Abd-Alrahman, H. A., and F. S. Aboud. 2021.

Response of sweet pepper plants to foliar

application of compost tea and dry yeast under soilless conditions. Bulletin of the
National Research Centre, 45(1): 119.
Adeoye, P. A., Adesiji, R. A., Oloruntade, A. J. and Njemanze. C. F. (2014). Effect of irrigation
intervals on growth and yield of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum) in a tropical semi-arid
region. American Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 4(5): 515-524.
Adigun, J.A. (2001). Influence of intra-row spacing and chemical weed control on the growth
and yield of chilli pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) in the Nigerian Northern Guinea
Savannah. Nigerian Journal of Horticultural Science 5: 67−73.
Ahmad, F. and Verma, D.M.R. (2021). Effect of mulching and planting density on production of
sweet banana pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). International Journal of Conservation
Science, 9(1): 1373-1378. Available: [Link] 021.v9.i1t.11413
Alabi, E. O., Ayodele, O. J. and Aluko, M. (2014). Growth and yield responses of bell pepper
(Capsicum annuum, Rodo'Variety) to in- row plant spacing. ARPN Journal of
Agricultural and Biological Science, 9(11): 389- 397.
Alsadon, A., Wahb-Allah, M., Abdel-Razzak, H., & Ibrahim, A. (2013). Effects of pruning
systems on growth, fruit yield and quality traits of three greenhouse-grown bell pepper
('Capsicum annuum'L.) cultivars. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 7(9), 1309-1316.
Aminifard, M. H., Aroiee, H., Ameri, A. and Fatemi, H. (2012). Effect of plant density and
nitrogen fertilizer on growth, yield and fruit quality of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum
L.). African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7 (6): 859-866.
Araceli, M.V.G., Chávez-Servia, J.L., Carrillo-Rodríguez, J.C. and Mercedes, G. L. (2011).
Phytochemical Evaluation of Wild and Cultivated Pepper (Capsicum annuum L. and C.
pubescens Ruiz and Pav.) From Oaxaca, Mexico, Chilean. Journal of Agricultural
Research, 71: 578–585.
Athira, R.C. and Rani, T.S. (2020). Effect of fertigation levels and different spacings on yield
and yield attributes of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L. var. grossum) International
Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology, 5(4):898-900.
Awodoyin, R.O. and Ogunyemi, S. (2005). Use of sickle pod, Senna obtusifolia (L) Irwin and
Barneby, as mulch interplant in cayenne pepper, Capsicum frutescens L. production.
Emirate Journal of Agricultural Science, 17(10):10-22.
Blanco-Ríos, A. K., Medina-Juárez, L. Á., González-Aguilar, G. A. and Gámez-Meza, N.
(2013). Antioxidant activity of the phenolic and oily fractions of different sweet bell
peppers. Journal of the Mexican Chemical Society, 57(2): 137-143.
Bose, T.K., Kabir, J., Maity, T.K., Parthasarathy, V.A. and Som, M.G. (2003). Vegetable Crops.
Volume-II, Naya Udyog, Kolkata, pp 485.
Coman, V., Teleky, B. E., Mitrea, L., Martău, G. A., Szabo, K., Călinoiu, L. F. and Vodnar, D.
C. (2020). Bioactive potential of fruit and vegetable wastes. Advances in Food and
Nutrition Research, 91: 157–225. [Link]
Das, S., Teja, K.C., Duary, B., Agrawal, P.K. and Bhattacharya, S.S. (2016). Impact of nutrient
management, soil type and location on the accumulation of capsaicin in Capsicum
chinense (Jacq.): One of the hottest chili in the world. Scientia Horticulturae, 213: 354-
366.
Dasgan, Y.H. and Abak, K. (2003). Effects of planting density and number of shoots on yield
and fruit characteristics of pepper grown in glasshouse. Turkish Journal of Agriculture
and Forestry, 27: 29-35.
Edgar, O.N., Gweyi-Onyango, J.P. and Korir, N.K. (2017). Plant row spacing effect on growth
and yield of green pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in Western Kenya. Archives of Current
Research International, 7(3): 1-9.
Esiyok, D., Ozzambak, E. and Eser, B. (1994). The effects of stem pruning on the yield and
earliness of greenhouse pepper (Capsicum annuum L. grossum cv. Kandil and 11B-14.
Acta Horticulturae, 366: 293-300.
Falodun, E. J. and Ovuo, O. B. (2024). Effect of Plant Spacing and Fertilizer Application on
Growth and Yield of Bell Pepper (Capsicum annum) in Experimental Farm at Benin City,
Edo State, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 28 (3):
929-935.
FAO (2016). Food and Agriculture Organization. Save Food: Global Initiative on Food Loss and
Waste Reduction. Food and Agriculture Organization United Nations, Rome, Italy, pp.
01–02.
FAO (2022). Food and Agriculture Organization. World Food and Agriculture Statistical
Yearbook 2022. FAO.
FAO (2013). Food and Agriculture Organization. Production crops: chillies and peppers green.
Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization.
Figueroa, C.I.E., Martínez, D.M.T., Rodríguez, P.J.E., Cruz, T., Beryl, C.L.M.T., Valle, G.S. and
Ramírez, R.S.P. (2015). Antioxidant capacity in varieties of black pepper (Capsicum
annuum L). Interciencia, 40: 696–703. Available online: [Link]
volumen-40/numero-10-2/
Grubben, G.J.H. and El-Tahir, I.M. (2004). Capsicum annuum L., p. 154–163. In: Grubben G.J.
H. and Denton O.A., (eds.). Plant resources of tropical Africa 2. Vegetables. PROTA
Foundation, Wageningen, Netherlands.
Hasanuzzaman, M., and Golam, F. (2011). Gene actions involved in yield and yield contributing
traits of chilli (Capsicum annuum L.). Australian Journal of Crop Science, 5(13): 1868-
1875.
Hassan, O.A., Ajayi, E.O. and Babatola, L.A. (2024). Growth and yield of bell pepper as
influenced by combination of poultry manure and NPK fertilizer. Technology in
Horticulture 4: e010 doi: 10.48130/tihort-0024-0007.
Heiser, C.B. and Smith, P.G. (1953). The cultivated capsicum peppers. Economic Botany, 7:214-
227.
Ibrahem, E. I.M., Bardisi, A., Ismail, H.E.M. and Ibraheim, S. K A. (2015). Effect of plant
density on growth and yield of some pea cultivars. Zagazig Journal of Agricultural
Research, 42 (6): 1373-1384.
Islam, M., S., Saha, M.D., Akand, H. and Abdur Rahim, M.D. (2011). Effect of spacing on the
growth and yield of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Journal of Central European
Agriculture, 12(2): 328 - 335.
Jadama, L., Jammeh, P. T., Cham, A. K. and Diedhiou, I. (2021). Effect of Different Spacing on
the Growth and Yield of California Wonder Bell Pepper (Capsicum annuum) on Sandy
Loam Soil in the Gambia. Asian Journal of Biology, 12(1): 1-9, Article [Link].68242
ISSN: 2456-7124
Jakhar, R.S., Singh, A.K. and Kumawat, N. (2017). Performance of capsicum cultivars
(Capsicum annuum L.) grown under shade net and open field in Arid Ecosystem of
Rajasthan. Environment and Ecology, 35(IA):290-294.
Jovicich, E., Cantliffe, D. J. and Stoffella, P. J. (2004). Fruit yield and quality of greenhouse-
grown bell pepper as influenced by density, container, and trellis
system. HortTechnology, 14(4): 507-513.
Maboko, M.M., Du Plooy, C.P. and Chiloane, S. (2012). Effect of plant population, stem and
flower pruning on hydroponically grown sweet pepper in a shade net structure. African
Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(11): 1742-1748.
Maffei, H.M., Filip, G.M., Grulke, N.E., Oblinger, B.W., Margolis, E.Q. and Chadwick, K.L.
(2016). Pruning high-value Douglas-fir can reduce dwarf mistletoe severity and increase
longevity in Central Oregon. Forest Ecology and Management, 379: 11- 19.
Maniutiu, D., Sima, R., Apahide, A. S., Apahidean, M. and Ficior, D. (2010). The influence of
plant density and shoot pruning on yield of bell pepper cultivated in plastic tunnel.
Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca.
Horticulture, 67(1): 259-263.
Maurya, R. P., Bailey, J.A. and Chandler, J. A. (2013). Impact of plant spacing and picking
interval on the growth, fruit quality and yield of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.)
Moench). American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 1(4): 48-54.
Mennan, H., Jabran, K., Zandstra, B.H. and Pala, F. (2020). Nonchemical weed management in
vegetables by using cover crops: A review. Agronomy, 10: 257. [Link]
10.3390/agronomy10020257.
Mussa, A. and Shinichi, K. (2019). Effect of planting space and shoot pruning on the occurrence
of thrips, fruit yield and quality traits of sweet pepper (Capsicum annum L.) under
greenhouse conditions. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 7(6): 787-792.
Nasto, H., Balliu, A. and Zeka, N. (2009). The influence of planting density on growth
characteristics and fruit yield of peppers (Capsicum annuum L.). Acta Horticulturae, 830:
906-912.
Olaniyi, J.O. and Ojetayo, A.E. (2010). The effect of organomineral and inorganic fertilizers on
the growth, fruit yield and quality of pepper (Capsicum frutescence). Journal of Animal
and Plant Sciences, 8:1070−1076.
Orobiyi, A., Ahissou, H., Gbaguidi, F., Sanoussi, F., Houngbèmè, A., Dansi, A. and Sanni, A.
(2015). Capsaicin and Ascorbic acid content in the high yielding chilli pepper (Capsicum
annuum L.) landraces of Northern Benin. International Journal of Current Microbiology
and Applied Sciences. 4:394−403.
