Chapter 2: Relations and Type Condition

Bijective Both one-one and onto

Functions – Complete Guide Constant Function f(x) = c for all x
Identity Function f(x) = x
Modulus Function f(x) =
f(x) = ⌊x⌋
Greatest Integer
🔹 1. Basic Definitions to Cover Function
f(x) = { 1 if x > 0, 0 if x = 0, -1
Concept Definition Signum Function
if x < 0 }
Set A well-defined collection of objects.
Cartesian If A and B are two sets, then A × B =
Product {(a, b) 🔧 3. Methods & Steps to Solve Problems
A subset of a Cartesian product A ×
Relation
B.
A special type of relation where
Function every element of A has one and only 📌 A. Cartesian Product
one image in B.
Set of all first elements in ordered Question Type: Find A × B or number of elements
Domain
pairs. Steps:
Codomain The set B in a function from A to B.

2. Use formula: A × B = {(a, b) | a ∈ A, b ∈

Actual set of outputs (subset of 1. Write set A and set B.
Range
codomain).
B}.
3. Count total pairs using |A| × |B|.
🧮 2. Important Formulas and Properties
✅ Tip: A × B ≠ B × A unless A = B.
✴ Cartesian Product

 If A has m elements and B has n elements,

then 📌 B. Relation from A to B
n(A × B) = m × n
Question Type: Define or find a relation
✴ Number of Relations Steps:

 From A to B: 1. Find A × B.
Number of relations = 2^(m × n) 2. Define condition (e.g., x < y).
3. List ordered pairs satisfying condition.
✴ Number of Functions 4. That’s your relation R.

 From A to B: ✅ Tip: Relation is a subset of A × B.

Number of functions = n^m (where |A| =
m and |B| = n) 📌 C. Function Checking

✴ Types of Functions Question Type: Check if a relation is a function

Steps:
Type Condition
f(a₁) = f(a₂) ⇒ a₁ = a₂
One-One 1. Look at each element of domain.
(Injective) 2. Ensure each input maps to exactly one
output.
Every element in codomain has
Onto (Surjective) 3. If yes, it’s a function.
a pre-image in domain
✅ Tip: No two ordered pairs should have the same
first element with different second elements.

📌 D. Type of Function

Question Type: Determine whether a function is

One-One, Onto, etc.
Steps:

 One-One (Injective): Assume f(a₁) = f(a₂),

prove a₁ = a₂.
 Onto (Surjective): Take arbitrary y in
codomain. Solve f(x) = y.
 Bijective: Satisfy both above.

✅ Example: f(x) = 2x is One-One but not Onto from

ℝ to ℕ.
Step-by-Step Methods for Each
Problem Type
🔍 4. Things to Remember (Key Concepts &
Tips)

 Every function is a relation, but not every 🔹1. Cartesian Product of Sets
relation is a function.
 Domain and range must be clearly defined. Problem Type: Find A × B or total number of
 Graphical method: Vertical Line Test helps elements in A × B
identify if a curve represents a function.
 Real-world mapping: If a function 📌 Steps:
represents height of a person vs. age, it must

For composite functions: (f ∘ g)(x) =

be one-to-one but not necessarily onto. 1. List elements of A and B clearly.

A × B = {(a, b) | a ∈ A, b ∈ B}
 2. Use the formula:
f(g(x))
3. Write each ordered pair by pairing every
element of A with every element of B.
4. Count the total number of elements:
|A × B| = |A| × |B|

🧠 Example:

If A = {1, 2}, B = {3, 4},

A × B = {(1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 4)}
Number of elements = 2 × 2 = 4

🔹2. Relation from A to B

Problem Type: Find a relation or number of
relations from A to B
✅ A. One-One (Injective)
📌 Steps:
Steps:
1. Find A × B.
2. Define the relation condition (e.g., x < y, x 1. Take two inputs, say x₁ and x₂.
is even, etc.). 2. Assume f(x₁) = f(x₂)
3. Pick only those ordered pairs that satisfy the 3. Prove that x₁ = x₂
condition. 4. If this is true for all x, then function is One-
4. Relation = subset of A × B One.
5. If asked for number of relations:
2^(|A| × |B|) ✅ B. Onto (Surjective)

🧠 Example: Steps:

If A = {1, 2}, B = {1, 3}, define relation R as “x < 1. Let y be an arbitrary element of the
y”. codomain.
2. Solve f(x) = y
Then A × B = {(1,1), (1,3), (2,1), (2,3)} 3. If you get a valid x from domain, function is
R = {(1,3), (2,3)} (because 1 < 3, 2 < 3) Onto.

✅ C. Bijective

🔹3. Check Whether a Relation is a  A function is Bijective if it is both One-One

Function and Onto

Problem Type: Given ordered pairs or mapping, is

it a function?
🧠 Example:
📌 Steps:
Let f: ℝ → ℝ, f(x) = 2x + 3
1. Check each input (domain element): Is it

f(x₁) = f(x₂) ⇒ 2x₁ + 3 = 2x₂ + 3 ⇒ x₁ =

repeated?  To prove One-One:
2. If yes, check if it gives the same output
every time. x₂ ✔

Let y = 2x + 3 ⇒ x = (y - 3)/2 ⇒ x ∈ ℝ ✔
3. If each input maps to exactly one output,  To prove Onto:
it's a function.

🧠 Example: ✅ So, f is Bijective

{(1,2), (2,3), (1,3)} → Not a function (1 maps to 2

and 3)
🔹5. Finding Domain, Codomain, Range of a
{(1,2), (2,3), (3,4)} → Valid function Function

📌 Steps:

🔹4. Identify Type of Function (One-One, 1. Domain = all input values (given or derived
Onto, Bijective) from question)
 2. Codomain = all possible output values ✅ B. Modulus Function: f(x) = |x|
(usually given)
3. Range = all actual outputs you get by  Returns positive value always
applying f(x)
Examples:
|–3| = 3, |4| = 4

🧠 Example: ✅ C. Signum Function: f(x) = sgn(x)

f(x) = √(x – 1), x ∈ ℝ x f(x)

Domain: x – 1 ≥ 0 ⇒ x ≥ 1
x>0 1
 x=0 0

Range: √(x – 1) ⇒ values ≥ 0 (i.e. [0, ∞))

 Codomain: Usually ℝ⁺ if not specified x<0 –1


🔹8. Composite Function & Inverse

Function
🔹6. Graph-based Questions (Visual
Identification) ✅ A. Composite Function (f ∘ g)(x) = f(g(x))
📌 Steps: Steps:
1. Use Vertical Line Test: Draw a vertical 1. Find g(x)
line. If it cuts the graph at more than one 2. Substitute g(x) into f(x)
point, it’s not a function.
2. Identify function types: 🧠 Example:
o Straight line: f(x) = ax + b
o Parabola: f(x) = x² (many-to-one)
Then (f ∘ g)(x) = f(g(x)) = f(x²) = x² + 1
If f(x) = x + 1, g(x) = x²
o Step graph: Greatest Integer
Function
o V-shaped: Modulus function

✅ B. Inverse Function

🔹7. Special Functions (Greatest Integer, Steps:

Modulus, Signum)

✅ A. Greatest Integer Function: f(x) = ⌊x⌋

1. Let y = f(x)

3. Solve for y ⇒ This y = f⁻¹(x)

2. Swap x and y: x = f(y)

 Returns greatest integer ≤ x

Steps:

 Take decimal input, write integer part before

decimal

⌊2.3⌋ = 2, ⌊–1.7⌋ = –2
Examples: