MIDTERM RPH - the Colony as such, one must act in accordance

with the spirit of the following three principles

which I shall successively try to illustrate:
 Firstly, the Spaniards born in the
- Mexico declared independence in 1821 and so Philippines must be reduced as much as
did the other colonies of Spain except Cuba and possible in number.
Puerto Rico.  Secondly, the colored population must
- The middle class or mestizos voluntarily respect and obey the whites.
 Thirdly, the administration must undergo
a thorough reform
- This brought about a movement known as the - reduction of insulares or Spaniards born in the
Propaganda. Philippines is important since this group did not
have any connection nor love for Spain in order
 The Propaganda had been known of only to translate that love to make the colony a
one dimension and that is all about success.
reforming the homeland. - they found slavery and they destroyed it by
imposing political equality; they ruled its
inhabitants with beneficent laws; they
- Fray Miguel Lucio, Franciscan (1885) Christianized them, they civilized them and
 He wrote in Tagalog of a story narrated to defended them from the Chinese,
him by an old man Gervacio “Bacio” - the Moro pirates and European aggressors- they
Macunat. gave them much gold and finally they gave them
 The story was about the freedom
experiences of his farming family - the political administration should be an
as narrated by Bacio’s father immediate necessity despite the predominance
Prospero, who, an Indio in Tanay, of the friars’ rule that had superseded the civil
Morong was sent by his father administration in the grassroots.
(Bacio’s grandfather), Don Andres
Baticot and his mother Doña
Maria Dimaniuala to go to Manila - In Malolos, Bulacan, Marcelo Del Pilar founded
in order to have an education. the Diariong Tagalog in 1882 as a channel to
 Andres, being a cabesa was able criticize the friars of their corrupt and bad ways
to save up and acquire land for and in turn produce changes in the colony.
some riches.
 Instead of prospering, so as to get - Diariong Tagalog only had a year in existence as
out of a miserable life, with an it attracted the ire of friars.
education he sought to have, - the colony had to be taken externally as it
Prospero’s life attracted the Madrid where legislators in the
- The Propaganda is a movement of the middle Spanish Cortez,
class, a movement of the mestizos, a movement
of the educated. - 19th century
- In 1841, under the reign of Queen Isabela II, the
Spanish government sent a diplomat, Sinebaldo  the mestizos of Chinese or European mix
de Mas, to investigate the condition of the that gained considerable riches as the
Philippines. product of land and their persuasion that
they could send their young adult
children to Europe to pursue higher
education.
- Spain was under pressure to either to adopt a through a publication intended for
purely democratic government without a king or Spanish legislators, politicians and
have a monarch with a constitutional monarchy bureaucrats who could be swayed into
after the invasion of France in 1808 under crafting a law for the Philippines to
Napoleon Bonaparte and the puppet change its status.
government of Joseph Bonaparte. - the specific target would be the liberals who
- Ferdinand VII handed over the reign to his would agree to change the status of the
daughter Queen Isabella II in 1833 but Spain Philippines if they would know the abuses that
plunged into a civil war during the Revolution of the indios were suffering in the hands of friars
1868 which deposed Queen Isabella II. and Spanish bureaucrats in the colony.
- Spain adopted a government without a monarch o The idea was to expose in Spain
but the regency or ruler of the provisional what really was happening in the
government stayed for only four months until Philippines.
Alfonso XII the son of Queen Isabella II, was - From 1882, no newspaper had been operational.
reinstituted in 1874. - By 1887, Rizal came up with his novel, Noli Me
 The king, however, succumbed to Tangere after he was done with his medical
tuberculosis in 1885 after 11 years of studies and having undergone his specialization
rule. in Germany.
 his heir Alfonso XIII was still in the womb o It quickly produced political
of the Queen Maria Christina and at his ripples among Dominicans in the
birth the infant was already invested with Philippines which compelled his
the task to rule the country which he family to advise him to go back to
could not do and which his mother as Spain to protect his life.
regent - It was in 1888 when he decided to return to
Spain which coincided also with the decision of
Del Pilar to sail to Spain.
- Graciano Lopez Jaena fled from the Philippines - By 1889, the staff of the envisioned newspaper
to Spain in 1880 was already complete and that year La
 he drew the ire of the friars when he Solidaridad was born.
wrote The Satirical Fray Botod and
became the object of manhunt.
 He studied medicine at Universidad de - The three big names of the Propaganda
Valencia but transferred to Madrid where Movement
the center of political activities was.
 he was enticed to go back to two things o Rizal
he really loved: o Jaena
o writing and political activism o Del Pilar
 He engaged was in public speaking, - were more engaged with the business of writing
arguing among Spanish friars and except for Juan Luna who was endeared with the
politicians in Madrid the need to reform canvas.
the colony.

