B.
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE
1. Match the terms in column I with their explanations in column
II
Column I Column II
(Term) (Explanation)
a. Genetics (i) Chromosomes similar in size and shape
b. Autosomes (ii) The alternative forms of a gene
c. Recessive gene (iii) Study of laws of inheritance of characters
d. Allele (iv) A gene that can express when only in a similar pair
e. Homologous (v) Chromosomes other than the pair of sex
chromosomes
Solution:-
Column I Column II
(Term) (Explanation)
a. Genetics (iii) Study of laws of inheritance of characters
b. Autosomes (v) Chromosomes other than the pair of sex
c. Recessive gene (iv) A gene that can express when only in a similar pair
d. Allele (ii) The alternative forms of a gene
e. Homologous (i) Chromosomes similar in size and shape
chromosomes
2. Name any two genetic diseases in humans.
Solution:-
Colour blindness and Haemophilia etc. are genetic diseases in humans.
3. Which one of the following genotypes is homozygous dominant
and which one homozygous recessive in regard to tongue rolling:
Rr, rr, RR?
Solution:-
Homozygous recessive – rr
Homozygous dominant – RR
C. SHORT ANSWER TYPE
1. Differentiate between:
(a) Genotype and Phenotype
Solution:-
Genotype Phenotype
The set of genes The observable
present in the cells characteristics which are
of an organism. genetically controlled.
(b) Character and Trait
Solution:-
Character Trait
A character is a A trait is an alternative
heritable feature. form of character.
(c) Monohybrid and dihybrid cross (phenotypic ratio).
Solution:-
Monohybrid Dihybrid
Mendel crossed pure Mendel crossed pure
breeding varieties, first, breeding varieties, by
by taking only one taking two features
feature at a time. together.
Phenotypic ratio is
Phenotypic ratio is 9: 3: 3: 1
3:1
2. Among lion, tiger and domestic cat, all the three have the same
number of 38 chromosomes, yet they have different appearances.
How do you account for such differences?
Solution:-
All three have 38 chromosomes. However, the characteristics of species
including physical appearance, body functions, behaviour, etc., are not
simply the outcome of chromosome number, but these are the result of
the units called genes which the chromosomes carry. The lion and the cat
have the same number of chromosomes (38). Yet one is distinct from the
other in body size, appearance, colour, behaviour, etc. All such
characteristics of an organism are the result of the genes located on the
chromosomes.
3. List any three features of garden pea with their dominant and
recessive traits.
Solution:-
Character Dominant Recessive
Trait Trait
Flower Colour Purple White
Flower Axillary Terminal
Position
Plant height Tell Dwarf
4. Explain why generally only the male child suffers from colour
blindness and not the female?
Solution:-
Colour blindness is more common in males than in females. Such defects
are due to recessive genes, which occur on the ‘x’ chromosomes. Colour
blindness is an inherited disease due to which affected individuals cannot
differentiate between certain colours,
Mostly red and green.
Males have only one X chromosome. If there is a recessive gene present
on the X chromosome, then the male will suffer from colour-blindness.
Females have two X chromosomes. It is definitely not possible that both
the X chromosomes carry the abnormal gene. Hence, if one gene is
abnormal and since it is recessive, its expression will be masked by the
normal gene present on the other X chromosome. So it is rare or unlikely
to Females are suffering from colour-blindness.
5. In a certain species of animals, black fur (B) is dominant over
brown fur (b). Show the possible ratio of genotypes and
phenotypes of the offspring of pure breeding different coloured
parents.
Solution:-
From the question it is given that B is referred to black fur and b is refers
to brown fur.
Then,
Genotypic ratio = 1BB: 2Bb: 1bb
Phenotypic ratio = 3B: 1b
D. LONG ANSWER TYPE
1. Explain the following terms:
(a) Heterozygous
Solution:-
Heterozygous dominant with dissimilar pair
Rr (hetero: different, zygos: pair)
Certain tongue rollers are heterozygous with Rr genotype.
(b) Homozygous
Solution:-
Homozygous dominant, that has similar pair RR (homo: similar, zygos:
pair)
A non-roller will have rr (homozygous) genotype.
