Design and Implementation of IOT Based Smart Belt for Animal Protection

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION:

Food is a basic need for every individual, and the importance of agricultural
industry cannot be overstated. The rapidly growing population of the world reduced
farming area because of industrialization, exodus of farmers to urban areas, and climate
change which are some of the factors that are challenging the agricultural industry to the
next level.

A stable and progressive agricultural industry is extremely important to feed the

ever-increasing population of the world. The world economy was driven mostly by
agriculture until the 18th century. Around 1760, the first industrial revolution started
with the invention of the steam engine. The large-scale mechanization resulting from this
revolution started luring farmers to abandon their farms and move to urban areas for
socioeconomic benefits.

The second and third industrial revolutions in the next two centuries accelerated
this migration process resulting in increased abandonment of farmlands. Livestock
monitoring is another important aspect of farming. Traditionally, cattle were monitored
manually and confined in farms by building physical fences. However, advanced
technologies have made it possible to track and monitor the cattle automatically.
Navigation satellites and Global Positioning System (GPS) are extensively used for
tracking the position of cattle. UAVs have made real time monitoring of cattle a cost
effective and hassle-free task. Radio frequency identification (RFID), wireless sensor
networks, and the Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) are other potential
technologies for establishing virtual fences to keep the farm animals in a confined area.
Animals alter their behavior to enable them to deal with stressors such as infection,
satiety, or social and environmental changes.

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CHAPTER 2:

LITERATURE SURVEY:

1. K., S. (2018) presents a Cloud IoT Based Livestock Monitoring system featuring a
wearable collar with DHT11, MLX90614, KG011, and a 3-axis accelerometer. Commu-
nication is facilitated through Arduino UNO, Bluetooth HC 05, and Wi Fi ESP8266, with
data stored in the cloud and accessible through a web-based interface for farmers and vet-
erinarians.

2. Y. P. Pratama (2019) introduces an IoT Health Classification System using a collar

that measures heart rate, body temperature, and cattle movement. The system employs a
seven-layer IoT model integrating MLX90615, MAX30100, and GY 25 sensors,
incorporating machine learning for health classification and providing data analysis
through a web application.

3. Shinde's Automatic Health Measurement system utilizes LM35, Stethoscope, and an

accelerometer for measuring temperature, heartbeat, and movement. The data is wire-
lessly accessed through Arduino UNO with Wi Fi functionality.

4. Swain (2017) presents an Arduino Based Health Monitoring system measuring heart
rate, temperature, rumination, and body humidity. The system employs sensors such as
DHT11, KG011, and a three axis gyro accelerometer. Wireless communication is
facilitated through Arduino with Xbee, and LabView is utilized for data analysis

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CHAPTER 3:

PROBLEM DEFINITION

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CHAPTER 4:
OBJECTIVES

The main objective of the project is to develop smart belt for animal safety. The project
consists of development of two belts one for sheep and one for cattle and a modular
animal protection system which can be embedded on the belts. The objectives of the
project are:

 Develop a smart belt for animal safety which can be used to track the activity of the
animals

 To interface the camera to the belt which can be used to capture the animal activity
and store the video on the SD card.

 To implement a Danger sensing system in the belt which will sense fire and alert the
cattle as well as owner of the animals

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CHAPTER 5:
METHODOLOGY

5.1 Block Diagram

Fig 1: Block Diagram of Design and Implementation of IoT based smart belt for animal
protection.
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Design and Implementation of IOT Based Smart Belt for Animal Protection

5.2WORKING PRINCIPLE

IoT based smart belt for animal protection is a revolutionary technology that aims to
enhance the safety and wellbeing of animals by leveraging the power of the Internet of
Things (IoT). This innovative solution combines advanced sensors, wireless communication,
and data analytics to monitor the health and behavior of animals in real time, providing
valuable insights to farmers, researchers, and animal welfare organizations. The working
principle of this IoT based smart belt involves several key components and processes that
work together to ensure the safety and protection of animals. The smart belt is equipped with
a variety of sensors that are designed to collect data on various aspects of the animal's health
and behavior. These sensors may include accelerometers, gyroscopes, temperature sensors,
heart rate monitors, and GPS modules, among others. The data collected by these sensors is
then transmitted wirelessly to a central hub or cloud-based platform using a low power, wide
area network (LPWAN) protocol such as LoRa or Sigfox. This allows for real time
monitoring and analysis of the animal's vital signs, movements, and environmental
conditions.