- Juan Luna was born in Badoc, Ilocos Norte to

- In 1882, Jose Rizal Joaquin Posadas Luna, and Laureana Ancheta
 arrived in Spain to pursue further Novicio on October 23, 1857.
medical studies. - He was the son of a tobacco salesman during its
 The reform agenda can only be carried monopoly years, then they transferred to
out through propaganda and that is
 Binondo in 1861 when Joaquin found work as a - reform would also mean enjoying the accolade
merchant. befitting their success whether an indio, mestizo
- first been fascinated with the sea that he or Spaniard not only in Spain but also in the
enrolled at Escuela Nautica de Manila and colony.
became a sailor but his natural talent in painting
attracted him to take lessons with Lorenzo
Guerrero at Ermita, Manila. - Spoliarium, 1884
- He later formalized his painting classes by
enrolling at Academia de Dibujo y Pintura but - The Madrid Exposición Nacional de Bellas Artes
his maestro Augustin Saez was not pleased with had the Roman gladiator arena as the singular
the style of Luna’s strokes that he was theme.
discharged from the art academy. - Juan painted the desperate scene down below.
- In 1877, he and his brother Manuel traveled to
Europe to further their studies. - This painting won international
o Manuel into music while Juan into recognition at a time when the
painting. reformists were firming up their
reform-agenda but without a
- Juan enrolled at Escuela de Bellas Artes de San
publication yet as planned.
Fernando where he became a close friend of
another painter Don Alejo Vera.
- By 1878 Luna entered his La Muerte de
Cleopatra in a national competition that in 1881, - España Y Filipinas
he entered. (Spain and Philippines), 1886
o The bigger prize he got was a 600-peso
competition which won him silver. - This painting was done when Juan was under
- The bigger prize he was commissioned for was a commission from Ayuntamiento de Manila.
yearly pension from Ayuntamiento de Manila - Also titled España Guiando a Filipinas (Spain
where he was commissioned to produce just leading the Philippines), the painting
one painting depicting Philippine colonial history characterizes the reform agenda of the
within the four-year pensioning but he produced Propaganda Movement.
more than one. - Juan drew this painting while shuttling on two
- In 1884, he won gold in the Madrid Exposición cities, Paris and Madrid, to finish several
Nacional de Bellas Artes. commissioned works.
o That same year, the Filipino expatriates
in Spain, headed by the reformists,
arranged a banquet in honor of him and - El Pacto Sangre
Felix R. Hidalgo who won silver. (The Sacred Pact), 1886
- In 1890, Antonio Luna, the middle sibling - Part of the commissioned work with
between the siblings, was sent by his parents to Ayuntamiento de Manila, the painting pictured
Madrid and was invited by his older brother Juan the sacred pact between Datu Sikatuna
to the circle of reformers where he became a (modeled by Rizal) and Miguel Lopez de Legaspi
writer of La Solidaridad (posed by Juan’s brother-in-law Trinidad Pardo
- He was an essential part of the propaganda de Tavera).
movement for he exemplified another aspect of
the movement, not political but sociological.
- The term Filipinos still pertained to insulares or - La Batalla de Lepanto
Spaniards born in the Philippines and whether (The Battle of Lepanto), 1887
indio or Chinese or European mestizos, they - With the influence of King Alfonso XIII, the
were still called indios. Spanish Cortes approved the commissioning of a
 painting depicting the Spanish victory against - counterattack against the criticisms mounted by
the Moors. La Solidaridad.
- This piece was done in the same year that Rizal - This compelled him to write his second novel, El
published his Noli Me Tangere. Filibusterismo in 1892.
- At this time, the Reform Movement had - He was later exiled in Dapitan
generated waves in Madrid and which ripples
had reached the Philippines when copies of Noli
Me Tangere were smuggled into the Philippines. - On January 20, 1896, Jaena succumbed to
- From 1887, Madrid had to wait only two years tuberculosis while Del Pilar died on July 4, 1896.
before La Solidaridad would begin circulation. By this time, the Propaganda Movement had
already died

