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Understanding Complex Numbers

This document provides an overview of complex numbers, including their algebraic and trigonometric forms, operations, and properties. It explains how to add, subtract, and find the conjugate of complex numbers, as well as introduces Euler's identity and De Moivre's theorem. The document also discusses the relationship between complex numbers and hyperbolic functions.

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THANAKORN INTHAYUNG
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7 views2 pages

Understanding Complex Numbers

This document provides an overview of complex numbers, including their algebraic and trigonometric forms, operations, and properties. It explains how to add, subtract, and find the conjugate of complex numbers, as well as introduces Euler's identity and De Moivre's theorem. The document also discusses the relationship between complex numbers and hyperbolic functions.

Uploaded by

THANAKORN INTHAYUNG
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

APPENDIX

Complex Numbers
A
A complex number z is expressed in standard (algebraic) form as:
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
z ¼ x þ y$j or z ¼ x þ y$i with j ¼ i ¼ 1 (A.1)
where the real numbers x and y are the real and imaginary parts, respectively. The
powers of j are j2 ¼ 1, j3 ¼ j, j4 ¼ 1, ., jnþ4 ¼ jn. When y ¼ 0, the complex
number z is real, z ¼ x, whereas for x ¼ 0, z ¼ y$j is imaginary.
Two complex numbers z1 ¼ x1 þ y1$j and z2 ¼ x2 þ y2$j are added/subtracted as:
z1  z2 ¼ ðx1  x2 Þ þ ðy1  y2 Þ$j (A.2)
Two complex numbers z1 and z2 are equal if and only if x1 ¼ x2 and y1 ¼ y2. The
complex number z ¼ x  y$j is the conjugate of the original complex number
z ¼ x þ y$j. The following property:
z$z ¼ ðx þ y$jÞ$ðx  y$jÞ ¼ x2 þ y2 (A.3)
enables expressing the reciprocal of a complex number, which is 1/z, in standard
form as:
1 z x  y$j x y
¼ ¼ ¼  $j (A.4)
z z$z x2 þ y2 x2 þ y2 x2 þ y2
The trigonometric (or polar) form of a complex number is:
z ¼ jzj$½cos£z þ ðsin£zÞ $j ¼ r$½cos 4 þ ðsin 4Þ$j (A.5)
where r ¼ jzj is the modulus, and 4 ¼ £z is the argument. The image of a complex
number in the complex plane is illustrated in Figure A.1, which shows the two sets of
parameters, algebraic and trigonometric, defining the complex number z. The
following transformations apply between algebraic and trigonometric parameters:
( 8 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
x ¼ r$cos 4 <
r ¼ x2 þ y 2
and (A.6)
y ¼ r$sin 4 :
4 ¼ tan1 ðy=xÞ
Euler’s identity:
e4$j ¼ cos 4 þ ðsin 4Þ$j (A.7)

System Dynamics for Engineering Students. [Link] 709


Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
710 APPENDIX A

Imaginary
axis
z
y
z=r
Real axis
ϕ= z x
FIGURE A.1
Graphical Representation of Complex Number in Complex Plane (Argand Diagram).

leads to:
e4$j þ e4$j e4$j  e4$j
cosð4Þ ¼ ; sinð4Þ ¼ (A.8)
2 2j
Euler’s identity permits expressing the trigonometric complex number of Eq. (A.5)
in phasor (or exponential) form:

z ¼ r$e4$j ¼ jzj$eð£zÞ$j (A.9)


The phasor form simplifies division, multiplication, or raising to power of complex
numbers, as shown in Eq. (A.10):
z1 jz1 j$eð£z1 Þ$j jz1 j ð£z1 £z2 Þ$j
z¼ ¼ ¼ $e
z2 jz2 j$eð£z2 Þ$j jz2 j

z ¼ z1 $z2 ¼ jz1 j$eð£z1 Þ$j $jz2 j$eð£z2 Þ$j ¼ jz1 j$jz2 j$eð£z1 þ£z2 Þ$j

zn ¼ ðjzj$eð£zÞ$j Þn ¼ jzjn $eðn$£zÞ ¼ jzjn $fcosðn$£zÞ þ ½sinðn$£zÞ $jg

¼ r n $fcosðn$4Þ þ ½sinðn$4Þ$jg (A.10)


The last Eq. (A.10) is known as De Moivre’s theorem (or identity).
The hyperbolic functions:
e4 þ e4 e4  e4
coshð4Þ ¼ ; sinhð4Þ ¼ (A.11)
2 2
are connected to exponential complex numbers by means of Euler’s identity as:
e4$j þ e4$j
coshð4$jÞ ¼ ¼ cos 4;
2
(A.12)
e4$j  e4$j e4$j  e4$j
sinhð4$jÞ ¼ ¼ $j ¼ ðsin 4Þ$j
2 2j

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