Building Services – II

21ARC44
Module – 4: Illumination

8. Fundamentals: Quality & Quantity of Lighting; Recommended Lux Levels; Type of Lamps
–Incandescent, Discharge Lamps, Fluorescent, CFL, LED and OLED. Integration of Daylighting
with Artificial Lighting, Control Systems, Laws of illumination, high energy and low energy
(sustainable)lighting.
9. Techniques, Principles and Applications: Lighting Methods - Ambient, Task & Accent
lighting; Systems of Luminaries - Up-Lighting, Down-Lighting, Spot Lighting etc.; Street Lighting,
Façade Lighting, Landscape Lighting, Architectural Typologies; Preparation of Lighting Layout.
Illumination

Terminologies
• Luminous Flux –
– Luminous flux (in lumens) is a measure of the total amount of light a lamp puts out.
Energy per second is called power, but in light, radiated energy per second is called
lumen. Power: Energy per second. Lumen: Radiated Energy per second;
– The SI unit of luminous flux is the lumen (lm). Symbol: Φ v
– One lumen is defined as the luminous flux of light produced by a light source that emits
one candela of luminous intensity over a solid angle of one steradian.
Illumination

Terminologies
• Steradian –
– On the surface of a sphere with a radius of 1 m, imagine an area of 1 sq.m: the shape of
this area is immaterial. If a radius of the sphere is allowed to follow the perimeter of this
area, then radius describes a cone, which encloses a solid angle. A unit of solid angle
measurement. Symbol: sr
Illumination
Terminologies
• Luminous Intensity:
– The luminous intensity (in candelas) is a measure of how bright the beam in a particular
direction is. If a lamp has a 1 lumen bulb and the optics of the lamp are set up to focus the
light evenly into a 1 steradian beam, then the beam would have a luminous intensity of 1
candela.
– The basic measurement of light is in terms intensity which is measured in candela or
candle power, abbreviated as “cd”. The luminous flux per unit of solid angle in a given
direction is known as the intensity of the source. Symbol: I; (cd = lm / sr)
Illumination

Terminologies

• Illuminance: Lighting level, at a

point on a surface is directly
proportional to the intensity of the
source and inversely proportional to
the square of the distance between
the source and surface. Illuminance
is measured in lumen incident per
square meter (lm/m2) or LUX.
Symbol: E
• Luminance: This is the quantity of
light emitted or reflected by a
surface in a certain direction.
Luminance or Luminous intensity per
projected area is measured in
candela per square meter (cd/m2).
Symbol: L
• Luminous Energy: It is the quantity
of light, weighted for its action upon
the human eye, radiated or received
for a period of time.
Illumination

(Lumen)

(cd)

[Link]
Electrical Services- Lighting Design
• What is Good Lighting
• Methods of Lighting
• Illumination – Lighting Design & Principles
What is Good Lighting?

• Lighting plays a vital role in the quality of our

daily lives.

• At work in offices, good lighting brings

employee satisfaction, performance, comfort
and safety.

• In shops and galleries and public places, it

creates ambience and helps to accentuate the
architectural environment.

• While in residential spaces, good lighting not

only lights our tasks but also builds a
comfortable, welcome atmosphere that
makes our homes a pleasure to live in.
Basic Requirements of Good Lighting

Lighting Levels

Contrast
Basic Requirements of Good Lighting

Light Distribution

Colour Rendering
• Good lighting goes beyond mere efficiency and functionality.
• It must also make the interior space where we live, work or stay:
- Cool or Warm
- business like or convivial
- Happy or solemn
Now more and more value is being attached to the emotional
influence of lighting as an important atmosphere-providing
factor, affecting mood well being and health.
 Basic Principles of Lighting Design

Lighting Design

Quantity of Light Energy Consumption Quality of Light

Illumination Efficacy Color temperature

Lumen Color rendition
Footcandle Glare
Quantity of Light
Illumination
The distribution of light on a horizontal surface. The purpose of all
lighting is to produce illumination.

Lumen
A measurement of light emitted by a lamp. As reference, a 100-watt
incandescent lamp emits about 1600 lumens.

Footcandle/ lux
A measurement of the intensity of illumination. A footcandle is the
illumination produced by one lumen distributed over a 1-square-foot
area. For most home and office work, 30–50 footcandles of illumination
is sufficient. For detailed work, 200 footcandles of illumination or more
allows more accuracy and less eyestrain. For simply finding one's way
around at night, 5–20 footcandles may be sufficient.
Energy Consumption
Efficacy
The ratio of light produced to energy consumed. It's measured as the
number of lumens produced divided by the rate of electricity consumption
(lumens per watt).

Quality of Light
Color temperature
The color of the light source. By convention, yellow-red colors (like the
flames of a fire) are considered warm, and blue-green colors (like light
from an overcast sky) are considered cool. Color temperature is measured
in Kelvin (K) temperature. Confusingly, higher Kelvin temperatures (3600–
5500 K) are what we consider cool and lower color temperatures (2700–
3000 K) are considered warm. Cool light is preferred for visual tasks
because it produces higher contrast than warm light. Warm light is
preferred for living spaces because it is more flattering to skin tones and
clothing. A color temperature of 2700–3600 K is generally recommended
for most indoor general and task lighting applications.
Quality of Light

Color rendition
How colors appear when illuminated by a light source. Color rendition is
generally considered to be a more important lighting quality than color
temperature. Most objects are not a single color, but a combination of many
colors. Light sources that are deficient in certain colors may change the
apparent color of an object. The Color Rendition Index (CRI) is a 1–100 scale
that measures a light source's ability to render colors the same way sunlight
does. The top value of the CRI scale (100) is based on illumination by a 100-
watt incandescent lightbulb. A light source with a CRI of 80 or higher is
considered acceptable for most indoor residential applications.
Glare
The excessive brightness from a direct light source that makes it difficult to see
what one wishes to see. A bright object in front of a dark background usually
will cause glare. Bright lights reflecting off a television or computer screen or
even a printed page produces glare. Intense light sources -- such as bright
incandescent lamps -- are likely to produce more direct glare than large
fluorescent lamps. However, glare is primarily the result of relative placement
of light sources and the objects being viewed.
Glare - Direct and Indirect
Types of Lighting

Ambient (general lighting)

Ambient lighting provides an area with
overall illumination. Also known as general
lighting, it radiates a comfortable level of
brightness without glare and allows you to
see and walk about safely. In some spaces
such as laundry rooms, the ambient lighting
also serves as the primary source of task
lighting.
It can be accomplished with chandeliers,
ceiling or wall-mounted fixtures, recessed
or track lights and with lanterns mounted on
the outside of the home. Having a central
source of ambient light in all rooms is
fundamental to a good lighting plan.
Task Lighting

Task lighting helps you perform specific

tasks, such as reading, grooming, preparing
and cooking food, doing homework,
working on hobbies, playing games and
balancing your checkbook. It can be
provided by recessed and track lighting,
pendant lighting and undercabinet lighting,
as well as by portable floor and desk
lamps.
Task lighting should be free of distracting
glare and shadows and should be bright
enough to prevent eye strain.
Accent Lighting

Accent lighting adds drama to a room

by creating visual interest. As part of an
interior design scheme, it is used to draw
the eye to houseplants, paintings, sculptures
and other prized possessions. It can also be
used to highlight the texture of a brick or
stone wall, window treatments or outdoor
landscaping.
To be effective, accent lighting requires as
least three times as much light on the focal
point as the general lighting surrounding it.
Accent lighting is usually provided by
recessed and track lighting or wall-
mounted picture lights.
Common and Recommended Light Levels Indoors
The outdoor light level is approximately 10,000 lux on a clear day. In the building, in the area
closest to windows, the light level may be reduced to approximately 1,000 lux. In the middle area its
may be as low as 25 - 50 lux. Additional lighting equipment is often necessary to compensate the low
levels.
Earlier it was common with light levels in the range 100 -300 lux for normal activities. Today the
light level is more common in the range 500 - 1000 lux - depending on activity. For precision and
detailed works, the light level may even approach 1500 - 2000 lux. The table below is a guide for
recommended light level in different work spaces:
Generally, factors that affect the
effectiveness of illumination are
quantity and quality of light,
amount of flicker, amount of glare,
contrast and shadows. Each factor
must be adjusted differently to
optimize illumination in emergency,
safety, operations, and security
situations, for instance.
Lighting Standards also serve to
address the plethora of other
concerns associated with the design,
placement, installation, and minimum
energy requirements and efficient
allocation of illumination
in different locations with different
purposes, as well as the efficiency,
durability, cost, and maintainability.
System of Luminaires
• A luminaire is a complete lighting unit, comprised of a
light source (lamp or lamps), together with the parts that
distribute the light, position and protect the lamps, and
connect the lamps to the power supply.