Orsini, F., Maggio, A., Rouphael, Y. and De Pascale, S. (2016). “Physiological quality” of
organically grown vegetables. Scientia Horticulturae, 208: 131-139.
Padilha, H. K. M., Pereira, E. D. S., Munhoz, P. C., Vizzotto, M., Valgas, R. A. and Barbieri, R.
L. (2015). Genetic variability for synthesis of bioactive compounds in peppers (Capsicum
annuum) from Brazil. Food Science and Technology (Campinas), 35(3): 516-523.
Penella, C. and Calatayud, A. (2018). Pepper Crop under Climate Change: Grafting as an
Environmental Friendly Strategy. Climate Resilient Agriculture - Strategies and
Perspectives, 7: 129-155.
Peter, O., Fasinmirin, J. T. and Faloye, O. T. (2024). Growth, yield and water use of sweet
pepper (Capsicum annuum) in a greenhouse under drip irrigation. Agricultural
Engineering International: CIGR Journal, 26(1):50-69.
Ribes-Moya, A. M., Raigón, M. D., Moreno-Peris, E., Fita, A. and Rodríguez-Burruezo, A.
(2018). Response to organic cultivation of heirloom Capsicum peppers: Variation in the
level of bioactive compounds and effect of ripening. PloS One, 13(11): e0207888.
Romain, H.R. (2001). Crop production in Tropical Africa, DGIC, Brussels, Belgium pp. 462-
467.
Sagar, N. A., Pareek, S., Sharma, S., Yahia, E. M. and Lobo, M. G. (2018). Fruit and vegetable
waste: Bioactive compounds, their extraction, and possible utilization. Comprehensive
Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 17(3): 512-531.
Salau, A. W., Hammed, O. B., Makinde, E. A. and Olosunde, O. M. (2018). Growth and fruit
yield of pepper species as affected by plant spacing. International Journal of Vegetable
Science, 25(2): 164–175. [Link]
Samtiya, M., Aluko, R. E., Dhewa, T. and Moreno-Rojas, J. M. (2021). Potential health benefits
of plant food-derived bioactive components: An overview. Foods, 10(4): 839.
Sangma, S.S., Kumar, A.B., Longdo, R., Kayia, A., Khonglah, L. and Warade, S.D. (2018).
Response of capsicum (Capsicum annuum L. var. grossum) to different levels of spacing
and training systems under foot hills of Arunachal Pradesh. International Journal of
Agriculture Environment and Biotechnology, 11(2):327- 332.
Scoma, A., Rebecchi, S., Bertin, L. and Fava, F. (2016). High impact biowastes from South
European agro-industries as feedstock for second-generation biorefineries. Critical
Reviews in Biotechnology, 36(1): 175-189.
Šeregelj, V., Tumbas Šaponjac, V., Lević, S., Kalušević, A., Ćetković, G., Čanadanović-Brunet,
J., Nedović, V., Stajčić, S., Vulić, J. and Vidaković, A. (2019). Application of
encapsulated natural bioactive compounds from red pepper waste in yogurt. Journal of
Microencapsulation, 36(8):704-714.
Setiawati, W., Muharam, A., Hasyim, A., Prabaningrum, L., Moekasan, T., Murtiningsih, R.,
Lukman, L. and Mejaya, M. (2022). Growth, and Yield Characteristics as Well as Pests
and Diseases Susceptibility of Chili Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) under Different Plant
Densities and Pruning Levels. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 20: 543-
553. 10.15666/aeer/2001_543553.
Shivakumar, Hussain, S.A., Kurubar, A.R. and Patil, M.G. (2012). Yield and yield parameters of
bell pepper under different spacing and fertilizers levels in shade net. Asian Journal of
Horticulture, 7(2):246-249.
Singh, I. and Kaur, A. (2018). Effect of pruning systems on growth and yield traits of greenhouse
grown bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L. var. grossum). Indian Journal of Agricultural
Research, 52(4): 414-418. Print ISSN:0367-8245 / Online ISSN:0976-058X.
Thakur, O., Kumar, V. and Singh, J. (2018). A review on advances in pruning to vegetable
crops. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 7(2): 3556-
3565.
Thakur, P. and Singh, S. (2023). Effect of different spacing on growth and yield of bell pepper
(Capsicum annuum L.) hybrid Bomby grown under protected conditions. The Pharma
Innovation Journal, 12(9): 904-907.
Thuphairo, K., Sornchan, P. and Suttisansanee, U. (2019). Bioactive compounds, antioxidant
activity and inhibition of key enzymes relevant to Alzheimer’s disease from sweet pepper
(Capsicum annuum) extracts. Preventive Nutrition and Food Science, 24(3): 327.
Zende, U.M. (2008). Investigation on production techniques in capsicum under protected
cultivation. [Link]. degree. College of Agriculture, Dharwad, University of Agricultural
Sci., Dharwad.
Zhuang, Y., Chen, L., Sun, L. and Cao, J. (2012). Bioactive characteristics and antioxidant
activities of nine peppers. Journal of Functional Foods, 4(1): 331-338.