Section 1: Basics of Sound (Q1–50) 27. What is the phenomenon used in SONAR?

1. What type of wave is sound in air? → Echo (sound reflection)

→ Longitudinal wave 28. What does SONAR stand for?
2. Sound requires a ________ to travel. → Sound Navigation and Ranging
→ Medium 29. What is the typical frequency range used in
3. Can sound travel through a vacuum? SONAR?
→ No → 20 kHz to several MHz
4. What is the unit of frequency? 30. What is the term for the quality of sound that
→ Hertz (Hz) distinguishes different sources?
5. What is the SI unit of sound intensity? → Timbre
→ Watt per square meter (W/m²) 31. What is the term for the subjective perception of
6. What is the speed of sound in air at 20°C? frequency?
→ 343 m/s → Pitch
7. What is the range of human hearing in Hz? 32. What is the term for the subjective perception of
→ 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz amplitude?
8. What is the term for sound above 20,000 Hz? → Loudness
→ Ultrasonic 33. What is the term for the phenomenon where sound
9. What is the term for sound below 20 Hz? is heard after reflection?
→ Infrasonic → Echo
10. What property of sound determines its pitch? 34. What is the minimum distance required to hear an
→ Frequency echo?
11. What property of sound determines its loudness? → 17.2 meters (at 343 m/s)
→ Amplitude 35. What is the speed of sound in water?
12. What is the term for the maximum displacement in → ~1500 m/s
a wave? 36. What is the speed of sound in steel?
→ Amplitude → ~5000 m/s
13. What is the term for the number of vibrations per 37. What is the term for the phenomenon of sound
second? absorption?
→ Frequency → Absorption
14. What is the term for the distance between two 38. What is the term for the phenomenon of sound
compressions? transmission?
→ Wavelength → Transmission
15. What is the term for the time taken for one 39. What is the term for the phenomenon of sound
vibration? reflection?
→ Time period → Reflection
16. What is the formula for wave speed? 40. What is the term for the phenomenon of sound
→ Speed = Frequency × Wavelength (v = f × λ) refraction?
17. What type of wave is sound in solids? → Refraction
→ Longitudinal and transverse 41. What is the term for the phenomenon of sound
18. What is the term for the bouncing back of sound? diffraction?
→ Reflection → Diffraction
19. What is the term for the bending of sound waves? 42. What is the term for the phenomenon of sound
→ Refraction interference?
20. What is the term for the spreading of sound waves? → Interference
→ Diffraction 43. What is the term for the phenomenon of sound
21. What is the phenomenon of sound wave resonance?
overlapping? → Resonance
→ Interference 44. What is the term for the phenomenon of sound
22. What is the term for the increase in amplitude due attenuation?
to overlapping? → Attenuation
→ Constructive interference 45. What is the term for the phenomenon of sound
23. What is the term for the decrease in amplitude due amplification?
to overlapping? → Amplification
→ Destructive interference 46. What is the term for the phenomenon of sound
24. What is the term for the change in frequency due to dispersion?
motion? → Dispersion
→ Doppler Effect 47. What is the term for the phenomenon of sound
25. What is the term for the reflection of sound in a polarization?
large hall? → Not applicable (sound waves cannot be polarized)
→ Echo 48. What is the term for the phenomenon of sound
26. What is the term for the persistence of sound after modulation?
its source has stopped? → Modulation
→ Reverberation
 49. What is the term for the phenomenon of sound 70. What is the term for the use of sound waves in
demodulation? measuring ocean depth?
→ Demodulation → Echo sounding
50. What is the term for the phenomenon of sound 71. What is the term for the use of sound waves in
distortion? detecting submarines?
→ Distortion → SONAR
Section 2: Applications and Phenomena (Q51–100) 72. What is the term for the use of sound waves in
51. What device uses ultrasonic waves to detect objects weather forecasting?
underwater? → Acoustic remote sensing
→ SONAR 73. What is the term for the use of sound waves in
52. What is the principle behind the working of a studying animal behavior?
stethoscope? → Bioacoustics
→ Multiple reflection of sound 74. What is the term for the use of sound waves in
