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Vector Calculus

The document covers advanced topics in vector calculus, including differentiation of vectors, line and surface integrals, and theorems such as Green's and Stokes'. It discusses the concepts of curvature and torsion in space curves, along with the Frenet formulae that describe the motion of curves. Additionally, it addresses velocity and acceleration in the context of particle motion along a curve, providing examples and solutions for better understanding.

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14 views50 pages

Vector Calculus

The document covers advanced topics in vector calculus, including differentiation of vectors, line and surface integrals, and theorems such as Green's and Stokes'. It discusses the concepts of curvature and torsion in space curves, along with the Frenet formulae that describe the motion of curves. Additionally, it addresses velocity and acceleration in the context of particle motion along a curve, providing examples and solutions for better understanding.

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get2priyanshu
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© All Rights Reserved
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ane T&p Vector Calculus and Its Applications nehted | interpretations { div F and curl F. 8. Del applied twice to point functions. 9. Del applied t Products of point | | functions. 10. integration of vectors. 11. Line integral—Circulation—Work. 12. Surface integral—Flux. 13, Green's | theorem in the plane. 14. Stoke's theorem. 15, Volume integral. 16. Divergence theorem. 17. Green's theorem. | | 48, Irrotational and Solenoidal fields. 19. Orthogonal curvilinear coordinates, Del applied to functions in ! | orthogonal curvilinear coordinates. 20. Cylindrical coordinates. 21. Spherical polar coordinates. 22. Objective : (1) DIFFERENTIATION OF VECTORS Ifa vector R varies continuously as a scalar variable t changes, then R is said to be a function of ¢ and is written as R = F). Just as in scalar calculus, we define derivative ofa vector function R= F()as da, REA FO and write it as OR or HF or FWD, (2) General rules of differentiation are similar to those of ordinary calculus provided the order of ‘factors in vector products is maintained. Thus, if ¢, F, G, H are scalar and vector functions of a scalar variable t, we have © 4e4Gg-m=# 46h Ge Fey =P me Gi) eG =F 2B Gg Go) $x GPx EG 4 wen -[ SF Gx] -[r 22H]. [re 4) (oo Fe xG@)xm=(F xG) «a+ (F x48) xs x@)e As an illustration, let us prove (iv), while the others can be proved similarly = d | oy ASR G+8G)-FxG |, FxsG+5F x G+ 5F x56 ae @= Lt e iH, w ~ 7 8G, Fg, oF, dG , oF , = a = [Fr GF GE cag ]-F x 84 EG 8G + 0as 60] A Hiowen Enaiesnine Marnewarios For F(t). Fit) = (F(}? = constant ge ae PF. 20, ic, ir. eee ae Obs. 2.1/0) has constant (fixed) direction, then Fx SE = 0 Let G(e) be a unit vector in the direction of F() so that F@=fGO where ft) =| FO |. : aR _ dG, di xB pex| 2G Ff * (88,46 ant Fx T~rex[r Le ~f6x 48 <0, since G is constant, dGide = 0.) Example 8.1. If A= SPT +03 — °K, =sin A= cos 03, find @) 4. (A.B); (ti) & (A xB) Solution. @) $(A.B)=A. 2B , dA = (GET + 6S — FR) . [eos A — (— sin £) J] + (100K + J — 32K). (sin AL —co8 #3) Bt? cos t+ £ sin £) + (10t sin ¢— cos t) = 5¢# eos t+ 11¢ sin t— cos t. Ww FaxpaaxB, A op SET +t — PR) x (cos MH + sin £3) + (10 f+ J ~ 80K) x (sin eL — cos 15) = [Bt sin €K +r cos ¢ (~K) ~ 18 cos J ~ sin (~D] + 10¢ cos AK + sin e(~K)— 3¢? sin 6} + 7? cos ¢ (D1 = (08 sin ¢ 0? cos t) T= P(t cos ¢ +3 sin £) J + [(5¢? — 1) sin ¢— 112 cos 1 K. (EMI Curves