WATER RESOURCES
● ¾ of earths surface is covered w water
● Only a small portion is fresh water
● Fresh water - obtained - surface runoffs and groun water tht is being
renewed n recharged thru hydrological cycle
★WATER SCARCITY - lack of sufficient water as compared to the
needs of tht region
➔CAUSES OF WATER SCARCITY
● Variation in ssnal n annual precipitation
● Over exploitation( housing societies or colonies hv their own
groundwater piping devices)
● Excessive use
● Unequal acces to water among diff social grps
● Large n growing population n their needs
● Irrigated agri ( dry farming techniques n drought resistant crops)
● Wells n tube wells for irrigation
➔HOW DO INDUSTRIES EXERT PRESSURE ON FRESHWATER
RESOURCES
● India has witnessed intensive industrialisation and urbanisation
● Industries r heavy users of water
● They require power to run them - much of this energy comes from
hydroelectric power
● They water bodies near industries are poluted by industrial waste,
chemical, pesticides, fertilizers
ATAL BUJAL YOJANA
● Being implemented in 8220 water stressed gram panchayaths of 229
administrative blocks / talks in 80 districts of 7 states
● Guj, har , raj
● It is to bring behavioural changes in the community from prevailing
attitude of consumption to conservation and smart water
management
JAL JEEVAN MISSION (JJM)
● Goal of jal jeevan mission is to enable every rural household to get
assured supply of potable piped water at service level of 55 litre per
capita per day regularly on long term basis by ensuring functionality
of tap water connection
WHY DO WE NEED TO CONSERVE WATER?
● safe guard ourselves frm health hazards
● To ensure food security
● Continuation of livelihood and productive activities
● Prevent degradation of our natural ecosystem
MULTIPURPOSE RIVER PROJECT AND INTEGRATED WATER
RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
● DAMS - barrier across flowing water tht obstructs , directs or retards
the flow of water often creating a reservoir , lake or impoundment
➔HOW DO THEY HELP US
● Irrigation
● Electricity generation
● Water supply for domestic n industrial uses
● Flood control
● Recreation
● Inland navigation and breeding
★BHAKRA NANGAL - sutluj beas river basin - is used for irrigation n
hydel power production
★HIRAKUD PROJECT - mahanadi basin - conservation of water n
flood control
➔DIFF TYPES
● Structure n material used - timber dams , embankment dams ,
masonry dams
● Height - large n major dams
● ‘ temples of modern india ‘ - nehru - it wudd integrate dev of agri n the
village economy w rapid industrialisation and growth of urban
economy
● Damodar river aka river of sorrow
➔DISADVANTAGES OF DAMS
● Regulating n damming rivers affect their natural flow n cause poor
sediment flow n excessive sedimentation at the bottom of the
reservoir - rockier stream beds n poor habitats for aquatic animals
● Fragment rivers making it difficult for aquatic fauna to migrate
especially for spawning
● The reservoirs tht r build on the flood plains also submerge existing
vegetation n soil leading to its decomp over a period of time
● Big dams hv been unsuccessful in controlling floods at the time of
excessive rainfall
● Land degradation
● They induce earthquakes , cause water borne diseases and pollution
resulting for excessive use of water
● SARDAR SAROVAR DAM - narmada river guj (MMGR) - meets the
requirement of water in drought prone and desert areas
RAINWATER HARVESTING
➔IN HILL N MOUNTAINOUS REGIONS- they built diversion channels
lik kuls n guls of western himalayas for agi
➔ROOFTOP RAINWATER HARVESTING - practiced to store
rainwaater - raj
➔FLOOD PLAINS OF BENGAL - inundation channels
➔IN ARID N SEMI ARID REGION -