• Good luminaire can distribute light well, separate task

lighting with ambient lighting, provide controllability, etc.

• Choosing luminaires that efficiently provide appropriate

luminance patterns for the application is an important
part of energy efficient lighting design.

• One of the main current and future research trend is

innovation in luminaire to enhance the lighting experience
and ensure design flexibilities in different functional
requirements.

• The reflectivity of the material and the maintenance

factor of luminaire is dependant on the material selection
and robust design.
Luminaire Performance
• A performance of a luminaire is significant for estimating the energy
efficiency of the overall lighting system and design. It is defined in terms of
light output ratio (LOR), i.e. the ratio of lumens emitted by the
luminaire to lumens emitted by that luminaire’s lamps. The
efficiency of a luminaire is subject to the lamp type, control gears, optical
components, and material of reflective surface. High reflective surfaces have
improved the LOR enabling the luminaire to transfer more than 70% of lamp
output.

• For an efficient design, LOR is considered along with the room index to
estimate the co-efficient of utilization. Each lamp type and luminaire
manufacturer have different co-efficient of utilization for their product. Better
the ratio, lesser the number of luminaires required in a space to light the area
as per the desired lux level. Most general lighting luminaire manufacturers
provide co-efficient of utilization data for different room index value for their
respective luminaire product. In case where, the co-efficient of utilization ratio
of less than 0.5, it is recommended to either upgrade the light source to more
efficient lamps or use controls for indirect reduction of lighting capacity.
Luminaires come in variety of size, shapes
and wattage, etc.
• Recessed Cove lighting fixture: It is mounted in a cove light &
direct the light towards the wall.

• Indirect pendant lighting fixture: They hang from the ceiling

and are usually suspended from cables. The lamp is completely
hidden from below and a reflector directs all of the light up
toward the ceiling.

• Direct/ indirect pendant lighting fixture: A direct / indirect

pendant also hangs from the ceiling, but it directs light up and
down. Mostly used in offices where general lighting is required,
but there is also a need for task lighting immediately below the
fixture.

• Recessed lighting fixture: used in commercial and institutional

construction. Fixtures are sized to work with common ceiling tile
sizes. LED’s should be used in these recessed light fixtures.

• Wall wash light fixture: They are recessed lights with

reflectors that direct the light toward the wall. They are most
often used to highlight art, signage, or other items on a wall.
 Luminaire Components
The luminaire system consists of the luminaire itself
along with its reflectors, lenses and housings, as
well as the lamps and ballasts. System
performance depends on how well all these
components work together, as well as many other
factors including room finishes, daylight
contribution, room geometry, and task components.

• Lamps and lamp holders or sockets: Efficient luminaires use the most efficient sources
appropriate for that luminaire type. Luminaires should be selected specifically to take
advantage of the source’s unique features, particularly with respect to size and thermal
performance.
• Ballasts to start and operate the lamp
• Reflectors to direct the light: Appropriate use of reflector materials (specular or diffuse) will
maximize luminaire efficiency while maintaining the desired light distribution.
• Shielding/diffusion components (lens, diffuser, louver, or the like) to shield the lamps from
the eyes at normal viewing angles, reduce discomfort and disability glare, and to distribute
light evenly
• Housings to contain the above elements as well as electrical components, such as wiring
connections
 Methods of Lighting - Lighting systems.
Diffuse uplighting:
Intent: To achieve uniform ambient
lighting in a space. Light is reflected off
the ceiling to introduce it indirectly into
the space.
Quality: Beam spreads from 80° to
120° upwards. Even illumination in the
space.
Use: To design a low contrast space with
uniform ceiling luminance. Also used in
spaces where glare should be avoided.

Concentrated uplighting:
Intent: Create areas of high luminance
on the ceiling with dark areas in
90 – 100% between.
Quality: Beam spreads from 30° or
0 – 10%
lower upwards.
Use: To design a high contrast space with
visually prominent ceiling [3].
 Methods of Lighting - Lighting systems.
Diffuse down lighting:
Intent: To achieve uniform ambient
lighting in a space. To illuminate the
horizontal surface below the luminaire.
Quality: Beam spreads from 80° to
120° downwards.
Use: To design a low contrast space.

Concentrated downlighting:
Intent: Create areas of high luminance
on the floor with dark areas in between.
Quality: Beam spreads from 30° or
lower downwards.
Use: To design a high contrast space..
 Methods of Lighting - Lighting systems.