IN SPACE (1) Tangent. Let R(t) = x(0)I + y(0J + (0K be the position vector of a point P. Then as the scalar parameter t takes different values, the point P traces out a curve in space (Fig. 8.1). If the neighbouring point Q corresponds to t+ 8t, then SR = Rt + &t) — R@) or R/S is directed along the chord PQ. As 6 —> 0, Lt BRVSt becomes the tangent (vector) to the curve at P whenever it exists and is not zero. ‘Thus the vector R’ = dR/dt is a tangent to the space curve R = F(t). Let P, be a fixed point of this curve corresponding to = fy, If s be the length of the are PyP, then tsi ee és SR] __ are PQ | aR | [eR] 8 ~ chord PQ uGioxP nlompdhanonathins & +0, then are PQ/chord PQ + 1 and or | RW) |. If R’() is continuous, then arc P,P is given by se [ | R’|dt= f [xP yh 4G? dt Ifwe take s the parameter in place of ¢ then the magnitude of the tangent vector, ie., | dR/ds denoting the unit tangent veetor by T, we have = aR ay) Thus (2) Principal normal. Since T is a unit vector, we have dTids. T=0 i.e., dds is perpendicular to T. Or else d'T/ds = 0, in which case T is a constant vector w.r.t. the arc length s and so has a fixed direction, i.e., the curve is a straight line. Ifwe denote a unit normal vector to the curve at P by N then dTids is in the direction of N which is known as the principal normal to the space curve at P. The plane of T and N is called the osculating plane of the curve at P (Fig. 8.2). (8)Binormal. A third unit vector B defined by B = T x N, is called the binormal at P. Since 'T and N are unit vectors, B is also a unit veetor perpendicular to both T and N and henee normal to the osculating plane at P. ‘Thus at each point P of a space curve there are three mutually perpendicular unit vectors, T, N, B which form a moving trihedral such that T=NxB,N=BxT,B=TxN 2) This moving trihedral determines the following three fundamental planes at each point of the curve : (@ The osculating plane containing T and N (i) The normal plane containing N and B iii) The rectifying plane containing B and T. (4) Curvature, The arc rate of turning of the tangent (i.c., the magnitude of dT/ds) is called the curvature of the curve and is denoted by &. Since d'T/ds is in the direction of the principal normal N, therefore, ar TIN (3) (5) Torsion. Since B is a unit vector, we have 4B. B=0 Also B.T=0, therefore 4B ov +B. &E dB aB 2. -(RN)=0, ie, Aga B.N=0) or Gg TT B.(N)=0. ie. T=0 t I ‘Hence dB/ds is perpendicular to both B and T and is, therefore, parallel to N. ‘The are rate of turning of the binormal (ie., the magnitude of dB/ds) is called torsion of the curve and is denoted by t. We may, therefore, write 2B wn (A) ds (The nogative sign indicates that for t > 0, dB/ds has direction of - N). Finally to find dNids, we differentiate N = B x T. . dN _aB , xa * dene EBX oe Using the relation (2), it reduces to x =B-kT 5) ‘The equations (3), (4) and (5) constitute the well-known Frenet formulae* for space curves. INxT+BxkN ‘Solution. The tangent at any point ‘’’is given by AR wont 4 23-30% the tangents Ty, T, at = 1 and £=~ 1 are respectively given by T, = 21 + 233K; T, =- 21 + 23 - 3K, * Named after a French mathematician Jean-Frederic Frenet (1816-1900). Bol Haven Enaneenna Marmeuames ‘Then the required 20 is given by 7,7, cos @=T, . T, = 2(-2)+2.2+4(—3\(-3) . IT VI7 cos@=9 +. O=cos (9/17). Example 8.3. Find the curvature and torsion of the curve x =a eos t,) =u sin t, >= Bt (This curve is drawn on a circular cylinder cutting its generators at a constant angle and is known as a circle helix). eas The vector equation of the curve is R = a cos tl + a sin tJ + 6tK dRidt = —a sin tl +a cos td + bK Its are length from P, (t= 0) to any point P(t) (Fig. 8.3) is given by f JaR/dt| dt = (a? +o? s dia, +0 Sova? +0?) Then p= @R_dR fds _-asin +a costd + 6K ds ~ dt/dt~ Ka? + 8) ids _ ~alcos tI + sin tJ) and dt~ eae ‘Thus Ai) and N=—(cos ¢1+ sin td) Also B=TxN=(b sin fb cos tS + aK ya? +b") GB _ GB /d8 ~ o(cos th + sin tS Ma? + b2) =~ tN = tcos fl + sin * GB AB /28 ~ b(cos M+ sin tS Mla? + b2) =~ tN = tloos f+ sin 63) Hence (ii) ea 1, Show that, ifR =A sin of + Boos ot, where A,B, o are constants then) SR —— oP (Bingo, 2007 8) Ginx F oa w B. 2, Given R=t% As 0B, where A, B are constant vectors, show that, if and d°R/d#* ure parallel vectors, then 1+ 83—eKand Q = 2E sin tI cost + SK, fina) & oP .Q) i) 4 (P (a cost) 1+ (a sint) J + (at tan a) K, find the value of |e ae tas) ere (ohuak, 2006) “a ai ‘Alco find the unit tangent vector at any point ¢ ofthe curve, ‘7, Find the unit tangent vector at any point on the curvex =! + 2, =4r-—5,2 = 226, where fis any variable, Also determine the unit tangent yeetor at the point ¢ 8, Find tho equation of the tangent line to the curve x =a cos 0, y= a sin 8,2 = 8 tun tat 6 ~WiA 8, Find the curvature of the (0 ellipse R(t) =a cus 1+ b sin ol; (i) parabola R(t) = 241 + 3 at the point f=1. ‘Vector Calcutus ano Irs Arruicanons ao 10) Find the edication ofthe osculating plane and binormal to the curve (x=2 00h (/2),y=2sinh(t/2),2=2tate=0; idx =e! cosy =e'singz=e att=0. 11, Acircular helix is given by the equation Rit) = (2 cos ¢) I+ (2 sin ¢),J + K. Find the curvature and torsion of the curve ‘at any point and show that they are constant, 12, Show that for the curve R = a(3i—)J + Saf?d + o(3t+ 2) K, the curvature equals torsion. (1) VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION Let the position of a particle P at time t on a path (curve) C be R (t). At time t + 6t, let the particle be at Q (Fig. 8.1), then 8R = Rit + 8¢) ~ R(t) or BR is directed along PQ. As Q -> P along C, the line PQ becomes the tangent at P to C. SR _dR -y tty” ae is the tangent vector of C at P which is the velocity (vector) V of the motion and its magnitude is the speed v = dsidt, where s is the arc length of P from a fixed point P, (s = 0) on C. ‘The derivative of the velocity vector Vit) is called the acceleration (vector) A(t), which is given by W_@R_ ‘dt ae (2) Tangential and normal accelerations. It is important to note that the magnitude of acceleration is not always the rate of change of | V | because A(?) is not always tangential to the path C. Infact dR _dR ds Alt) = es wi ‘unit tang ve ‘of | Vy = AAR ds. yhere dRUds isa unit tangent vector of C. : Ave © d [de 2s am. (dey ee He. ads +(S) a Now since dRvdt . eri =0,d"R/dt? is perpendicular todRidt. Hence the acceleration A(t) is comprised of (i) the tangential component d°s/d¢? . dds, called the tangential acceleration, and (i) the normal component (ds/dt)* . dR/ds®, called the normal acceleration. "ss PLTN RESP tw Hi rae Gatige V7" =etalaey the iormal eceleration ia este) Gx thén d’s| | dm ial-|e| 42 |-|e (8) Relative velocity and acceleration. Let two particles P, and P, moving along the curves C, and C; have position vectors R, and R, at time ¢, (Fig. 8.4), so that R= AP, =R,-R, tweget dR _ dR, _ dR, woltii) dt dt dt ‘This defines the relative velocity (vector) of P, wr. Differentiating w.r. P, and states that the veloc- ity (vector) of P, relative to P, = velocity (vector) of P, — velocity (vector) of P,. _@R, dR, Again differentiating (ii), we have R iv) at® ae dt’ Fig. 8.4 i.e, acceleration (vector) of P, relative to P, = acceleration (vector) of P, — acceleration (vector) of Py, _ Example 