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Solid State

The document discusses the classification and properties of matter, specifically focusing on solids, including crystalline and amorphous states. It outlines the characteristics of different types of solids, such as their melting points, cleavage, and atomic arrangements, as well as the concept of unit cells and packing efficiency in crystal structures. Additionally, it explains the coordination number and the density of unit cells in relation to their atomic composition and arrangement.

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Shrishanth Sathya
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14 views23 pages

Solid State

The document discusses the classification and properties of matter, specifically focusing on solids, including crystalline and amorphous states. It outlines the characteristics of different types of solids, such as their melting points, cleavage, and atomic arrangements, as well as the concept of unit cells and packing efficiency in crystal structures. Additionally, it explains the coordination number and the density of unit cells in relation to their atomic composition and arrangement.

Uploaded by

Shrishanth Sathya
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
! Soup State | Matter ¢- Anyiiing tot hos mass and cccupies Space Matter Solfd State f Liquid tote Gaseous Staite Solfds ate classetted Gnto H CrystalBine Soltal i Amovphotis Sota Qrthe Rass Of Ayrongement - ae > Crystalline = Long range order Esfvtlaw, avrangonad > Amorphous >> ghoyt Yonge order (dtppevent orvangenet] Qn fe basis Of Mebng Point > Depends on force of attyactfon . > Crystalline — sharp melting pothtt [Forces Op Attvaction ave equal’) > Amorphous —> Range Melting pofiat [Forces Of Attyoction ave vot S \ eee equ] On Re basis Of Tsotvopodtty +- Teotrepic > a physical Proporty ushfich has the same ‘olue Whon meastoed ie all directions. Crystalline > Antotrepce Amorphous » Lébapic Qn he basis Of Cleavage Crystalline > Smooth cleavage (ordere arranged) Amorphous —> Rough cleavage (unorder arranged] Solid ) evden ok > Condensed state of quid Matter wPqutd Gros Flufds [Particles have: tendency to gio) Awey | ; \ ee —salke kneusn os Psendo golfds or Supercooled Liquids AMORPHOUS ‘ 5 coe , Coal => CARBON Diamond, Gyroplite | Cesy TALUNE paaly oS Gyloss | Quavtz CRSYTALUNE > Sio, Amorphous Heat ot 0, Cesyraune golf fe) eu fod ioan tallifre Heat i Crystallane Is ett S51, Amorercus Solfel cee ah . 2 , emer One Amorphous ,-Teplon spire gfass . cellopren qe OMONPKOUS Golf]. vol , PMC AEA, potasRurn ntbrote Copper’ ave crystalline fm nature Classisfcation Os Crystalline Solfds2- ) Torte Solfle (i Meoletulac galtds > Polar Molewlar -Soltls > Non- polar Molewlar Solfde > H-bonded Klolewlar Towfe —_ H-bondtng > dépole- > London intevactfon Fnteract en \ ita, Pees Leute Souos :- #9 Conatftuent Par Heles s- (fons) orrastiey charged Gna. > Ext Fagels + ‘Hoel MAbs s3:° > Force Of attraction — Tonfe. geteradtion > Sonic Soltls are Mpittle but net mahable . OM SEQ2 Pee” OGL wakes” > Sone solfels aso. goed conduiters &n molten Stetke and bad conductors Gn solid-state . > Very High Mebing Point « Metalltc Sorts + > Consiftuent Particles ze (metals) -*) Force Of Attvoctfon > Met tale. Bondn: >PoFifve charged Fong | present fn sea c electron ave Rnewn KERNELS]. y-woli @ >the mebttng: pont fs fourly high but % ts Compavettively less than fore goltd . > Unltke te Tonfe solids they ave Mattleable [sheet] and Ductile [wire] shen potentfal lfRjownee % appleed , te mole electron can Mave making the metallic solfl aqood conductor > Examples :- metals (Na zn’) , Altoys ete -- 2 ai Moteutlor Solpis 2- 4) Constftuent Pay teless- Molewles [Rubsdfurn) => Force Of Attrocifon s- Vanderwaal Prteractfon, H- boridtng dfpote - dipole fnteraction, London forces.” ja Non- polar Molewilay Soutdas (by Dipole moment > [PEO] Uy Force attractton > London forces Gi Meng efit: > Lous Mebting Pott: (0) Hardness —> opt sotid 6=c=o Exawpk % Co, , Sog ote [Avge] oi Povar Movecucar Soups a Dipole moment > po Gi) Force Of Attraction > dipole -dfpole Fnterackion Gib Metting Pont —> Low melting Potnt but move than nen- polar Solfcds () Hardness -5 Soft Solis . fit) Hyprogen - Bonomg, Moteeiar Soups :- & Dipole Moment : f (it) Force OF Attroctfon 3 Hydrogen Bondt (i motttng Pofnt sae High () Hardness > Hard sold WD CovarenT Sours & [HetHORK Goring] > “the covalent solfds ushfch as covalent bonds | Qe extended throughout the gold structure - A > Bet Si, SIC, SIO, ALN ,Dramond , Giraphite > Melting Point = Very Vtgh melting Point — Gyraphiite -> soft self Used as SubrFeant > Good conductors Weakt Vanderuxals Frteractton between two ayers Lartice + 1-cfimensional fattie o- dimensiorod Cathie 3-diwensionald fottue > Space Lathie > ri-%s an Tmaghnory coleclion of tn pinde 10+ oy poirits vstth a. sugular ond sapling peomig > Unik coll > The smallest siopsating uni, 4 space Veattice & called unit cell. : “as edge tengif along oad? b> edge tength. along y~axts C> edge length along Z-OKUs “> angle between bande BP ongte between c anda ¥ > angle between aonde tj 5 Geometry of Pe unit cet deftes Ha. / crystal 2ystem «Thee axe total of Gover crystal systan post ble. Byravars Pavameters | mpl: | body eae os | Contered, Conbered a 1 i LINC eee I I | Tene wa PHY HAC fe oo atatas | play MONOCLINIC le y= 905 Pt) 1| i ee Pa - SNe |-— OeTHORHOMeIC o&= B= Y= A0* Terence e Hexacionat | Y= 120° a, +a, #Q3 (01202 = 93 RuoraeoneDet, c= p=VtAO™ la Ki prao” | * \ Coste Caystar System t- > There can be feu by, svrangenurls fern 5 4 re GO geowtbus Of thee untt ceoel. a O PafinPtive Orvangenent ¢- Los OBLL Swhen He constituents partt Ewa pourent at the como onby , Bt cobled primitive Centre . a i 34 Oh Body centered Arrangement + Swhen the constituents prortiles one powent ot the como os well os the caps ithe rit whl be cabled. bady centered cdorongentit. diy Face Centered Arrangement 2+ > > when He constituents | parities ase ousent ot the cours os well os te covite 4 the fous, ak % calhd face Centered aserangemonit. &) End Centered Aryangenent ‘ > When the constituetts posdichs coe qousnt ot the vous os sill vos te conibr gpony two opposite faces , tt ts called ond contered CHONG Dae ssice 4 arvtangemaits ase posible osithin each oupital Ayrton , 50 Fe4= 28 unit cells 290 possible, Theoretfalty , Those axe known as Bravars lattice . Only 14 cut nae unibeells con oxish fn vetune (symmetry