Education: basic problems and government MEASURES

Education is meant to prepare an individual for life, equip him physically, intellectually,

emotionally and spiritually to deal with the challenges of life with self-assurance, audacity,

making the right decisions, and broadening their perspectives. The primary objective of

education is to direct the individual to live his life in a useful and in a meaningful way. One of

the prevailing problems in the education system in the present existence is the variation in the

quality of education; the quality of education tends to be the reflection of the prosperity. For a

person to prosper in the society, education is considered imperative.

Poverty is a state of deprivation. Generally policy
makers and planners use objective criteria to measure
poverty. It is conventionally defined in terms of
income poverty, i.e., number of people below the
poverty line and is measured in different ways,
predominantly in terms of inadequacy of income to
procure a minimum level of calories. The World Bank
(1994a, p. 9) also recognised, "Poverty is not only a
problem of low incomes; rather, it is a multi-
dimensional problem that includes low access to
opportunities for developing human capital and to
education..." The World Summit for Social
Development met in 1995 also opted for a broader
definition of poverty and correspondingly for a broader
integrated strategy for its eradication (see also Drèze
and Sen, 1989). As UNDP (1996, p. 27) commented, "
'income poverty' is only a part of the picture. Just as
human development encompasses aspects of life
much broader than income, so poverty should be seen
as having many dimensions" and accordingly
developed the concept of 'human poverty'. It
observed, "human poverty is more than income
poverty; it is a denial of choices and opportunities for
living a tolerable life" (UNDP, 1997, p. 2). In this sense,
denial of opportunities and human rights itself
constitutes poverty, and accordingly a rights-based
approach to poverty eradication is being increasingly
argued (see e.g., Speth, 1998). Accordingly poverty is
seen as deprivation of opportunities that enhance
human capabilities to lead a tolerable life. Education is
one such important opportunity, deprivation of which
in itself represents poverty -- poverty of education or
'education poverty'. In this sense, educational
deprivation or poverty of education becomes an
integral part of human poverty.

However, education poverty is discussed in the

name of deprivation, exclusion etc., mainly in terms of
illiteracy and primary/elementary education. In true
sense of the term, education poverty is a broader
concept. In rural India, different high schools and
colleges are devoid of properly educated quality
teacher, proper infrastructure like laboratories,
libraries etc. In urban area, people with adequate
purchasing power shifts to CBSE and CISCE schools
because of poor quality of delivering education by
schools run by state governments though in state run
schools, many teachers are appointed through a tough
system like SSC examination. With the passage of
time, these schools as well as state government run
colleges are depending on under qualified casual
teachers who are appointed bypassing all procedures.
After some time time, they are given quasi-permanent
appointment which definitely acts as a major factor in
degrading quality of education. On the other hand,
many properly qualified teachers remain unemployed
or underemployed. Students go to private tutors for
better services. Quality of education depends largely
on quality of private tutors which is unorganized
sector. We know that pricing as well as exchange in
 unorganized sector suffers from information
asymmetry and exploitation.

The education system in India produces millions of graduates each year, many skilled in
Information Technology and engineering. This progress that has been implemented regarding
human resources reinforces the economic advancements of the country, on the other hand,
produces problems within the education system. While the demographics in India are generally
perceived to provide it an edge over the economies of the other countries. With 35 percent of the
population under the age of 15 years, India’s education system experiences numerous challenges.
Successive governments have pledged to increase the spending on education to six percent of the
GDP, but the actual spending was around four percent. The top business schools, Indian
Institutes of Technology (IITs), Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs) and universities
experience scarcity of staff and personnel (Lall, 2005).

Education has been observed as the crucial development tool. The system of education in
India has become a great movement, both in terms of resources allocated and the number of
persons involved, these include, teachers, students and the administrators. During the post-
independence period, there was expansion in education in India at all levels. Depending upon the
levels of control and the patterns of management; educational institutions in India can be divided
into four categories: government institutions, where funding and management is the
responsibility of the government, government aided or grant receiving institutions, which are
funded by the government and managed by private enterprises, private institutions that are
recognised by the government but do not receive grants from the government and completely
private institutions that are neither funded nor recognised by the public authorities .

