of each side = 3cm

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Number of sides in octagon =8

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Perimeter of the octagon =8×Length of each side

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Perimeter of the octagon =8×3cm

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Perimeter of the octagon =24cm

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(iii) Write down the formula for finding the angle subtended by he side of a n-
sided polygon at the centre of the circle.

Ans. Angle subtended by the n-sided polygon at the centre of the circle=

(iv)The length of the side of a regular pentagon is 5cm .What is its perimeter?

Ans. Length of each side=5cm

Number of sides in pentagon=5

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 Universal Maths Notes Writer:[Link] Rizwan 03422969417
Perimeter of pentagon= 5×Length of each side

Perimeter of pentagon=5×5cm

Perimeter of pentagon =25cm

With Best Wishes.

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