(c) Pedigree chart
Solution:-
1. Males are shown by squares and females by circles.
2. Both father and mother are tongue rollers (hollow symbols represents
the usually expressed character).
3. Of the three children born, two can roll (hollow symbols) and one
cannot (solid symbol).
4. The recessive trait (rr) of non-rolling in one of the children could have
come from nowhere else but the parents.
2. State the three Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Solution:-
Mendel’s generalizations of the results of breeding experiments are
summarized under three laws:
1. Law of Dominance: Out of a pair of contrasting characters present
together, only one is able to express itself while the other remains
suppressed. The one that expresses is recessive. The recessive character
can express only when the pair consists of both recessives (homozygous
recessive)
2. Law of Segregation (also called the law of purity of gametes): The two
members of a pair of factors separate during the formation of gametes.
They do not blend but segregate or separate into different gametes. The
gametes combine together by random fusion at the time of zygote
formation.
3. Law of Independent Assortment: When there are two pairs of
characters, the distribution of the alleles of one character into the
gametes is independent of the distribution of the alleles of the other
character.
3. Does the sex of the child depend on the father or is it just a
matter of chance? Discuss.
Solution:-
The sex of the child depends upon the kind of sperm that fertilises the
egg. The egg contains only one X chromosome, but half of the sperms
released into the genital tract of the female during coitus are X-bearing
and the remaining half are Y-bearing. It is simply a matter of chance as to
which type of sperm fuses with the ovum:
1. If the egg (X) is fused by X- bearing sperm, the resulting combination is
xx, i.e. female constitution and the child produced is a female (Daughter).
2. If the egg (X) is fused by Y-bearing sperm, the resulting combination is
XY, i.e. male constitution and the child produced is a male (son).
All eggs are alike (each with on X-chromosome), but sperms are either
with X-or with Y-chromosome (50% of each kind). The type of sperm that
fertilizes the egg determines whether the child will be male or female.
E. STRUCTURED/APPLICATION AND SKILL TYPE
1. In a certain species of animals, black fur (B) is dominant over
brown fur (b). Predict the genotype and phenotype of the
offspring, when both parents are ‘Bb’ or have heterozygous black
fur.
Solution:-
From the question it is given that B is referred to black fur and b is refers
to brown fur.
Then,
Genotypic ratio = 1BB: 2Bb: 1bb
Phenotypic ratio = 3B: 1b
2. Two pairs (A and B) of rabbits were crossed as given below:
(a) Can you tell which coat colour (black or white) is dominant?
Solution:-
The black colour is dominant.
(b) Is the coat colour sex-linked?
Solution:-
No.
3. Make a Punnett square for finding out the proportion of
different genotypes in the progeny of a genetic cross between
(a) A pure tall (TT) pea plant with a pure dwarf (tt) pea plant.
Solution:-
F2 generation –
Gametes T t
T TT Tt
t Tt tt
Genotype – 1(Homozygous tall): 2 (Heterozygous tall):1 (Homozygous
dwarf)
Phenotype – 3 (Tall): 1(Dwarf)
(b) Red flower variety of pea (RR) with white flower variety of pea
(rr).
Solution:-
F2 generation –
Gametes R r
R RR Rr
r Rr rr
Genotype – 1(Homozygous red): 2 (Heterozygous red): 1 (Homozygous
white)
Phenotype – 3 (Red): 1(White)
4. A family consists of two parents and their five children and the
pedigree chart shown below shows the inheritance of the trait
colour blindness in them.
(a) Who is colour blind in the parents – the Father or the Mother?
Solution:-
By observing the pedigree chart we can say that the father is colour blind.
(b) How many daughters and how many sons have been born in
the family?
Solution:-
Two sons and three daughters.
(c) What does the child 1 indicate about this trait?
Solution:-
The child 1 (daughter) is colour blind.
(d) On which chromosome is the gene of this trait located?
Solution:-
On X chromosome the gene of this trait located.
(e) Name one other trait in humans which follows a similar
pattern of inheritance.
Solution:-
The other trait in humans which follows a similar pattern of inheritance is
Haemophilia.