Need and Significance of Education

Education is a movement that is considered crucial for the development of human

resources. The various kinds of developments, such as, cognitive, intellectual, social, personal
are enhanced through education. In the system of education, higher education incorporates
management, engineering, medicine, technology, science etc. these fields contribute a major role
in the impartment of knowledge, information, values and skills amongst the individuals. It also
plays a vital role in increasing the growth and productivity of the nation. The development of the
society, community and the nation is an imperative concern; human resources can work towards
the development of the community and nation, when they possess the knowledge, awareness and
the skills, hence, the generation of knowledge, awareness and the development of skills will be
applicable only through education. Proper education can enlighten the whole nation. If people
are educated, consciousness acquired from quality education acts as a vaccine to rampant
corruption which acts as a major factor in preventing exploitation in the society.

Besides, management, engineering, medicine, technology, science, there are number of

other fields in education such as, mathematics, English, Hindi, arts, Education, Political science,
History, Geography, Hotel Management, Business Administration and so forth that contributes in
enriching the aptitude, capabilities and proficiency amongst the individuals, so that they are able
to accomplish their desired goals and objectives. In educational institutions, the subject that
people select are usually on the basis of their interest, hence, in order to understand the subject in
an efficient manner and to make use of it in employment opportunities, a person should be
diligent, resourceful, creative and ingenious. It entirely depends upon the individual how he
understands his field and works towards it. Teachers and instructors can guide the learners
towards the right direction, but the learners themselves have to follow the right path through
dedication and hard work.

In leading to growth and productivity of the nation, the government is committed to

making provision of primary education and certain facilities and subsidies are also required for
higher education. The cost involved is high in the management of the higher educational
institutions and private sector in the present existence is contributing towards the operation of
educational institutions. The main objectives of education are, the individual should be educated
regarding all areas that are necessary to enhance ones living, such as, norms, values, ethics,
social skills, academic knowledge, cultures, and they should learn to use the critical thinking
skills. When an individual acquires higher education and becomes a doctor, engineer, lawyer,
teacher, manager, administrator etc. then this is apparent that he works to sustain his living
conditions as well as the conditions of his family, but it is vital that he should contribute towards
the welfare of the community. Education and learning should be implemented throughout the
lives of the individuals, they are regarded as lifelong processes and a person should always focus
upon learning new things in his day to day life.

The higher the level of education of the population, the lower would be the proportion of poor
people in the total population, as education imparts knowledge and skills that are associated with higher
wages.

Skills and
Education Employment productivity Earnintg
Knowledge

In addition to this direct effect of education, the effect of

education on poverty could be indirect through its fulfillment
of basic needs like better utilisation of health facilities, shelter,
water and sanitation, and its effects on behaviour of women
on decisions relating to fertility, family welfare and health etc.,
which in turn enhance the productivity of the people and yield
higher wages, taking them above the poverty line. The
relationship between poverty and education is further
strengthened, as education and other basic needs reinforce
each other. In fact, education is recognised as an important
basic need fulfillment of which helps in the fulfillment of
others.
Poor households and nations are also characterised by
high mortality rates, poor health conditions, etc. The role of
education in reducing relative income inequalities is also
found significant. It is also noted that, thanks to education,
especially of women, a society could move out of poverty
traps and progress into prosperity. It has also been observed
historically that education helps to broaden the base of
understanding among people, and thereby helps to
strengthen the democratic process, which in turn could pave
the way to the promotion of sustainable development,
through a better understanding of the intimate relationships
between environment, ecology and sustainable development.
Thus by strengthening democratic forces, education would
help in promoting sustainable human development, making
rapid social progress, including abolition or containment of the
elite's discretionary power.
For example, the Millennium Development Goals of the
United Nations that aim at poverty alleviation or the Poverty
Reduction Strategy Papers, recommended by the World Bank
refer to only primary education, and education of girls. Not
many researchers nor especially the policy makers have
turned their attention to secondary or higher education in this
regard. Relatively very little attention is paid to a detailed
examination of the relationship between higher education and
development, or even secondary education and development.
In stead, it is widely held that secondary and higher education
is less poverty alleviating, and is not important for social
development, income distribution, equity and development.
It is only now, some international organisations begin to
turn their attention to post-basic education, realizing the
connections between primary, secondary and higher
education and development, and that goals relating to
universal primary education or the Millennium Development
Goals on poverty reduction cannot be reached by only
targeting universal primary education.