Coitderatton) > hose unit cells oe not “hu wouglal Sytem eqpotty sdisturtbecl omong Fr Coste Cryatar Sysreva e- > Conalftuents parttles oste considered. to be solid spheve > Their Shape cart be desormed by the applitasion op Stvess “They may or may not take contact wth each other but they never Qyto one anetrur- > tattle pofhs ovte Doxated ot fa corte. o the Sphosie « roxy O09. = anr W) FF a CO > azar lv) Ko ; a @ = accor (x) Banus Or Our Cau 3 Zt sha oppetive numboy of atoms por unl cell. 8) -the corner atom % Shaved by efght Gubes » thierefsee Therefore Pts cont rtbutfon to one cube $s Vg - Total, ntt= Me] Ye NO .o} atoms at corner (a ?| 8 ntyibutfor! contY¥butfon 4 atom at tcorner= 4 z [) The face atom ont Ahosiad by two uniik alla 9 Ste contyteutfon to ene cube Yo. : few Frank= * ME Noe Gatos present on face contre a Total L 5 : Contvibution The atens inside the ute axe cath saber, And they covbitfucte thedr ysholo to the wut coll foto *TRank= vib) Yb > NO « cLoWs present ot body Contyibution Centre WY) The atoms on he edges ase shaxed "i" 4 tuber , ‘Therwapere TES contrPbution to ene Lube wl Ne > Noe oy ators raed ox Totag. >/Rank= Ne Contyibutis # edge > Greneralised formula for Rant 2 4S Hy + Me 2 + Ronk = 1 yPank for primivite un@ cell = | ) Rank for Body centered Unie col = 2. ) Rank for Face centered writ cell - 4 “Wy Rank for End centoud unde colt = | Cyaracterts tics Ge Cuset- > Nos & corners - 8 > Noe o% faces = & > No» of edges = > Noe 4 Body centre = | 1 : > Nooo edge dfagonal = 6 ee" Sok; waatnal > lo 64 body dfogenal = 4 INT ; > Nowa, face diagonal = 19 een Face centre Paces Fencrioil +- > The fraction ef Lhe volume sop unit GEL seccupiind bythe Otows 18 called packing 3 dian. | Pas Totok volume Of atoms | Tobe Velume Of Unit cll > Total volume exlons :- E ppective nde of odes x : Fe Volume of | atom > For urbe = A > edape fength Opcube 3 Pe = RABY co a? D) Pagkteng Fyactfon of Primilfve ‘oubfo system fy > Volume o, unit colt = (ar)* > Rank of unit coll = 1 Ppa bets? } Di z ae a |e c [Pesos] > Vord Fractfon = 1-10.52 =048 > Packsng ofpicioncy = Os52xl0o = 52%, > Vefd eppichoncy 4S x00 = 42% Vow Faction * ~RACTIO >The fraction of Lhe volume cunt oll Wnecunied by tre atoms Ss cable ceolfed, void froction , > [Void Fractfon = I~ Packing Fractfor, Cocrpwarion Numeee :- >It & Re ose atoms making contact vscth, O wiven ote « > The coordmatfon number fs deffned for that given. atom and. the atoms making Contact one Called the veasust nefghbeust - j | |. Coordination rumbor jor padiilive unit all. = 6 ul. The distance beteeen center of neavest neighbour = a \ Secon Coorowation!: Numper 2 j > the next closest equidistant catones sore called next neovest nefabous > the next reoxest naeghbouwt % obtained. colong. 2h pen diagonal, of each faces shoring some corner atom - Lerlext neasest nefyhbour ato distance = Ga tr. Second Coovd?rodion, number ey sprimttive Unit 19 eds Packinet Fuoction 2 Coogomtation slumber ) Recly centered Cubfe System t- Pr = Volume of atom ee tlstY Volume a, cube ae. ahtoms are pot fm contact of the edees - 2 Atom 56 in contact cack lle along the body gagowol. ' Ye 7c 4 *. Pra RA Ewxsae | Be cocs aax oF 8 > Packing Fraction = 0.68 > Void Fraction = 1 o.