8.4. A particle moves along the curve x= t°+ 1, y=, 2 = 2+ 3 where tis the time. Find the “components of its velocity and aeceleration att ~ 1 in the direction 1 + J +3K. ai] i Solution, Velocity = SE=S (8s N+ 254 (t+ 9K) = 81 + 2S + 2K = 31+ 23 + Kat t= 1 2 and acceleration = ER ogi + 25+ OK = 61+ 25 ate = 1. a? Ea Nein Maa) I+d+3K_ 1 =k d+5+3m). Vertes) Vr component of velocity at ¢ = 1 in the direction 1+. + 3K (B14 25+ 2K) 0 +I+3K) 34246 ey van Van and component of acceleration at ¢ = 1 in the direction ‘Now unit vector in the direction of 1+ J + 3K is I++ 9K=(6142). +5 + Ky VOD = s or and acceleration 2B etoasce-soe at ¢=2, velocity V= 8 + 85 — 4K and acceleration A= 121 + 25 - 20K. Since the velocity is along the tangent to the curve, therefore, the component of A along the tangent walls, Vv ‘81+8J3 - 4K 121 + 23 — 20K) . Two G4 64 16) 12 = 16. ‘Now the component of A along the normal = | A= Resolved part of A along the tangent | 81+ 83 — a= aK | = | 121+ 23 - 20K -16 = | 41-26J - 44K | = 273. Solution. Velocity = 2R =~ sin (¢~1) 1 + cosh (¢- 1) J + Bae Acceleration R= cos (t—1)T + sinh (¢- 1) 5 + 60K aR dt 2 eR +60K att =1. di AlsoR = 14 aK at¢= 1. IfR and acceleration at ¢ = 1 are normal, then their scalar product is zero. : (-I+ 60K). (+ aK) =0 or ~1+6a%=0 or oF = 6 or a= 1/6. 3 " Solution. At any time ¢, let the postion vector ofthe moving particle P(r, be R Fig 8.5) so that. R=rB = ricos 61 + sin 3) itsvelocty v= HR ar, a oli) As RE = cos OI + sin OF and ah ue (sin OF + eos 05) Fp Wecron CALGLUS ano Irs AppLications. 321 s 2B Band 20. ie., if Uis a unit veetor 1 R, then dt dt ait _ doy dt dt ; _ arp, dey ii (becomes, V= ite Bu ii) ‘Thus the radial and transverse components of the ae are dridt and r d@ldt. a rg dr ait , dr doy, , 0° de dt dt de dt ap d8)*) 5 {dr do fa 7 dU_ doy (2) |e (2g5GrerSa]u [: U = sin OF + c08 OF gives SY = SPR] Phan heres nd ronenrar rome of ha ncctirntionsre @r_,(d0)” ana dr dO (#) and 296 4 & . Example 8.8. A person going Gastwards With a velocity of 4 kin per hour, finds that the wind appears to blow directly from the north. He doubles his speed and the wind seems to come from north-east, Rind the actual velocity of the wind. Solution. Let the actual velocity of the wind be x1 + yJ, where I, J represent velocities of 1 km per hour towards the east and north respectively. As the person is going eastwards with a velocity of 4 km per hour, his actual velocity is 41. Then the velocity of the wind relative to the man is («I + J) — 4I, which is parallel to ~J, as it appears to blow from the north. Hence x = 4. ith) When the velocity of the person becomes &I, the velocity of the wind relative to man is (xI + yJ)—8I. But this is parallel to ~ (I+ 3). e (e—8)y = 1, which by ( gives y =—4. Hence the actual velocity of the wind is 4(1- J), ie., 4V2 km. per hour towards the south-east. eee 1. A particle moves along a curve x = ey = 2 cos 3t,2 = 2 sin 8t, where tis the time variable. Determine its velocity. and acceleration vectors and also the magnitudes of velocity and acceleration at ¢ (PTW, 2003 V.T,, 2003 8) ‘2. The position vector ofa particle at time is R= cos (t~ 1) 1+ sinh (t— 1) J + at®K. Find the condition imposed on a by requiring that at time ¢ = 1, the acceleration is normal to the position veetor. 8, A particle moves on the curve x = 2%, y = /#~ 4¢, 2 = 3 5, where t is the time, Find the components of velocity and acceleration at time ¢ = 1 in the direction 1-8 +2K. W.