Multidirectional lighting:
Intent: To create a stimulating, high
brightness interior.
Quality: Light emitted in several
directions [9].
Use: Reduced shadow and contrast. A
high brightness interior [10].

Semi-direct lighting:
Intent: Light emitted in only upward and
downward direction. 60% to 90% of
light is downwards [12].
Quality: Moderate contrast in the space.
Use: To balance uplight and downlight,
creating a space of moderate contrast.
 Methods of Lighting - Lighting systems.
Semi-indirect lighting:
Intent: Light emitted in only upward and
downward direction. 60% to 90% of light is
upwards [14].
Quality: Moderate contrast in the space.
Use: To balance uplight and downlight,
creating a space of moderate contrast. Used in
a space requiring less direct light and glare.

Wall Washing:
Intent: To achieve even illumination on a
vertical surface, side to side and top to bottom.
The luminaire is placed at one-quarter of the
distance away from the surface. Spacing
between luminaires varies from one-quarter to
one-half of the wall height depending on the
luminaire.
Quality: Even illumination on a vertical surface.
Use: To highlight a vertical surface, hiding the
surface imperfections, and flattening the
texture
Different types of lights or lamps in a lighting system
A lamp is a device that produces light by the flow of electrical current, and it is a general
form of artificial lighting.

Lamps or lights are vital for a lighting system and offer efficient lighting. Generally, electrical
lighting is powered by electrical power. If main lights fail, lighting can also be powered by
battery systems, mobiles or generators.

The different types of lights or lamps include the following:

1. Incandescent lamps
2. Compact fluorescent lamps (CFL)
3. Halogen lamps
4. Metal halide Lamps
5. Light Emitting Diode (LED) and Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED)
6. Fluorescent tube
7. Neon lamps
8. High intensity discharge lamps
9. Low pressure sodium lamps
10. High pressure mercury vapour lamps

[Link]
Incandescent Lamps
• Incandescent lamps are historically the oldest and the
most often found in common use. They are based on the
principle of a filament rendered incandescent in a
vacuum or neutral atmosphere which prevents
combustion.
• A distinction is made between:
Standard Incandescent bulbs
These contain a tungsten filament and are filled with an
inert gas (nitrogen and argon or krypton).
Halogen Incandescent bulbs
These also contain a tungsten filament, but are filled with
a halogen compound and an inert gas (krypton or
xenon). This halogen compound is responsible for the
phenomenon of filament regeneration, which increases
the service life of the lamps and avoids them blackening.
It also enables a higher filament temperature and
therefore greater luminosity in smaller-size bulbs.
• The main disadvantage of incandescent lamps is their
significant heat dissipation, resulting in poor luminous
efficiency.
 Types of Lamps
Fluorescent Lamps
• This family covers fluorescent tubes and compact
fluorescent lamps. Their technology is usually known as
“low-pressure mercury”.
• The fluorescent material, which covers the inside of the
tubes, then transforms this radiation into visible light.
• Fluorescent tubes dissipate less heat and have a longer
service life than incandescent lamps, but they do need an
ignition device called a “starter” and a device to limit the
current in the arc after ignition. This device called
“ballast” is usually a choke placed in series with the arc.
• Compact fluorescent lamps are based on the same
principle as a fluorescent tube. The starter and ballast
functions are provided by an electronic circuit (integrated
in the lamp) which enables the use of smaller tubes folded
back on themselves.
• Types of Fluorescent Lamps
Fluorescent tube HP mercury vapour
High-pressure sodium Low-pressure sodium
Metal halide LED
Discharge lamp types include low pressure mercury (fluorescent), induction, high
pressure mercury vapour, mercury-blended, metal halide, low pressure sodium and high pressure
sodium.
[Link]
om/[Link]
 Application of Lamps
Carbon Arc Lamps were the first lights to be invented: [Link]
Type Application Advantage Disadvantage
Standard Incandescent - Domestic use - Direct connection without - Low luminous efficiency
bulbs intermediate switchgear and high electricity
[Link] consumption
[Link]

– Localized decorative – Reasonable purchase – Significant heat

lighting price dissipation
– Compact size – Short service life
– Instantaneous lighting