Issues in the Indian Education System

The emerging issues in the Indian education system have been stated as follows:

Teaching Attribute is in a Low State –

In most of the educational institutions and training centres within the country, the quality
of teaching is not in a very developed state. The main factors that lead to the deprived teaching
methods are, shortage of teachers, the curriculum and the instructional methods are not well
developed, the teaching-learning methods are not well organized, lack of appropriate
communication between the teachers and the students, lack of modern and innovative techniques
and financial problems. Due to these problems, the teaching that takes place in educational
institutions is not of improved quality and measures need to get implemented to make it useful.
Moreover, lack of accountability of majority of existing full time faculty in public sector is a
major problem because they should play the pivotal role if the whole education sector wants to
flourish.

Financial Constraints –

There are many students who belong to minority groups, marginalized and socio-
economically backward sections of the society. They show interest in their education, are
diligent and aspire to become professionals such as, doctors, lawyers, engineers, business
administrators, teachers and so forth. But low income of their families and financial constraints
serve to be impediments within the course of the acquisition of education. Students usually
migrate to urban areas to get enrolled in higher educational institutions and besides, tuition, they
have to pay for their living, food, books, e-resources, and other expenses. Lack of internet
facility in rural area is also a major contributing factor in creating digital divide among student
community.

Traditional Teaching Methods –

In educational institutions, traditional methods of teaching are adopted, and teachers do

not make use of technology or audio-visual aids in teaching, particularly in nursery schools.
There is requirement for technology and internet within the education system, particularly in
rural areas. The investment made in the technological infrastructure will contribute in facilitating
learning amongst the rural masses. The testing and the evaluation systems need to be made more
creative by recognizing the significance of technology, adopting innovative teaching-learning
methods, and ways to solve the problems in an efficient manner .

Privatization –

Privatization of higher education is actually a new but a wanted trend and is

indispensable to sustain resourcefulness, adaptableness and superiority. The economic track of
liberalization and globalization demands for it. In India, both the public and the private
institutions function simultaneously. Almost 50 percent of the higher education in India is
imparted through private institutions, primarily unassisted comprising of high cost. However, the
condition is not considered to be very unassuming. Private providers, in the interest of
maximizing profit, have every motivation to minimize the costs by negotiating on the quality of
education available in their institutions.

Inadequate Facilities and Infrastructure –

Educational institutions and training centres in India in some cases, do not have adequate
facilities and infrastructure. In the provision of education, it is vital that there should be
availability of proper furniture, technology, machines, cooling and heating equipment in
accordance to the weather conditions, clean restrooms and so forth. These are regarded to be
important in the provision of education, as the physical environmental conditions of the
educational institutions should be comfortable. The facilities and the infrastructure are mainly
found to be in an underdeveloped state in schools in rural areas. Due to these, there would be a
decline in the enrolment of students, hence, measures are required to be implemented to make
provision of facilities and development of infrastructure.

Reward Creativity, Original Thinking, Research and Innovation –

At all the levels of education, it is vital that creativity, logical and rational thinking,
research and utilization of innovative techniques and methods should be encouraged. These will
contribute in making learning pleasurable. There are students, who do not take interest in
learning or attending classes, this results in an increase in the rate of absenteeism. Therefore, in
the teaching-learning methods, the teachers and the instructors are required to be imaginative, so
that they can make the lesson plans interesting for the students. It is vital for the students to learn
the research techniques, as these are imperative in higher education.

Challenges in the Indian Education System

The challenges that the Indian education system are experiencing in the present existence
have been stated as follows:

Heterogeneous Education System –

The education system within the country is of heterogeneous nature. The main factors
that lead to the heterogeneous nature of the education system are based on geographical
locations, caste, race and ethnic origins of the individuals, rural and the urban establishments and
differences in the backgrounds of the individuals. There have been different varieties of colleges,
universities and educational institutions that make available numerous programs. There are
various programs, courses and quality of education that are offered in educational institutions.
There are institutions that make provision of qualitative education and there are also institutions
that get involved in educational malpractices.

Involvement of Political Factors –

Most of the institutions, when they are imparting education, are owned by dominant
political leaders. The political leaders in the present existence are contributing the main role in
governing of the educational institutions. They have established their own youth stands and
encourage the organization of the students on a political basis. The dynamism of the students is
made use of for political purposes. In some cases, students do not find education manageable,
hence, they even begin to protest in order to get their needs and requirements fulfilled and in
some cases, students even forget their educational goals and objectives and begin to develop
their career in politics.