-C, 2008) 4. A particle moves so thatits position vector is given by R= Feos oy + J sin wt. Show that the velocity V of the particle is perpendicular to R and R x V ie a constant vector, 6. A particle (position yector R) is moving in a cirele with constant angular velocity @. Show by vettor methods, that. the acceleration is equal to~ wR, |8. (a) Find the tangential and normal aceclerations of « point moving in a plane curve. (Rajasthan, 2005) ) (6) The position vector ofa moving particle ata time ¢ is R = 3 cos fl + sin dd + 4¢K, Bind the tangent and normal components of its-accelerstion at (Marathwada, 2008) 7. The velocity of a boatrelative to water is represented by 31 + 4 and that of wate relative to earth is I~ 333. What is the velocity ofthe boat relative to the earth if and J represent one km cn hour east and north respectively, & Avvessol A is sailing with x velocity of 11 knots per hour in the direction § B, and a second vessel B is sailing with 4 velocity of 13 knots per hour in a direction 30°B of N. Find the velocity of A relative to B. 9. A person travelling towards the north-east with a velocity of € km per hour finds that the wind appears to blow. from the north, but when he doubles his speed it seems to-come from a direction inclined at an angle tan’! 2 to the ‘north of east. Show that the actual velocity of the wind is 3/2 km per hour towards the east. SCALAR AND VECTOR POINT FUNCTIONS. (1) Ifto each point P(R) of a region E in space there corresponds a definite scalar denoted by F(R), then f(R) is called a scalar point function in E. The region E so defined is called a sealar field. The temperature at any instant, density of a body and potential due to gravitational matter are all ‘examples of scalar point functions. (2) If to each point PCR) of « region E in space there corresponds a definite vector denoted by FR), then it is called the vector point function in E. The region E so defined is called a vector field. The velocity of a moving fluid at any instant, the gravitational intensity of force are examples of vector point functions Differentiation of vector point functions follows the same rules as those of ordinary calculus. Thus if Fi, y,2) be a vector point function, then dE _ aR de 2a. e (See (i) p. 203] dt ‘ay dt or (2 ax ay ay (3) Vector operator del. The operator on the right side of the equation (i) is in the form of a scalar and ae = F ae 4H ayy den (2 der 2 dys 2 ae) F @ product of 12+ 5 2.4K 2 and Yds + Jy + Kae, 2g 2and Re +g t % ii) then (i) may be written as dF = (V . dR) F for when R = x1 +yd + 2K, dR = Ide + ddy + Kde. IF V (read as del) be defined by the equation V = [EEGB DEL APPLIED TO SCALAR POINT FUNCTIONS—GRADIENT (1) Def. The vector function Vf is defined as the gradient of the sealar point function f and is written as grad f. - teste " ‘Thus grad f= Vf= 1 +d 4K (2)Geometrical interpretation. Consider the scalar point function (R), where R= 21 +yJ +2K. rma ay Ifa surface f(x, y,z) = be drawn through any point P(R) such that at each point on it, the function has the same value as at P, then such a surface is called a level surface of the function f through P, e.g., equipotential or isothermal surface (Fig. 8.6). Let P’ (R + 6R) be a point on a neighbouring level surface f+ 8f. Then 3 he a [1% iF eo : vean= [1% a% wd) (ix + S8y + Kée) a ge Bip Vitae Sha + Fy + be WF. Now if lcs on the snme level surfee-as P, then Of = 0, ie. Wf BH = 0. This mesos that VF de Perpendicular to every 8 lying on this surface, Thus Vfis normal fo the surface fx,942)= Vf=|YFIN where N is a unit vector normal to this surface. If the perpendicular distance PM between the surfaces through Pand P’ be Sn, then the rate of change of f normal to the surface through P ¥ Li fo bn or so N.8R =19) LVF) ut a ‘Hence the magnitude of