– Good color rendering

Halogen - Spot lighting - Direct connection -Average luminous

Incandescent bulbs – Intense lighting – Instantaneous efficiency efficiency
[Link]
[Link]
– Excellent color
rendering
Fluorescent tube and CFL - Shops, offices, - High luminous efficiency - Low light intensity of
[Link] workshops single unit
[Link]
– Outdoors – Average color – Sensitive to extreme
rendering temperatures
 Application of Lamps

Type Application Advantage Disadvantage

HP mercury vapor - Workshops, halls, - Good luminous - Lighting and relighting
[Link] hangars efficiency time of a few minutes
[Link]

- Factory floors – Acceptable color

rendering

– Compact size

– Long service life

High-pressure sodium -Outdoors - Very good luminous - Lighting and relighting
[Link] efficiency time of a few minutes
[Link]
– Large halls

Low-pressure sodium - Outdoors - Good visibility in - Long lighting time (5

[Link] foggy weather min.)
[Link]
– Emergency lighting
– Economical to use – Mediocre color
rendering
 Application of Lamps

Type Application Advantage Disadvantage

Neon Lamps - Used as visual - Good lumen per watt - Shape of tube is a
[Link] indicators performance limitation
[Link] - Used as voltage - Neon performs more
testers and reliably in cold weather - Argon is not reliable in
regulators than hot cathode cold temperatures
fluorescent lights
- More reliable than LEDs - Diffused light (not good
for airport runway for any focused beam
landing lights applications)

Metal halide - Large areas - Good luminous - Lighting and relighting

[Link] efficiency time of a few minutes
[Link] – Halls with high ceilings
– Good color rendering

– Long service life

LED and OLED - Signaling (3-color - Insensitive to the number - Limited number of colors
[Link] traffic lights, “exit” signs of switching Operations
and emergency lighting) - Low brightness of single
– Low energy consumption unit

– Low temperature
Lamp Sources – Technical Details:
Source: National Building Code – Vol 2
Following recommendations may be followed in the
choice of light sources for different locations:

a) For supplementary artificial lighting of work area

in office building care should be taken to use
fluorescent lamps, which match with colour
temperature of the daylight.

b) For residential buildings fluorescent lamps and/or

CFLs of proper CRI and CCT are recommended to
match with the colours and interior design of the
room.

c) For commercial interiors, depending on the

mounting heights and interior design, fluorescent
lamps, CFLs and low wattage metal halide lamps
are recommended. For highlighting the displays in
show windows, hotels, etc, low wattage tubular or
dichroic reflector type halogen lamps can be used.

d) For industrial lighting, depending on the mounting

height and colour consideration fluorescent lamps,
high pressure mercury vapour lamps or high
pressure sodium vapour lamps are recommended.
 Lamp Types: Notes:

• Incandescent Lamps Incandescent bulbs are standard bulbs and many

people are quite familiar with these bulbs. These incandescent bulbs are
available in a broad range of sizes and voltages. An incandescent bulb glows
and produces heat when electricity passes through the tungsten filament present
inside the bulb. The filament of this bulb is placed either in a mixture of nitrogen
gas or in a vacuum. These bulbs are being gradually replaced by LEDs,
fluorescent lamps, and other service based new technologies. The reason for this
is that when this bulb is switched on, the sudden flow of current, energy and heat
penetrate the thin areas, which in turn heat up the filament; once the filament
heats up, it tends to break and burns out the bulb. Incandescent bulbs can last for
700 – 1000 hours and can also be used with a dimmer. Incandescent bulbs
generate steady heat, which is quite good for house hold applications. Luminous
efficiency of incandescent lamp is about 15 lumens per watt.

• Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL) A compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) is a

modern type of light bulb that works like a fluorescent lamp. It contains mercury,
which cause difficulties to its disposal. A CFL is designed to replace an
Incandescent lamp. Generally, CFLs use less power, produce same amount of light
and have long lifespan. Most of the compact fluorescent lamps consist of two or
three tubular loops. Sometimes they even look quite similar to incandescent bulbs.
These lamps cannot be used with dimmers, and usually they can last for 10,000
hours. Luminous efficiency of a compact fluorescent lamp is about 60 lumens per
watt.
 Lamp Types: Notes: Contd……..

• Halogen Lamps: A halogen lamp consists of a tungsten

filament, which is sealed with a compact transparent envelop
and filled with an inert gas and small amount of halogen
(bromine or iodine). These lamps are smaller than the
conventional lamps. Halogen increases the lifetime and
brightness of the lamps. Luminous efficiency of a halogen
lamp is about 25 lumens per watt.