Once the data is received by the central hub or cloud-based platform, it is processed and
analyzed using advanced machine learning algorithms and data analytics techniques. These
algorithms can identify patterns, anomalies, and trends in the data that may indicate potential
health issues, behavioral abnormalities, or environmental hazards. For example, changes in
the animal's heart rate, respiratory rate, or body temperature may signal the onset of illness
or distress, while changes in its movement patterns or location may suggest exposure to
predators or dangerous terrain. Based on the insights derived from the data analysis, the
smart belt can trigger automatic alerts and notifications to the animal's caretakers,
veterinarians, or wildlife conservationists, enabling them to take proactive measures to
address any potential risks or threats to the animal's safety and wellbeing. For example, if

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the smart belt detects a sudden increase in the animal's heart rate and a decrease in its
activity levels, it may automatically send an alert to the farmer or veterinarian, prompting
them to conduct a physical examination or provide medical intervention as needed.

CHAPTER 6:
HARDWARE COMPONENTS:
1. ESP32 BLE chip:

Fig 1: ESP32 BLE chip

The ESP32 is a versatile and powerful microcontroller developed by Espressif Systems. It

features built in Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) capabilities, making it suitable for a wide range
of applications, including IoT and wireless communication.

Here are more specific values for the ESP32 BLE chip:
1. Overview:

 Dual core Tensilica LX6 microprocessor at up to 240 MHz.

2. Wireless Communication:

 Wi Fi

 802.11 b/g/n (2.4 GHz).

 WPA/WPA2/WPA3 security protocols.

3. Bluetooth:
 Dual mode supporting Bluetooth v4.2 and Bluetooth v5.0.

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 BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy) support.

4. Processor:

 Dual core Tensilica LX6 microprocessor at up to 240 MHz.

5. Memory:

 RAM: 520 KB or more (typically).

 Flash: Ranges from 4 MB to 16 MB.

6. Peripheral Interfaces:

 GPIO pins: Varies (e.g., ESP32 DevKit V1 has 36 GPIO pins).

 SPI, I2C, I2S, UART, ADC, DAC for versatile connectivity.

2. Temperature sensor:

Fig 2. Temperature sensor:

The DS18B20 is a digital temperature sensor using the One Wire protocol with a range
of 55°C to +125°C and an accuracy of ±0.5°C. Thermocouples, such as Type K, generate
voltage based on the Seebeck effect, suitable for temperatures from 270°C to +1372°C
with varying accuracy. LM35, a precision analog temperature sensor, has a range of 0°C
to +100°C with an accuracy of ±0.5°C, commonly used in climate control systems.
Infrared sensor MLX90614 measures radiation with a range of 40°C to +125°C and an

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accuracy of ±0.5°C, ideal for non contact temperature measurements in industrial

processes. Each sensor type caters to specific temperature measurement needs and
applications.

Specifications:
1. DS18B20 Digital Temperature Sensor:
 Principle: Digital sensor using the One Wire protocol.

 Temperature Range: 55°C to +125°C.

 Accuracy: ±0.5°C typical.

 Applications: Electronics, IoT, and situations requiring precise digital

temperature readings.

2. Thermocouple (Type K):

 Principle: Voltage generated by the Seebeck effect.

 Temperature Range: 270°C to +1372°C.

 Accuracy: Varies, commonly within ±1.5°C.

 Applications: Industrial processes, high temperature environments,

and researchapplications.

3. LM35 Precision Temperature Sensor:

 Principle: Analog output proportional to temperature.

 Temperature Range: 0°C to +100°C.

 Accuracy: ±0.5°C typical.

 Applications: Climate control systems, temperature monitoring in elec-

tronic devices.

4. Infrared (IR) Temperature Sensor (MLX90614):

 Principle: Measures infrared radiation.

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Design and Implementation of IOT Based Smart Belt for Animal Protection

 Temperature Range: 40°C to +125°C.

 Accuracy: ±0.5°C typical.

 Applications: Non contact temperature measurement in industrial pro-

cesses, medicaldevices.