¢g = 0632 > Packing Appicianey = 68% »NOrd efficiency = 32% > The cornet citem makes contact sith ts body oft cubes, the coordination noe}, comma atoms uit be efght . > Coordfnatfon wumbor eo body centered otowy wilt are le ght Decause the fedy conkvad dtem makes ceritact Sth Fah comer cote 3 In) Face Coriteved Cuble Systent :- > Atoms WL be fr contact te cach ether along Lhe aa (a=2r, e-4) > wart Gt le TY» ST» Fo. aes ee =, > ey Fractfon = 0.44 > Void Fractfon = I-04 = 0.26) > eer epffcrercy = 4, > Vid 2 Btcieney = Rey +> The corner atom % common to 12 faces and 2 make contact sith 12 face contoud atoms + > When allt the atoms axe, same, te face co atoms & adjacertt faces mates contact, with each otha. > Coordination Number 84 Face Centered Cubfa System Distance Cepgonation HumMBeR UME o,80,2.-. > G a,a.. BAe mee 12 Goo --- — & wa, ee ——- aq | Density Or Onit Ceu +. > Tb defined os the ma of unit adh po tre tetat Volume eh und ll o i d= Mass of atom eee Se Total volume of Unit Call Total 5 ; ' ! mes unit etl = Rx mows of 4 atom wURRIM M4 Molo# Mass a, atom Has ! Na R> Rank of unit cool pNelante ef unit cal = a8 edge Length o unit-ait > ldenstty = REM | n= tor! ona less a) tr U : d A) 1690 2WAF Veins - > Volds ase vacant spaces encloxd by atoms mdintaining a defcnite georvabuy - > dows fied fnbo *- 50, ; €) Octabedsiat Voids (th Jetrahedval. Voids Octane peat Votos *- SoTt & a vacont Apoce octohedsialty Ausvvoundod oy che atones > Lt down't exist in qvumibine ort bec. > Lt fs only present fr fee and hep. Ocrautenear Voip iN Eec:- = the mid peints 8, edges and the body cob Sb Fee au the postttong of octahedaal voids « > the body corto oh Ecc pclae oly Aus HOun4 by etx face centered atoms. wore 9 alyO a positfer Ch octohedsnl sid . > the mid poinls of edge % octated ally Surrounded ty four face Centered atoms and two Cerner atoms. > Total nove, octahedral vf Qn fec= > Octahedyal wads mm fee = -RAWell ! “TeTRAHEpRAL Ustos :- > Tt & a vatant space tetrahedrally aunsoundal oy feu atoms « > Ly the atoms ou plaad ot abkotncte connors ot Be eppoite faces, the body covitore a the coos becomes the detrahedsol Votel - : the ty SR SEI ea tt u Aunnounded Hed faces Centered atems and ene corneratoms and ft % tetrahedral voids « > No. of tetrahedrol VORAE fcc g > Tetvahedral Notds Pn fee = ax Ronke \ I (Veiga) ei tr circle © Splone Atea = oS Volume. uTtr? 3 . EO |s(Octahedral con 7 Voro eS GEE USD) |__; (Tetrahadral Vows [F)e, age COORDINATION CooRDiNtATION Num@er =3, Num@eR = 4. (vou) (vow) LAYeRingy &) 4- Dimensional Layering $- NATION | aaxatt © COGBOD cooeowiriot 9 NumeerR @ 2 Dyntenstonak Layering ° : volDs — Square Planar @) A CNC VOIDS) — 3 CN (atoms) > 4 ( Squave ) ‘Packing fo : VotDs —» TReangulay Voids Wy A C.N(votos) > 3 ( Hevagonat C-n(Atom) — 6 Packing Ss ee Paces, Feaction/ \ - Packmnte, Ereiciency &- (2-D) 1" ® Se@yare Pace 2- ‘Pe = Aven gate Area qyuntt coll a=ar “ Totet no. octems conttfibsted = Wann . 