• Metal Halide Lamps: Metal halide lamps consist of a

discharge tube or arc tube within a bulb. This tube can be
made from either ceramic or quartz and contains mercury,
MH salts and a starting gas. Metal halide lamps produce a
great amount of light for their size, and these lamps are one
of the most efficient lamps. These lamps are most commonly
used in halls, traffic lights, on stages and in outdoor lighting
systems for commercial purposes.
 Lamp Types: Notes: Contd……..

• Light Emitting Diode (LED): LED lamp is an electrical

component that emits light through the movement of electrons
in a semiconductor device. It lacks a filament, uses less power
and has a long lifespan. LEDs produce more light than
incandescent lamps and help save energy in energy-
conserving devices. LEDs are usually assembled into a light
bulb to be used as a LED lighting system. These diodes can
emit light of an intended color without the use of color filters.
The initial cost of a LED is generally high and these are used
to build electronic projects.

• Fluorescent Tube: A fluorescent tube is a gas discharge

tube that uses a fluorescence to produce visible light.
Luminous efficiency of a fluorescent tube is about 45 to 100
lumens per watt. Compared with the incandescent bulbs,
fluorescent tubes use less power for the same amount of
light, and are usually more complex and expensive than the
incandescent lamps. Fluorescent lamps do not have good
color representation ability, but these tubes are cool in
appearance and color. Fluorescent tubes can be used in
many places around a home,but cannot be used with
dimmers.
 Lamp Types: Notes: Contd……..

• Neon Lamps: A neon lamp is a gas-discharge lamp that contains gas

at low pressure. It is assembled by mounting two electrodes within a small
glass envelop. Standard brightness bulbs are filled with an argon or neon
gas mixture, and high-brightness lamps are filled with a pure neon gas.
When a voltage is applied, then the gas ionizes and starts to glow
allowing a very small current to travel from one electrode to the other
electrode. Once the gas ionizes, the operation of the lamp can be
maintained at a lower voltage, and the maintaining voltage may vary
between 10-20 volts depending on the lamp and operating current.
[Link]

• High Intensity Discharge Lamps: Metal halide, mercury vapor,

self-ballasted-mercury lamps and high-pressure-sodium lamps all are
high intensity discharge lamps. These lamps are specially designed with
inner glass tubes that include tungsten electrodes with electrical arc. This Low-pressure Hg lamps can be
inner glass tube is filled with both metals and gas. With the immunity of rather small, but efficient
sources of deep UV light.
the self-ballasted lamps, auxiliary equipment (starters and ballasts) must
be provided for proper operation of each bulb. These lamps produce a
large quantity of light compared to the fluorescent and incandescent
lamps. High-intensity-discharge lamps are normally used when high levels
of light are required over large areas which include outdoor activity
areas, gymnasiums, large public areas, pathways, roadways and parking High-pressure sodium lamp
Philips SON-T Master 600 W
lots.
Lamp Types: Notes: Contd……..

• Low Pressure Sodium Lamps: Low-pressure-sodium lamp is

the first sodium lamp which has the maximum efficiency than all
the other lighting systems. These lamps operate much like a
fluorescent lamp and there is a brief heat up period for the lamp
to reach full brightness. Low pressure sodium lamps are commonly
used in places like roads, pathways, outdoor areas and parking
lot wherein color is not important as such.
Warm-up phases of a LPS lamp. The faint
pink light of the Penning mixture is gradually
replaced by the bright monochromatic
orange light of the metallic sodium vapor

• High Pressure Mercury Vapour: The light producing

element is an arc tube which contains two operating electrodes
and a starting electrode. The arc tube is constructed of quartz to
allow ultraviolet radiation to be transmitted. The arc tube
contains mercury and small quantities of argon, neon, and
krypton. When the lamp is energized, an electric arc is struck
between the main and starting electrode. As the mercury ionises,
resistance inside the arc tube decreases. When resistance inside
the arc tube is less than external resistance, the arc jumps
between the main electrodes. The mercury continues to ionise,
increasing the light output.
Laws of Illumination (Explanation And Formulas)
Source: [Link]

The Inverse Square Law of Illuminance

This law states that the Illuminance (E) at any point on a plane perpendicular to the line
joining the point and source is inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between the source and plane.

Where, I is the luminous intensity in a given direction.

Suppose a source is present with luminous intensity I in

any direction. From this source two distances are taken as
the radius making this source as centre.