Economic Difficulties –

Economic difficulties are regarded to be the most imperative transformations that the
system of higher education has imposed upon the communities. There are students enrolled in
educational institutions, who belong to minority groups and find it difficult to meet their basic
requirements. The increase in the economic difficulties have been due to increasing prices,
people have the habit of spending money on luxury items, there is an increase in the population,
and so forth. There are number of students who experience financial problems, they get engaged
into part time jobs in order to pay for their education. They are required to focus on their job and
education. In the present existence, there are about 75% students who are experiencing financial
problems. The implementation of part time work and study cannot provide assistance to their
economic difficulties in an adequate manner.

Lack of Moral Values –

 In the present world, the growth of science and technology, innovative methods,
modernization and industrialization has minimized the moral values. In educational institutions,
in some cases, when teachers are not satisfied with the performance of the students, they may
reprimand them, on the other hand, the students do not establish appropriate terms and relations
with the teachers, when they experience any kinds of reprimands. In the present existence,
everybody would like to be treated with respect and courtesy, older students do make an attempt
to raise their voice against the teachers and the staff members when their needs and requirements
do not get fulfilled.

Suggestions for making Improvements in the Indian Education System

The suggestions for leading to improvements in the Indian education system have been
generated from various sources and these have been stated as follows:

Recommendation regarding Education:

1. The education policy should shift its focus from enrolment to
improvement in the functioning of schools as well as towards raising
the quality of education outcomes.

2. Special strategies are needed to improve the outreach of the

school system to the disadvantaged and marginalized groups in the
country. A more systematic school mapping exercise should be
undertaken to provide these groups access to both lower and upper
primary classes, for removing social barriers to education.

3. Shared public space should be created in education to allow private

schools to co-exist with government schools in the delivery of
education. Further, there is a need for standardisation of schools,
with the mechanical provisioning of core inputs and a well-
developed pedagogy.

4. Long-term goals are required to bridge the gender gap, which

constitutes a key hurdle in achieving literacy in the country, along with
measures to ensure universalisation of elementary education among
girls.

5. Allocation to the education sector should be raised from the existing

figure of about 4 per cent to the targeted figure of 6 per cent of the
GNP. Simultaneously, there must be an improvement in the targeting
of the investment to address state level disparities and social
 inequities.

6. There is a need to plug the gaps in teaching inputs. For this, a well-
designed programme of recruitment, retention and deployment of
teachers needs to be put into place in each state to ensure a high
level of teaching quality and also to clear the backlog of vacancies at
all levels.

7. The issue of child labour, which is estimated at a

whopping figure of 12 million children, should be tackled at the
earliest, as without it, there can be no improvement in child
participation in schools. The implementation and monitoring of this
strategy should be done at the state level, for which respective
governments should create additional supervisory structures and
mobilise financial and human resources. In this respect, we should
remember the incident happened in the state of madhyapradesh as
pointed out by respected Nobel laureate Kailash Satyarthy.

Towards a Learning Society –

As there is occurrence in the advancements towards the learning society, every human
activity will require contribution from proficient individuals and professionals, this will place the
entire sector of higher education in attention. There is a need for the implementation of measures
to cultivate, differentiate and upgrade the higher education and research programs.

Connection between Industry and Academics – It is vital to establish a connection

between industry and academics. In the present existence, individuals should develop skills and
knowledge amongst themselves to ensure employability and to make use of the knowledge, skills
and abilities in an operative manner in the performance of the tasks and functions. In educational
institutions, the programs and the courses should prepare the individuals for employment
opportunities in various organizations.

Incentives to Teachers and Researchers –

Industry and the students expect that specialized courses should be offered to enhance
their educational qualifications. Incentives should be provided to the teachers and researchers to
make these professions more worthy to the students. Vocational and diploma courses need to be
made specialized to facilitate the programs being offered to the students.
 Innovative Practices –

The emergence of new and modern technologies lead to progress in the present world. It
makes available opportunities for economic growth, improved health and nutrition, enhanced
delivery of services, improved learning, curriculum and instruction, and socio-cultural
advancements. Efforts are required to be made to make innovative practices more usable in the
system of education.

Mobilization of Resources –

Operative measures are required to get implemented to mobilize the resources that are
required for higher education. In most cases, finances prove to be problems for the students,
therefore, they have to regulate the fee structure to the capacity of the students to pay for their
education. The availability of scholarships have also motivated students towards acquiring
education.