4x ly eh ‘ Area. Q. aquaye =a Pee Bs ms 0 ave PoE. = Fx ico D> OoFAXU > PoF= Oot2 » Ver = l-0.42 @ Hexagionar Pacrewsey., / ea PF = he 9 ators PO neot oF unieeale % ey Aven & heragert” - = > BB eae? » (ear?) SB Maze? > Tetal no. Of, atBrins conbribctil £3 Ge ~ BFE ong OO bE aes a » _T 3 ur- Tas -r PF wD RS 5 PE ayy 10 5 VoE uel x! 3-Dimensional Layering - & Squaye Paexing (aan type) We get two 3-D strudlusus + AAAtype and. ABAB type « B Ada type strudiioe te soma ow pudinifore uniky, \Pe-esz] . od O Asan type structure is same os Srl contr urtit coll « i [PE=0-68 ) ity Hexagonal Pacing (nena type) v= octahedyal void 4 Tetrahedrall Youd BB - lee . pag Glose packtin | PeF a4 J ket (n-6) Ov=6 5 Wate Agc aac type 3 face centered cal uit [Pre a) Sorin Derects = = the feregulosilis ius Bn the Aowdise of wuystaliine aelids B knewn vas, Solid Depedls. sAEO kelvin the oxyital % pepe ore tho Bs ne solid clefrct « pd / The extort of sold deeds Tnereases WTA Sncrenss 8 temperature . °° : 2in any soltd defect , clectot ob neutrality ustll be preserved - "SDEPECTSE =a I 5 { } Stoichiometric Sonpuuvttty \lon- Stofchto~ Defect Refect mes opet [> Vacan eptcionty) “ae Tread defet Ls 1 _sIntoxstbifal defect Toric Golds [ae d + F neneel depett Pont Defect & She conitituent posthicles moy nat be quusent at exact Lostice point « y ee a teen Y stoichiometric Qapat re S In this dapect, Ho atsichiometse en 4 | sematinn came . [Rete 2 cation 40 Anton mornains cart | Mon- stefenfomdndc Qype: 2 Th this dat , the Be? chiomebsie gorrnulo, | well be ofgected..[ratie 0 cation to anion changed J - | Vacancy Defect & AAA ore MARS? Ord WBE) Tenet AOC Lnterstttial Dopect + DARA eB, CYNE) SEBS ve” CORAL) Tntersifefal 5 Site Scuortcy DEEECT > Th iis dopeck, equal nos ey cations and soni aoe found tr be poxmaneilly mini prom the attic. Mb» Donsby decreases. Having Hah Coordinate ee ONES Dons cheoclcks Cuaron number 1 MPntmwM polar taben- FRENKEL Deeect & >In this depock , the Tons ase dlistacated. from the Mable site ond thy ont fourd to be fountnt tn eee surat dart. Having lous Coosydinodtion and fourd Sn’ Lous tonic character. Maxfruum polartzater A : Bet AgBr [shows both Frenkel and Schott fay defect J Metal Excess Defect * ©) Anfonic dlepfeteren > MX-8 ») dacorporction o miter > MysX % Anionic Depfilency a > the aye ebrétovon ocemyuping sre Lectin ad of anion [anfonke vocony) ts frown 2% F-cerbe - > the unpaired ofection Ep gives whe to pasamag neti: >The F-centre %& responsible yer colour ote «On exchtation the eledbuen geen te highow oa tote . When Bt comes back i tk gives sui to emivnen apodxa > When potential dipperaner Ps opplind « the e© the F-cerbe can move In the Same direction , qn sire To Ibe elodtduak conducltivcty + Since, negative charge fs moving ,7t fs coMled notype, Som? conductor [ fitvinsic)e the antenic Vacant Na® 42c0™ —> Hack 1b) Incerporatfon Oy Mola 2 > Ametal enters an frtoutitial slate o% ° cation and Le prec efecbuon By tt fh ono thax | Frteetstilial sute . St is neictral Sys ‘gorrft conductor ° TRA Ts the ondy clopect ustane dently actually GRY VERY) x0 > x? 4 ae COOLS xa at ry | | | | | | | fnevenses. | nt 3° free Fnterstitiat lection. af Yntonstitiak Site sth Metal Oepitionny Det > CMe) > This defect can exist yshowe the metal has Vasdolfo oly the positive chosige ox hoy he Missing ef the cation fs compensated by few High va Galion a same mets DCO, (ey Fe BUSES = @@0 Percentage 64 cat fone Upcancy - > No. of cationic vouancies Th she mele of, deppeel Qorttice .

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