Vf = offan. ‘Thus grad fis « vector normal to the surface f= constant and has a magnitude equal to the rate of change of falong this normal. £07 NAR = | BR | cos @ = dn} (wl (3) Directional derivative. If r denotes the length PP’ and N’ is a unit vector in the direction PP’, then the limiting value of 6fl6r as 6r > 0 (é.e., afar) is known as the directional derivative of fat P along the direction PP’. Since r= Bnicos a = Bn/N .N’ Kr yf) ow. N= Le uw |New =n. NaN’ ve ‘Thus the directional derivation of f in the direction of N’ is the resolved part of Vfin the direction N’. Since Vf.N'=| Vf | cosas | V/1 It follows that Vf gives the maximum rate of change of f. Solution. We have flx,y,z)= HB 24 yt 20, De = nar"? Similarly, x = nye and L = nert-2 ‘Thos vere Log Lew nrt-2 oh 9S 42) =n 2R, Otherwise : The level surfaces for f = constant, i.e.,7” = constant are concentric spheres with centre O and hence unit normal N to the level surface through P is along the radius R ie, N=R. vf tow Hie =n R Ie fer ne LRP) = net Solution. We have Vu = 2(x? + y? +2? R. wore larry?) = 262 +9242 GT + yd +2K) oi) But va = Mrs Ms 2K Adi) Comparing (i) and (ii), we get Beet yt 2B, ME myth oH gat; Be w tet y+ 28 ‘Also dus, 9,2) = Se de + SE dy + 3 de = Ba + y+ 29F Ode + yy + 2d) = 28, Ue takings! +)*+2t=t and 2Axdx + ydy + 2dz)=dt Integrating both sides, w= f ¢* at ten Lives Latex ere Hence us Ere re. Solution. madu= (1265 24m 2)eryeoateseK grad v = 2x1 + 2yJ + 2eK, grad w =(y +2)1+(@ +2) d +(e + K ‘We know that three vectors are coplanar if their scalar triple product is zero. Eg ice ENGneErinG Mammenarcs Here [grad u, grad v, grad w) tok Qe ay Be yee zee xty 1 1 1 1 1 1 x oy 2 xtytz ytzex zexty [Operate R, + Ry) yee zee xty yte etx xty yoaon =Ax+y+2)] 1 1 a. yee ete xty Hence grad u, grad v and grad w are coplanar. Solution. A vector normal to the given surface is V (xy*22) ATR tet dB tye 4 1 (aye) = Hy? 28) 4 Sais) + Klay) 41-12) + 4K at the point (— 1,-1, 2. Hence the desired unit normal to the surface ~ 41-125 +4K (=a)? + (= 127 +471 = directional derivative of fin the direction I + 25 + 2K 1+ 23 42K 2 = (I-3d - 3K). =(1.1-3.2-3.2¥3=-3=5. far? + 2? + 2%) m= 85 | Example 8.14. Find the directional fies abet “the lin Q is the point (5, the magnitude Solution. We have oie Bed] (2 Ois given by 12 cos 241 8 sin 213 + 16¢K, the velocity and acceleration are initially zero. Find the velocity. and displacement at any time. 215 + 2K. whens =1 ; - 4 = Tos cae “then, | Se ae, Aig (1) LINE INTEGRAL Consider a continuous vector funetion F(R) which is defined at each point of curve C in space. Divide C into n parts at the points A = Po, Py oP; yy Pym Py = B (Pig. 88). Let their position veetors be Ry, R,,..., R;_, Rj, ..., R,. Let U,, be the position vector of any point on the are BoP. Now consider the sum 8 = > F(U,). 8R,, where dR, = R,-R,_, & The limit of this sum as n — in such a way that | R, | — 0, provided it exists, is called the tangential line integral of F(R) along C and is symbolically written as mR [Link] or [ [Link]. When the path of integration is a closed curve, this fact is denoted by using { in place of J It FAR) = If (x,y, 2) + SG, ¥, 2) + Kybes 942) and dR = Ide + dy + Kee then J, POD. aR = [) (fae + ody + wade) ‘Two other types of line integrals are f FxdR and [ fd which are both vectors. (2 Chelation, 17 represents the elec of «fli parte thn the ine integral AR. cle te circulation of F around the curve. When the circulation of F around every elosed curve in a region E vanishes, F is said to be irrotational in E. (8) Work. IfF represents the force acting on a particle moving along an arc