3. Fire Sensor:

Fig 3. Fire sensor

The MQ 2 Gas and Smoke Sensor detects combustible gases and smoke with adjustable
sensitivity, making it suitable for fire detection in residential and industrial settings. The Flame
Sensor, exemplified by the IR Flame Sensor, utilizes infrared light detection with adjustable
sensitivity, making it effective for fire detection in diverse environments, including smart home
systems.

1. MQ 2 Gas and Smoke Sensor:

 Principle: Detects combustible gases and smoke.

 Detection Range: Varies based on gas type.

 Sensitivity: Adjustable.

 Applications: Fire detection in homes, industries, and gas leakage mon-

itoring.

2. Flame Sensor (e.g., IR Flame Sensor):

 Principle: Detects infrared light emitted by flames.

 Detection Range: Depends on sensor specifications.

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 Sensitivity: Adjustable.

 Applications: Fire detection in various environments, including smart

home systems.

3. Heat (Temperature) Fire Sensor (e.g., Thermistor):

 Principle: Detects rapid temperature increases.

 Detection Range: Typically up to a few hundred degrees Celsius.

 Sensitivity: Depends on the sensor characteristics.

 Applications: Fire detection in enclosed spaces, kitchens, and electrical

panels.

4. Photoelectric Smoke Sensor:

 Principle: Utilizes light scattering or obscuration to detect smoke parti-

cles.

 Detection Range: Varies based on design and sensitivity.



[Link] Modem:

Fig 4. GPS modem.

A GPS modem, exemplified by the u blox NEO 6M GPS module, is designed for accurate
location tracking. This module receives signals from GPS satellites, providing real time
geographical coordinates. The u blox NEO 6M has a typical accuracy of 2.5 meters,
operates on a 3.3V power supply, and supports multiple communication interfaces such as

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UART and I2C, making it versatile for applications like navigation, tracking, and
geofencing.

Specifications:
1. Accuracy
 Typical Accuracy: 2.5 meters.
2. Power Supply:
 Operational Voltage: 3.3V.

3. Communication Interfaces:
 Supported Interfaces: UART, I2C.
4. Performance:
5. Connectivity:
 Update Rate: Up to 5 Hz.
 Cold Start Time: 27 seconds typical.
 Warm Start Time: 1 second typical.
 Hot Start Time: 1 second typical.

6. Sensitivity:

 Tracking Sensitivity: 161 dBm.

 Cold Start Sensitivity: 147 dBm.

7. Environmental Characteristics:
 Operating Temperature Range: 40°C to +85°C.

5. GSM Modem:

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Fig 5. GSM Modem

A GSM modem is a device that enables communication between electronic devices
over the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) network. Typically
integrated with a SIM card, it facilitates data transmission, SMS, and voice
communication. Commonly used for applications like mobile communication, remote
monitoring, and sending/receiving text messages, GSM modems are versatile
communication modules widely employed in IoT and other embedded systems.

Specifications:
1. Network Compatibility:

 Frequency Bands: Multiple bands, e.g., 850/900/1800/1900 MHz for

2G.

2. Data Communication:
 Data Transfer Rates: Up to 85.6 kbps (GPRS), higher for 3G or 4G/
LTE.

 SIM Card Interface: Standard or micro SIM.

3. Messaging:

 SMS Features: Sending and receiving text messages.

 MMS Support: Some models may support Multimedia Messaging Ser-
vice.

4. Voice Communication:
 Voice Support: Allows for voice calls in addition to data.
5. Connectivity:

 Interfaces: RS232, USB, or UART for communication with external

devices.

 Antenna Connection: Typically supports an external antenna for better

signal reception.

6. Power Requirements:

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 Voltage Range: Typically operates within a 3.4V to 4.5V range.

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1. Response Time: Measured in milliseconds (ms), indicating how quickly pixels can
change from one color to another.

7. Buzzer:

Fig 7: Buzzer

A buzzer is an electroacoustic device that produces sound when an electrical current is

applied. It typically consists of a coil and a diaphragm or membrane that vibrates to
generate audible tones. Buzzers are commonly used for alert signals, notifications, and in
electronic circuits where an audible indication is required. They come in various types,
including piezoelectric and magnetic buzzers, each offering distinct advantages in terms of
size, power consumption, and frequency range.

Specifications:
1. Operating Voltage: Specified voltage range (e.g., 3V to 12V) within which the
buzzer operates effectively.