Advancement of the Information Age – The world is making an entry into the
information age, the developments of communication, information and technology will produce
new, innovative and cost-effective approaches for providing higher education to the individuals.
Continuing education is required for meeting the demands of the progression of information, fast
changing nature of the occupations and lifelong education.

Student Centred Education and Dynamic Methods –

Methods of higher education has to focus upon four learning areas, these are learning to
learn, learning to do, learning to be and learning to become. It is vital for the teachers and the
educational institutions to adopt innovative curriculum and instructional methods, new
approaches and strategies to facilitate learning amongst the students and contribute towards their
growth and development.

Public Private Partnership –

PPP is fundamental to bring about excellence in the higher education system.
Governments can ensure PPP through a suitable policy. University Grants Commission and
Ministry of HRD should play a major role in developing a determined interface between the
universities, industries and National Research Laboratories (NRLs) as a phase towards PPP.
Funding to NRLs by the government should ensure the participation of institutions of higher
education involved in research activities to assist in the accessibility of latest refined equipment.
Provision of Need based Job Oriented Courses –
The educational programs and the courses should be formulated in a manner that should
assist the individuals in obtaining jobs and employment opportunities. A person gets enrolled in
higher educational institutions to enhance his skills and knowledge to obtain a good job. Hence,
job oriented courses should be established which are based on the requirements of the
individuals. In higher educational institutions, it is vital to organize workshops and job fairs,
where students can obtain information about jobs and employment opportunities.
International Co-operation –
International co-operation is gaining prominence in the development of the education
system. With an increase in the development of transport and communication, a global village is
witnessing an increasing emphasis on international co-operation and actions are considered
necessary to find satisfactory solutions to the problems and higher education is one of them.
Towards a New Vision –
The expansion of the education system within the country would largely contribute
towards its enrichment, growth and development. The society is influenced by physical,
emotional, dynamic, intellectual, ethical, aesthetic and spiritual potentialities, hence, education
will contribute in the development of modern and innovative approaches, strategies and methods
that will lead to advancement.
Cross Culture Programs –
In India, there are different cultures, castes, religions, races, ethnicities, arts, fields and
so forth. Education will enable people to understand and acquire knowledge regarding each
other’s cultures and backgrounds, so that they will be able to live in unity and will not
discriminate against each other. Acquiring information of other cultures and backgrounds will
enable people to co-operate and work with each other as a team.
Action Plan for Improving Quality –
To ensure excellence and superiority in all the aspects of academic activities, it is vital to
conduct academic and administrative audit once in three years in colleges by experts and
professionals. Colleges and the universities should recognize the need and the requirement for
quality education that if implemented in a productive manner would lead to progression in the
system of education.
Individuality –
Within the education system, it is vital to encourage extra-curricular activities, so that the
individuals take interest in learning and find it pleasurable. The various kinds of extra-curricular
activities would include, sports, physical activities, music, dance, artworks and handicrafts. The
involvement of students in these activities stimulates their mind-set and enables them to render
their performance to the best of their abilities.
Privatization of Higher Education –
In any nation, education is the basic necessity that leads to the socio-economic
development of the individuals and the society. It is necessary to formulate measures and
procedures to encourage education amongst the individuals, as in India, the rate of educated
people is low, and it has to be increased to bring about development of the country. I think that
in place of privatization , increasing efficiency of public sector is preferable alternative for India
and public sector institutions should be provided with quality human resources and adequate
infrastructure.
Quality Development –
The development of quality in the field of education is relating to the development of
academics, curriculum and instructional strategies, teaching-learning methods, academic
programs, research and scholarship, staff, students, building, facilities, equipment, technology,
services to the community and the academic environment. The exchange of knowledge, mobility
of the teachers and the students, interactive networking and international research projects are the
main areas leading to quality development.