- Interior d’Un Café - Juan and Antonio decided to go home at the

(Inside a Café or The Parisian Life), 1892 outbreak of the revolution in August 1896 but
- Also titled Inside a Café, this painting was got arrested in September while the
painted when Juan Luna settled in Paris at a time revolutionaries in Cavite were winning series of
when disarray had rocked the Propaganda battles.
Movement and Rizal had bolted out of La - They were imprisoned and stayed incarcerated
Solidaridad. when Rizal was executed on December 30, 1896.
- Within this year, Rizal would decide to go back to - Juan served as head of the diplomatic delegation
the Philippines, had a few months stay in Hong in Paris in order to acquire recognition for the
Kong to put a clinic and practice ophthalmic declaration of independence on June 12, 1898
surgery, and then by June of that year decided before the signing of the Treaty of Paris in
to go home only to be exiled to Dapitan. December 10, 1898.
- By this time, the Propaganda Movement was - Antonio fought side by side with his brother
almost dead but back home the Katipunan had Joaquin against the Americans until Antonio was
begun. recalled from Pangasinan to Cabanatuan in June
1899 where he was assassinated in the hands of
the Kawit Company.
- Juan married Maria dela Paz Pardo de Tavera, - He stopped over Hong Kong to meet up with
the sister of Trinidad and Felix, close friends and Joaquin but died there of heart attack on
associates of the Reform Movement. December 7, 1899.
- The marriage bore two children, Andres and
Maria, fondly called Bibi.
- Bibi died in infancy which rocked their marriage
in 1892 while they were living in Paris.
- Juan accused his wife of having a relationship
with a French doctor.
- That year, Juan, together with his youngest
brother Antonio and his son Andres, returned to
Madrid.

