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PRACTICAL MANUAL
VETERINARY PHYSIOLOGY

DH-III GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY OF CATTLE (2+1)

Department of Veterinary Physiology,

College of Veterinary and Animal
Sciences, Mannuthy & Pookode

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 DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY PHYSIOLOGY
College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Pookode, 673576

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify the Kumar/ Kumari

Admission No. studying Diploma in

Dairy Science has attended the practical for the course Veterinary Physiology

offered during the academic year

Marks obtained for Record

Signature of the Course Teacher

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 CONTENTS

[Link] Date Name of Experiment Page No. Remarks

1.

2.

3.

4.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

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 GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS

1. Wear overcoat, name plate and appropriate footwear while working in the laboratory

2. Girl students should tie up their hair properly

3. Bring the practical record book, the manual and rough record book to the
practical classes regularly

4. Handle the glassware and instruments carefully

5. Return the borrowed instruments / materials to the laboratory staff after

the experimentation, if damaged, report the same

6. Record your observations in the manual / rough record and get it signed by the
course teacher.

7. In the record write the aim, principle, procedure, calculations, results and
inferences. Give the normal value wherever applicable, indicating the source.

8. Answer all the assignment questions given at the end of each practicals

9. The record must be maintained neatly and submitted upto date whenever asked for.

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Experiment No: 1
Date :
COMPOUND MICROSCOPE

OBJECTIVE:
1. To identify the different parts of a compound microscope.
2. To focus an object using different objectives- high power, low power and oil
immersion.

PARTS OF A MICROSCOPE:
A microscope is essentially an optical system of lenses used to magnify an object and
to resolve its details. A compound microscope has following parts.
A. The support system
B. The focusing system.
C. The stage.
D. The optical system
i) The eye piece ii) Body tube iii) Nose piece iv)Objective lenses.
E. The illumination system.
i) Source of light ii) Mirror iii) Condenser.
A. Support system.
It consists of (i) heavy U-shaped or horse-shoe shaped base which supports the microscope
on the work table and provides stability and (ii) two upright pillars project from the base and are
hinged to the handle.
B. The focusing system.
It consists of coarse and fine adjustment screw-heads. It is employed for raising or lowering
the optical system with reference to the slide under study till it comes into focus. The coarse
adjustment moves the optical system up or down rapidly through a large distance, the fine
adjustment requires several rotations to move the tube through a small distance.
C. The stage.
The fixed stage is a square platform with an aperture in the centre.

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The mechanical stage is a calibrated metal frame fitted on the right edge of fixed stage. There is
a spring mounted clip to hold the slide in position. Two screw- heads move the slide from side to
side, forward and backward. The vernier scale on the frame indicates the degree of movement.
D. The optical system (Magnifying system).
(i) The eye piece is the topmost part having two lenses – one mounted at the top, the eye
lens and the other field lens, fitted at the bottom. The field lens collects the divergent rays of the
primary image formed by the objective and passes them to the eye lens so that a magnified
virtual image appears about 25cm in front of the eye.
(ii) Body tube is attached to the handle and can be raised or lowered by rack and pinion
arrangement. The distance between the upper ends of the objective lens and the eye piece is
called the tube length which is about 16-17cm long.
(iii) The nose piece is fitted at the lower end of the body tube and has two parts-the fixed
nose piece and the revolving nosepiece. The later carries interchangeable objective lenses .Any
lens can be rotated into position when desired, its correct position being indicated by a ‘click‘.
(iv) The objective lens
Three objective lenses are fitted into the revolving nosepiece. They are the low
power, high power and oil immersion objective lenses. The desired objective lens is placed close
to the object on the stage and it produces a real, magnified and inverted primary image.
When the oil immersion objective is used, the space between the object and the
lens is filled with cedar wood oil/ liquid paraffin which has the same refractive index as that of
glass and hence prevents refraction of light.

Objective Focal length Numerical Magnification Eye piece Final

aperture magnification magnification
Low power 16mm 0.30 10x 10x 100
High power 4mm 0.60 40/45x 10x 400/450
Oil 1.8mm 1.30 100x 10x 1000
immersion

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 As the magnification increases, the focal length as well as the field size or area under
observation decreases. The maximum resolution with a good optical microscope is 1 micron.

E. The illumination system

It consists of a source of light and a mechanism to condense light and direct it into the
specimen.
(i) Source of light: Sunlight or a fluorescent tube fitted in front of the work table can
provide enough light.
(ii) The mirror: A double-sided mirror, infact two mirrors, one flat or plane and the other
concave, fitted back to back in a metal frame which can be rotated in all directions.
The plane mirror is used with a distant source of light whereas the concave mirror is
employed when the light source is near the microscope. In some microscopes the
mirror is replaced with a microscope lamp.
(iii) The condenser: It consists of the following parts.
(a) The lens systems: The two lenses condense the parallel rays of light reflecting
from the mirror into a solid cone of light.
(b) The iris diaphragm: A small lever on the side of the condenser to adjust the size of
the diaphragm and thus the amount of light falling on the object under study.
(c) The filter: A metal ring to accommodate a plane blue or green filter since
monochromatic light is ideal for microscopy.

The general points to be followed while focusing under different objectives.

The low power objective is used to get an overall view of the object. The adjustments made
while using this objective are:-
1. Concave mirror is used.
2. Condenser is lowered.
3. Iris diaphragm is partially closed to decrease intensity of illumination.
4. Coarse adjustment screw is used to focus the image.
The high power objective is used to get a greater magnification and to observe the object in
greater detail. The adjustments made are:

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 1. Concave mirror is used.
2. Condenser is raised
3. Iris diaphragm is partially opened to increase intensity of illumination.
4. First focus under low power and then turn to high power and use fine
adjustment screw to focus the image.
Oil immersion objective is used to observe the object in still greater detail. The
adjustments made are:
1. Plane mirror is used to get a parallel beam of light.
2. Condenser is fully raised
3. Iris diaphragm is fully opened to get maximum intensity of illumination.
Precautions:
1. Clean eye piece and objective lenses before use with a clean, dry and
smooth cloth or smooth tissue paper.
2. After using the oil immersion lens, remove oil by cleaning with xylol or
spirit. The concave and plane mirror should be cleaned with a clean, dry
and smooth cloth before use and the surface should not be touched during
use.
Questions:

1. Draw the picture of a compound microscope and label the parts