World Class Education –

There are number of Indian students who are going to foreign universities in the countries
like USA, UK, Australia, etc. These universities allow higher education for foreign students
through correspondence courses as well. In the same way, Indian universities also make
provision of education to the foreign students. Therefore, adoption of international syllabus is
vital within the educational institutions.
Personality Development –
 The system of education should enable the development of the personality of the
individuals in an appropriate manner. It should not just enhance the academic knowledge but
should also facilitate in making the individuals more creative, inventive, resourceful and
ingenious. A well educated person is aware of how to communicate and deal with other people at
home, workplace and within the community.
Status of Academic Research Studies –
In higher education, research is considered to be an imperative area that is required to get
implemented in an effective manner. In doctoral programs, students are required to conduct
research on an extensive scale in the collection of data and other information. There are two
kinds of research, one is field research, which is implemented in the field and involves
communication of the researcher with other people within the organizations, institutions or other
areas and another kind of research is done in collection of information through books,
documents, articles, journals, newspapers and the internet. Therefore, it is vital to implement
measures that would lead to improvements in the academic research studies.
Availability of Scholarships –
In India, individuals have recognized the significance of education, even those who
belong to deprived, marginalized and socio-economically backward sections of the society aspire
to attain education. In most cases, finances serve to be the major problems for the individuals
who are willing to study, these problems are impediments within the course of their acquisition
of education, hence, availability of scholarships and stipends for the students would largely
contribute in the attainment of education.
Fair Quality Assurance System –
Colleges and private institutions are required to establish the internal quality assurance
system and must adopt a minimum standard to give the degrees. The quality assurance system
must be autonomous of political and institutional interaction and it must have a foundation in the
legislation. There should be operative, economic and educational self-government combined
with responsibility. There is a requirement of an independent authorization agency with a
corporation of the government, industry, academia, society and so forth, it means all the
stakeholders of the education to ensure that the students are not taken into account.
To Increase Quantity of Universities –
 There should be an increase in the number of universities. The increase in the number of
universities would lead to formulation of innovative procedures and methods that are required in
the development of the system of education. The teachers and the staff members that are
recruited should be well trained and qualified and would largely contribute towards progression
in the system of education.
Examinations and Evaluation Techniques –
Evaluation techniques are considered imperative, which has the main purpose of
assessing the capabilities of the individuals, and how much they have understood. Examinations
are considered to be one of the most crucial techniques that assess the position and the
performance of the students. The conduct of the examinations should be implemented in a
regular and a consistent manner to ensure that students are evaluated in every area, their
weaknesses are adequately identified and then there should be implementation of appropriate
measures to improve them.
High-Tech Libraries –
In some parts of the country, in educational institutions, libraries are in an
underdeveloped state. Libraries are referred to the areas, where there are a collection of books,
journals, articles and other documents. In higher educational institutions, colleges and
universities, there are also availability of computers and the internet in the libraries where
students are able to use them. A library should be online and favourable for serious study. It is
vital to ensure that whether libraries are in nursery schools, other schools, colleges or
universities, they should be well developed, organized in an appropriate manner and possess all
the required materials relating to all the subjects that are vital for the individuals. In the present
existence, in most cases, students depend upon the libraries besides the internet.
Conclusion
Education is vital for every person in order to enable him to better his living conditions.
Obtaining of good quality education will contribute in securing a job, making individuals aware
of various aspects, inculcating the traits of morality, ethics, decency and graciousness within
oneself and rendering an effective contribution in the development of their personalities. In the
present existence, there have been problems in the Indian education system; the issues are,
teaching attribute is in a low state, financial constraints, traditional teaching methods,
privatization, inadequate facilities and infrastructure and reward creativity, original thinking,
research and innovation. The challenges are, heterogeneous education system, involvement of
political factors, economic difficulties and lack of moral values.
In order to enhance the education system within the country, there are suggestions that
have been made; towards a learning society, connection between industry and academics,
incentives to teachers and researchers, innovative practices, mobilization of resources,
advancement of the information age, student centred education and dynamic methods, public
private partnership, provision of need based job oriented courses, international co-operation,
towards a new vision, cross culture programs, action plan for improving quality, individuality,
privatization of higher education, quality development, world class education, personality
development, status of academic research studies, availability of scholarships, fair quality
assurance system, to increase quantity of universities, examinations and evaluation techniques,
and hi-tech libraries.
In the Indian education system, there has been growth taking place. Individuals from all
areas and backgrounds are realizing the significance of education, there has been an increase in
the enrolment of students in educational institutions and there have been advancements in the
teaching-learning methods. On the other hand, the occurrence of problems proves to be
impediments, which are required to get eliminated or modified. There should be formulation of
appropriate measures and policies and their effective implementation would lead to development
of the Indian education system.