As per the above figure, the two radiuses are r1 and r2.
At distance r1 dA1 is the elementary surface area taken.
In this direction of dA1, dA2 is considered at r2 distance.
dA1 and dA2 are within same solid angle Ω with same
distributed luminous flux Φ.

Area dA1 at r1 receives the same amount of luminous flux

as area dA2 at r2 as the solid are the same.
Laws of Illumination (Explanation And Formulas) – contd….
Source: [Link]

The Cosine Law of Illuminance

The law states that Illuminance at a point on a plane is proportional to the cosine of the angle
of light incident (the angle between the direction of the incident light and the normal to the
plane).

It is the point source Illuminance equation.

Where, Iθ is the luminous intensity of the source in the direction
of the illuminated point, Ɵ is the angle between the normal to
the plane containing the illuminated point and the line joining
the source to the illuminated point, and d is the distance to the
illuminated point.
 Design Considerations
Design
Function Layout
Approach
Design Approach
•Lighting is designed based on the space functional requirement and user
behaviour. Select possible lamps available in the market to meet the objective.
•Designer should estimate the basic lighting requirement based on the lux
requirement for each lamp category and select lamp with best life cycle cost and
energy saving potential.
•Consider Maintenance factor – The installed lighting should be design to meet
the design requirement for a period of time. A gradual decrease of illuminance
is observed in all lighting technologies with time because of following reasons:
•Lamp output reduction (Lamp lumen maintenance factor)
•Dirt on luminaire (Luminaire maintenance factor)
•Dirt on room surfaces (utilization factor)
•Optimize the lighting requirement based on the use of a simulation software.
Many recognized softwares like Daysim, AGI 32, Dialux etc are available, which
simulate the space with selected lamp and luminaire category and report the
uniformity and lighting lux level achieved in a space.
Function

Visual Function- The key components within visual function are:

•Luminous Flux (Lumens): The amount of light coming from the light source
(lumens) and is a measure of total power of light. It is measured in lumens.
Lumen is used for comparing how bright the light source is. ( e.g. 60 W
incandescent bulb is about 850 lumen). The amount of light that travels in
certain direction from the source is called “luminous intensity” (measured in
candles).
•Illuminance – The lighting level at the working desk or a space should be
adequate and comfortable. NBC provides the average lux level required for
each space category.
•Uniformity of Illuminance: Uniformity is an integral fundamental for visual
performance and discomfort. Variation on illuminance not only hampers the
overall appearance of a space, but also to the comfort levels and energy
consumption.
Function
Visual Amenity

•Lighting requirements and aesthetics are the key essence of the lighting design
particularly in terms of attractiveness and stimulation.
•Architectural Integration: Integration of lighting could play an important role in
overall architectural design. Designer may choose a suitable luminaire like recessed
luminaire, suspended luminaire, spot lights, wall mounted, floor standing luminaire,
ceiling mounted etc. Each type is for a particular design approach and chosen as per
the requirement and installation provisions.
•Energy Efficiency: Lamp technologies, luminaire specifications, and controls are the
key approach to ensure energy efficiency in the lighting design. These measures
control the lighting power density on the work plane/ space and operational timings
for maximized returns.
•Costs (Capital and Operational) – Capital cost and operational cost are, directly or
indirectly, linked to each other. Effort should be made to maximize these two in terms
of life cycle cost analysis where an increased capital cost saves the operational
expenditure, thereby paying back the additional capital cost in a desired time
period.
Layout
Design flexibility
Design flexibility is an advance approach which allows a space and lighting design
to be used for different functional requirements at different time. The key benefit
for the same is the effective use of materials and space. Advance lighting design
should be flexible to:
Use lights as per requirement: Use of occupancy sensors and dimming controls are
required to use lights when occupied as per the desired lux level prescribe for a
specific purpose.
Reconfiguration of lighting system: reconfiguration helps to reduce the electrical
and mechanical effectively with the use of modular wiring and removable lighting
system to suit different functional requirement.
Steps to follow for designing lighting for any space:

Step 1: Determine lighting design criteria

Step 2: Record architectural conditions and constraints
Step 3: Determine visual functions and tasks to be served
Step 4: Select a lighting system to be used
Step 5: Select luminaire and lamp type
Step 6: Determine number and location of luminaires
Step 7: Place switching and other control devices
Step 8: Aesthetics and other intangibles

Lighting design involves the drawing of detailed electrical layout with

appropriate symbols and constraints.