2. Sound Output: Measures in decibels (dB), indicating the loudness of the sound pro-
duced.
3. Frequency: Expressed in Hertz (Hz), specifying the pitch or frequency range of
the generated sound.

4. Current Consumption: Measured in milliamperes (mA), indicating the amount of cur-

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rent the buzzer draws during operation.

5. Type: Different types include electromagnetic buzzers, piezoelectric buzzers, and mag-
netic buzzers, each with distinct [Link] Temperature: The specified tem-
perature range within which the buzzer can operate efficiently

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8. Battery:

Fig 8: Battery
A battery is a portable energy storage device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy.
It consists of one or more cells, each containing positive and negative electrodes immersed in an
electrolyte. Batteries are widely used in electronic devices to provide a portable and reliable power
source, with variations such as lithium ion, alkaline, and rechargeable batteries catering to diverse
applications.

Specifications:
1. Capacity: Measured in ampere hours (Ah) or milliampere hours (mAh), indicating the
total amount of charge a battery can store.

2. Voltage: Expressed in volts (V), representing the electrical potential difference be-
tween the battery's positive and negative terminals.

3. Chemistry: Indicates the type of chemical composition within the battery, such as
lithium ion (Li ion), alkaline, nickel metal hydride (NiMH), or lead acid.

4. Cycle Life: The number of charge discharge cycles a rechargeable battery can un-
dergo before its capacity significantly degrades.

5. Self Discharge Rate: Specifies the rate at which a battery loses its charge when not in
use, usually measured as a percentage per month.

6. Temperature Range: The recommended operating temperature range within which

the battery performs optimally.

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7. Charging Time: For rechargeable batteries, the time required to reach full capacity
during charging.
8. Discharge Rate (C Rating): Expressed as a multiple of the capacity, indicating the
rate at which a battery can be safely discharged.
9. BMS:

Fig 9: BMS
A Battery Management System (BMS) is an electronic system that monitors and
manages the charging and discharging of rechargeable batteries. It ensures balanced cell
voltages, protects against overcharging and over discharging, and monitors the battery's
temperature. BMS plays a crucial role in optimizing battery performance, enhancing
safety, and prolonging the lifespan of battery packs in applications like electric vehicles
and energy storage systems.

Specifications:
1. Voltage Monitoring: Typical Range: 2.5V to 4.2V per cell.

2. Current Monitoring: Typical Range: 1A to 100A.

3. Temperature Monitoring: Operating Range: 20°C to +60°C.

4. Balancing: Balancing Current: 50mA per cell.

5. Overcharge Protection: Threshold: Adjustable, e.g., 4.25V per cell.

6. Overdischarge Protection: Threshold: Adjustable, e.g., 2.8V per cell.

7. Short Circuit Protection: Response Time: Instantaneous.

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8. Communication Interfaces: Supported Protocols: CAN, SMBus.

10. Operating Temperature Range: Recommended Range: 40°C to +85°C.

11. Dimensions: Compact Design: Example dimensions: 60mm x 40mm x 10mm.

12. Certifications: Safety Standards are Compliant with UL, CE, or other
relevant safety certifications.

10. Motion Sensor:

Fig 10: Motion

Sensor

A motion sensor is a device that detects physical movement within its

surroundings. Utilizing technologies like infrared or ultrasonic sensors, motion
sensors are commonly employed in security systems, lighting automation, and
electronic devices. They trigger actions, alarms, or automation responses based
on detected motion, providing enhanced control and energy efficiency in various
applications.

Specifications:

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1. Technology: PIR, Ultrasonic, Microwave, Accelerometer.

2. Detection Range: Varies: Few feet to several meters.

3. Field of View (FOV): Typically: 90 to 180 degrees.

4. Sensitivity: Adjustable levels.

5. Response Time: Milliseconds.

6. Operating Voltage: 3V to 12V.

7. Power Consumption: Varies.

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SOFTWARE USED:

1. Arduino IDE:

Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment) is a software platform for

programming Arduino microcontrollers. It provides a user friendly interface for writing,
compiling, and uploading code to Arduino boards. With a simple structure, it supports
various programming languages, making it accessible for beginners and versatile for
developing electronic projects. The IDE includes a code editor, compiler, and a serial
monitor for debugging and interacting with Arduino devices.