AB then the work done during the small displacement. aR. Ltr doe by rng he dpc fem At Bien byte inte Example 8.28. if F = dxyl—y°3) evaluate. J F .dR., where C is the curve in the xy-plane y = 2° from (0,0) to (2,2). AWL.U, 2610) Solution. Since the particle moves in the ay-plane (z = 0), we take R=al-+9J. Then [, [Link], where Cis the parabola y = 2x? = i (Bxyl — y°J). (del + dyJ) = I (Sxydx — y"dy) old) Eg i Neer MENTS | Substituting y = 2, where x goes from 0 to 1, (i) becomes fig tax dx Caetyeacasty = f(s" — 1624) ax in y = 2x*, Then the parametric equation of C are x = t,y = 2%. The points (0, 0) and and ¢ = 1 respectively. Then (i) becomes fh uae? at —caeytacae?n= for? - 160%) ae Otherwise, let x = (1, 2) correspond to ‘Solution. As the particle moves in xy-plane (z = 0), let R =x1 +yJ so that dR = dsI + dy¥J. Also the circular path is x =a cos f,y =a sin t, z = 0 where t varies from 0 to 2r. a fF -ate= f tsin yt + 201 + cosy. (dat + dy) =f bsiny det 21+ cosy)dyl =f. sin y de + x 608 dy) + xd] =f [dx sin y) +x dy] f [dla cos t sin (a sin ¢)) + a? cos* ¢ dé] 5 ti ee a a’|,, sina cost sin (asin) fF +S [ a eos 29 d= | e4 SE Solution. f. [Link]= fh [3x"1 + (2x2 — y+ 2K]. (dal + dyS + d2K) = L [8x%dx + (2xz ~ y)dy + zdz] (a) The equations of the straight line from (0, 0, 0) to (2, 1, 3) are a/2 = y/1 = 2/3 = ¢ (say) _ .z = 3t are its parametric equations. The points (0, 0, 0) and (2, 1, 3) correspond tot = 0 and work done = LF ar = [ [3(20)? 2de + ((42)@8e) - thdt + (Be) Bde] Z f (360? + 82) dt = 16. (6) Let x = in.x® = 4y, 3x* = 82. Then the parametric equations of C are x = work done = [. [Link]= fk [xe ave {a( 82) 1 4(t) 820/22) af ($5) o-Gede [ass Wecron CaLcuuis aio Irs Appucarions Ea 2. INF = (Gay — 6x1 + (2) 4009, evaluate i F dR along the curve C in the xy-plane, y = x4 from the point (1, 1) 0 (2,8). WNT, 2006) 3 Compute the ine integral [_ (/#dt— s4dy) about the triangle whace vertices are (1, 0) (0,1) and (1, 0) 4, 1EA= (x8 + Gy) M4y2d + 20:2°K, evaluate [AR from (0, 0,0) to, 1,1) along the path #=t, =18,2= WU, 2001) 5, Evaluate [Gay +2") di where Cis the are of the helix x= cos fy (4, 0,7, 6. Find the total work done hy the force F'= SxyI~—yd + 2erK in moving a particle around the circles? + 9% = 4: (TU, 2010) 7. Find the (otal' work done in moving a particle in a foree field given by F = day = Sei} + 10K along the curve =O +1,y=28,2=f frome 1 tot =2 (Bhopel, 2008) 8, Using the line integral, compute the work done hy the force F = (2y + 3)1 + x2d)+ (2 —2)K when it moves a particle from the point (0, 0,0) to the point (2,1, 1) along the curvex = 2%,y =1,2= 63 (Madros, 2000) in ¢,z = which joins the points (1, 0, 0) and 9, Evaluate I FR, where F'= [2z, x,—y) and C is R = [cos &, sin ¢, 2t] from (1, 0, 0) to (1, 0, 4m). (B.P-T.U:, 2006) tu, <29t-adlsaneftoate [Lam athe pcs 1) fi. 3 = 2d hoes sad ow [EEE (1) SuRFAcES. As seen in § 5.8, a surface S may be represented by Fix, y,2)= 0. The parametric representation of S is of the form R (u, v) = x (u, v) 1 + y(u, v) J + z(u, v)K and the continuous functions u = ((¢) and v = y(¢) of a real parameter t represent a curve C on this surface S. For example, the parametric representation of the circular cylinder 32+ y= 02,-1<2 <1, (radiusq and height 2), is Riu, v) =a cos ull +0 sin ud 4 0K where the parameters u and v vary in the rectangle 0 © in such a way that 8, -+ 0, is called the volume integral of FOR) over E and is symbolically written as 5, Fade. IPF(R) = f(x,y, 201 + x,y, 293 + lx, 9, 2)K so that By = brdyée, then [Pann [ff reavaes a [fLedvdyae + fff, yarxayas,

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