- pain was doused at the advent of a counter-

propaganda newspaper La Politica de España en
Filipinas which the friars in Madrid put up to as
- At the culmination of the People Power - The Supreme Court, on March 12, 2014, denied
Revolution in February 1986, it seemed the the motion for consideration with finality and
Marcos family left Malacañang in a hurry, leaving declared the assets, funds, investments, and
behind in disarray several documents about the properties of Arelma belonging to Pres. Marcos
Marcos wealth on the President’s desk. and his wife Imelda ill-gotten and forfeited in
- A number of these documents showed that favor of the Philippine government.
Ferdinand and Imelda opened several Swiss
accounts on layers of foundations and
corporations under the pseudonym William
Sanders and Jane Ryan as early as 1968, 3 years
after Ferdinand assumed the presidency during
his first term. - The Katipunan or KKK (Kagalang-galang na
o Ferdinand also created Arelma, Inc., a Katipunan nang manga Anak nang Bayan)
Panamanian entity that maintained an - was founded on the night of July 7, 1892, the
account in Merrill Lynch, a brokerage day of Jose Rizal’s arrest and deportation to
company based in New York. Dapitan later on for allegedly smuggling a
o The Presidential Commission on Good subversive black book upon his entry in Manila
Government (PCGG) found out that from Hong Kong.
money was transferred from the Swiss - The underground society was founded by a
deposits to Arelma. group of progressive thinking men, namely,
- Imelda as Minister of Human Settlement only Andres Bonifacio, Valentin Diaz, Teodoro Plata,
had an accumulated salary of ₱1,570,000 for Ladislao Diwa, and Deodato Arellano,
Ferdinand and ₱718,750 for Imelda for a total of o among others, who were either
₱2,288,750 for the period of 1966 to 1985. fundraisers of the Propaganda
PCGG also showed that the spouses had a Movement in Spain, local propagandists,
combined salary of ₱30,833.33 from January to and businessmen
February 1986 before they went into exile. This o La Solidaridad was not able to generate
would total ₱2,319,583.33 or $304,372.43 only as much sentiment from the Spanish
when converted to Peso-USD exchange rate at politicians and bureaucrats to craft a law
that time. These figures were in sharp contrast in the Spanish Cortes in order to make it
to the account of Merrill Lynch which started at a province of Spain and institute reforms
$2 million in 1972 and was already $35 million in the Philippines.
when it was discovered in 2000, while the Swiss - La Solidaridad was said to be in operation by
accounts amounted to $658 million. In April 2, 1892 but by 1895 and with the death of Marcelo
2009, the Sandiganbayan ruled for the forfeiture del Pilar and Graciano Lopez Jaena in 1896, the
of the funds, assets, investments, shares, and aim of uniting the Filipinos on one solid stand
properties of Arelma in favor of the government. against Spain was not fully attained.
- The founding of the Katipunan also came with
- Ferdinand “Bongbong” Marcos Jr. and Imelda the inspiration generated by Rizal’s Noli Me
Marcos filed a petition in the Supreme Court Tangere and El Filibusterismo.
challenging the decision of the anti-graft court. - The organization had only three ranks unlike a
military hierarchy which had a general down to
- On April 25, 2012, the Supreme Court affirmed the corporal.
the decision of the Sandiganbayan declaring all o A recruit enters the organization with
the assets of Arelma forfeited in favor of the the rank of a Katipon and wore a black
Republic of the Philippines. hood with Anak ng Bayan as password.
o After the Katipon had recruited a
number of members, he could be
 promoted into Kawal, donned with taking care of accounts and liaising with clients,
green hood and known to have a while still making fans and canes in his free
password Gomburza. time.
o A Kawal can be promoted to the highest - According to his childhood friend, Gen.
rank Bayani, and could entitle him to be Guillermo Masangkay, he was earning ₱25.00 a
elected into the Council, a position month
where he could wear a red mask and - He was self-learned, he mastered a good
could interact with a password Rizal. penmanship and read books such as:
- Since the recruitment was in secret, they met at o The Wandering Jew
night hooded. o Noli Me Tangere
- The Katipunan was structured almost like a o El Filibusterismo (both in Spanish)
government with three governing assemblies, o Les Miserables
the highest of which being the Supreme Council o International Law
(Kataas-taasang Sanggunian) composed of the o Penal and Civil Code
elected president, fiscal secretary, treasurer, o The Ruins of Palmyra
and comptroller. o The Lives of the Presidents of the United
- The leadership structure is replicated and States of America
replicated still in the Municipal Council - As a young man, he joined his friends in
(Sangguaniang Bayan) and its Judicial Council establishing Teatro Porvenir in Tondo where he
(Sangguaniang Hukuman), which tried members was able to meet Ilustrados by theatricalizing
in violation of its rules lines.
- To those who wished to join the organization, - He married a lady by his neighborhood Monica,
they had to be indoctrinated into its teachings. but she died of leprosy.
- Bonifacio had his version of these teachings, the - In 1872, at the time when Katipunan was to be
Decalogue. founded, he fell in love with Oriang (Gregoria
o This could have been probably used from de Jesus) from Kalookan.
1892 to 1894. - Decalogue which he penned became the
- Jacinto entered the organization in 1894 and primary teaching tool for values until Jacinto’s
wrote his Kartilya. version came along and the Kartilya became the
- Reproduced in a booklet, Kartilya, is not given official organ for teaching values to the
for free but is given to new members upon members
payment of a membership fee of 4 pesos
- Believing that children are a source of wealth, - Kartilya or Decalogue could have been
the couple added four more children: Ciriaco, the foundation of our government. It
Procopio, Espiridiona, Troadio, and Maxima could have found its way in our
- Though life was difficult to come by, Andres was constitution and could have filtered
sent to study under Maestro Guillermo Osmeña into our society. Sad to say, the
Tejeros Convention on March 22 or
but the boy reached only primary school when
25, 1897, hammered the last nail to
his mother and later his father died, leaving put it in the coffin. The Republic of
only him to earn a living and take care of the the Philippines or the Republic of
family. Cavite that was created on that day
- he made tungkod and abanico which he sold in eventually found itself on the run as
Tutuban. Gov. Gen. Primo de Rivera chased it
- He was promoted as agent selling rattan, tar, out to the hills and cave of Biak-
and other commodities. na-Bato.
- Thus these doctrines also found their
- His salary was not enough, so he transferred
death. Although a copy of Kartilya
employment to Fresnell and Co. as a was found among the documents
bodeguero, like the account executives today, of Gen. Artemio Ricarte, and
 although it was believed that
Kartilya may have been in
circulation by 1899, (Richardson,
2013, p. 129), the intended teaching
of these doctrines was eventually
lost to a government on the run.
Thus, the values that they were
supposed to teach were also lost.
-