2. Brackets IDE :

Brackets is an open source code editor designed for web development. It is lightweight,
customizable, and features live preview functionality for HTML, CSS, and JavaScript.
Brackets offers a streamlined user interface, supports extensions for additional
functionalities, and facilitates efficient coding with its inline editing and preprocessor
support.

3. WAMP Server :

WAMP Server is a software stack that enables the setup of a local web server environment
on Windows systems. The name "WAMP" is an acronym representing Windows, Apache,
MySQL, and PHP/Python/Perl. It includes the Apache web server, MySQL database, and
PHP (or other scripting languages) to facilitate the development and testing of dynamic
web applications on a local machine before deployment to a live server. WAMP simplifies
the configuration and management of these components, providing a convenient platform
for web development.

4. AWS:

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Amazon Web Services (AWS) is a comprehensive and widely used cloud computing
platform provided by Amazon. It offers a vast array of services, including computing
power, storage, databases, machine learning, analytics, and more, all accessible over the
internet. AWS allows businesses and individuals to scale resources, pay only for what they
use, and deploy applications globally with high availability. It's a key player in cloud
computing, serving diverse industries and providing tools for infrastructure management,
development, and hosting.

[Link] API:

Konnect API base URLs differ based on the geo they are hosted in or if they are global.
For a list of the API base URLs by geo, see Ports and Network Requirements. The global
endpoint is used to manage geo agnostic Konnect entities that live in a global database.
These APIs interact with entities that are not geo specific and therefore do not have any
regional boundaries. For example, identity management and IdP settings are all geo
agnostic configurations applied to the organization as a whole. The geo specific endpoints
are used to manage Konnect entities that live in a specific Konnect geo. These APIs
interact with entities specific to a geo and do not have the ability to cross regional
boundaries. For example, controlplanes, data plane nodes, and API product listings are all
geo specific entities and therefore must use the geo specific endpoint. See Geographic
Regions for more information.

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CHAPTER 8:

ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES AND APPLICATION:

Advantages:

 Early Disease Detection

 Improved Safety.

 Geo Trackinglocation awareness

Disadvantages:

 Maintenance

 Challenges

 Environmental Impact

 Sensitivity and Comfort

Applications:

 Livestock Management

 Animal Safety

 Veterinary Care

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CHAPTER 9:

EXPECTED OUTCOMES:

The expected outcome of this initiative is to establish an effective and reliable solution
for animal protection using IoT technology. By addressing the challenges and refining
the Smart belt design based on feedback and data analysis, we anticipate a significant
reduction in animal theft, improved health management, and increased confidence in
ensuring the well being of animals in various settings. This innovation has the potential
to revolutionize animal protection practices and contribute to sustainable and responsible
animal husbandry andconservation efforts

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REFERENCES

 Agrawal, Himanshu, et al. "Smart feeding in farming through IoT in silos." The International
Symposium on Intelligent Systems Technologies and Applications. Springer, Cham, 2016.

 Anu, V. M., Deepika, M. I., & Gladance, L. M. (2015). Animal identification and data manage-
ment using RFID technology. International Conference on Innovation Information in Comput-
ing Technologies. 3. Ezhilarasi, [Link], [Link], [Link]* (2020), UIP—A
Smart Web Application to Manage Network Environments, Advances in Intelligent systems
and computing book series, [Link] 981 15 1480 7_8, 97 108.

 Fakharulrazi, Alyani Nadhiya, and Fitri Yakub. "Control and Monitoring System for Livestock
Feeding Time via Smartphone." Journal of Sustainable Natural Resources 1.2 (2020): 21 26.

 Ilyas, Qazi Mudassar, and Muneer Ahmad. "Smart Farming: An Enhanced Pursuit of Sustain-
able Remote Livestock Tracking and Geofencing Using IoT and GPRS." Wireless Communica-
tions and Mobile Computing 2020 (2020).

 Juan Ignacio Huircán, Carlos Muñoz, Héctor Young, Ludwig Von Dossow, Jaime Bustos,
Gabriel Vivallo, Marcelo Toneatti,ZigBee based wireless sensor network localization for cattle
monitoring in grazing fields,Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, Volume 74, Issue
2,2010,Pages 258 264,ISSN0168699
,[Link] compag.2010. 08.014.

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