53. What is the term for the use of sound waves in archaeology?
medical imaging? → Acoustic archaeology
→ Ultrasound 75. What is the term for the use of sound waves in art
54. What is the term for the use of sound waves to restoration?
measure distances? → Ultrasonic cleaning
→ Echo ranging 76. What is the term for the use of sound waves in
55. What is the term for the use of sound waves in structural health monitoring?
cleaning delicate objects? → Ultrasonic testing
→ Ultrasonic cleaning 77. What is the term for the use of sound waves in
56. What is the term for the use of sound waves in traffic monitoring?
welding? → Acoustic traffic monitoring
→ Ultrasonic welding 78. What is the term for the use of sound waves in
57. What is the term for the use of sound waves in pest industrial automation?
control? → Ultrasonic sensors
→ Ultrasonic pest repellent 79. What is the term for the use of sound waves in
58. What is the term for the use of sound waves in robotics?
communication? → Ultrasonic sensing
→ Acoustic communication 80. What is the term for the use of sound waves in
59. What is the term for the use of sound waves in virtual reality?
navigation? → 3D spatial audio
→ SONAR 81. What is the term for the use of sound waves in
60. What is the term for the use of sound waves in gaming?
detecting flaws in materials? → Game audio
→ Ultrasonic testing 82. What is the term for the use of sound waves in music
61. What is the term for the use of sound waves in production?
measuring flow rates? → Audio engineering
→ Ultrasonic flow meter 83. What is the term for the use of sound waves in film
62. What is the term for the use of sound waves in food making?
processing? → Sound design
→ Ultrasonic processing 84. What is the term for the use of sound waves in
63. What is the term for the use of sound waves in theater?
breaking kidney stones? → Stage acoustics
→ Lithotripsy 85. What is the term for the use of sound waves in
64. What is the term for the use of sound waves in sonar public address systems?
mapping? → Amplification
→ Echo sounding 86. What is the term for the use of sound waves in
65. What is the term for the use of sound waves in hearing aids?
detecting earthquakes? → Sound amplification
→ Seismology 87. What is the term for the use of sound waves in noise
66. What is the term for the use of sound waves in cancellation?
studying the Earth's interior? → Active noise control
→ Seismic imaging 88. What is the term for the use of sound waves in
67. What is the term for the use of sound waves in oil acoustic insulation?
exploration? → Soundproofing
→ Seismic survey 89. What is the term for the use of sound waves in
68. What is the term for the use of sound waves in building design?
underwater communication? → Architectural acoustics
→ Underwater acoustics 90. What is the term for the use of sound waves in
69. What is the term for the use of sound waves in fish urban planning?
finding? → Environmental acoustics
→ Echo sounding
 91. What is the term for the use of sound waves in 113. What happens to sound energy with distance?
environmental monitoring? → It decreases
→ Acoustic monitoring 114. Which property remains unchanged when sound
92. What is the term for the use of sound waves in enters a new medium?
wildlife conservation? → Frequency
→ Bioacoustic monitoring 115. What is the unit of amplitude?
93. What is the term for the use of sound waves in → Meter (m)
marine biology? 116. Which component of sound is affected by the source
→ Marine bioacoustics size?
94. What is the term for the use of sound waves in → Quality (timbre)
agriculture? 117. Which factor affects the quality of sound?
→ Sonic pest control → Waveform
95. What is the term for the use of sound waves in pest 118. What does a tuning fork produce?
detection? → Pure musical tone
→ Ultrasonic pest detection 119. How does tension in a string affect pitch?
96. What is the term for the use of sound waves in crop → More tension increases pitch
monitoring? 120. How does length of a pipe affect pitch?
→ Acoustic sensing → Longer pipe produces lower pitch
97. What is the term for the use of sound waves in 121. What is resonance?
irrigation control? → Natural amplification of sound when frequencies match
→ Ultrasonic level sensing 122. What happens during resonance?
98. What is the term for the use of sound waves in soil → Amplitude increases significantly
analysis? 123. What causes the shattering of glass with a specific
→ Acoustic soil testing pitch?
99. What is the term for the use of sound waves in seed → Resonance
sorting? 124. What is the audible range for humans?
→ Acoustic seed sorting → 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz
100. What is the term for the use of sound waves in food 125. What does infrasonic mean?
quality control? → Sound below 20 Hz
→ Ultrasonic food inspection 126. What is another name for ultrasonic sound?
Section 3: Properties and Behavior of Sound Waves (Q101– → Ultrasound
150) 127. What device produces ultrasonic sound?
101. What is the shape of a sound wave in a longitudinal → Piezoelectric transducer
wave? 128. What animal uses ultrasonic sound for navigation?
→ Compressions and rarefactions → Bat
102. What is the shape of a sound wave in a transverse 129. What is echolocation?
wave representation? → Locating objects using echoes
→ Crests and troughs 130. What is an echo?
103. Which medium allows sound to travel the fastest? → Reflected sound heard after a delay
→ Solids 131. What is reverberation?
104. Which medium allows sound to travel the slowest? → Prolonged sound due to multiple reflections
→ Gases 132. What is the required time gap to hear an echo?
105. What happens to the speed of sound as temperature → ≥ 0.1 seconds
increases? 133. What type of surface reflects sound best?
→ It increases → Hard and smooth
106. What is the direction of particle vibration in 134. What type of surface absorbs sound best?
longitudinal waves? → Soft and rough
→ Parallel to the direction of wave propagation 135. What is the typical threshold of hearing in decibels?
107. What term is used for regions of high pressure in a → 0 dB
sound wave? 136. What decibel level marks the pain threshold?
→ Compression → ~120 dB
108. What term is used for regions of low pressure in a 137. What happens if noise exceeds 120 dB?
sound wave? → It causes pain and possible hearing damage
→ Rarefaction 138. What is noise pollution?
109. What is the phase difference between compression → Harmful or annoying levels of noise
and rarefaction? 139. What is the unit of sound level?
→ 180 degrees → Decibel (dB)
110. What part of the wave determines its energy? 140. Which law governs reflection of sound?
→ Amplitude → Laws of reflection
111. What happens to the loudness if amplitude is 141. Name one natural reflector of sound.
doubled? → Cliff or canyon wall
→ It increases four times 142. What is the use of multiple reflections of sound?
112. What happens to the pitch if frequency is doubled? → Amplification in devices like stethoscope or auditorium
→ It increases (becomes higher) design
143. What is a megaphone used for? 172. What is dissonance?
→ Direct and amplify sound → Harsh or unpleasant combination of notes
144. What type of wave is a sound wave in air? 173. What is consonance?
→ Longitudinal wave → Pleasant combination of notes
145. What kind of waves can travel in vacuum? 174. What is a tuning fork?
→ Electromagnetic waves → A device that produces a fixed frequency
146. Can sound waves be polarized? 175. What is its typical frequency?
→ No → 512 Hz
147. How are ultrasonic waves different from audible 176. What kind of sound does a tuning fork produce?
sound? → Pure tone
→ Higher frequency (>20,000 Hz) 177. Why is a tuning fork preferred in labs?
148. How do humans detect direction of sound? → Produces constant frequency and pure sound
→ By the time difference and intensity difference between 178. What is a soundboard?
ears → A board that amplifies sound in musical instruments
149. What is the Doppler Effect? 179. What is resonance box?
→ Change in frequency due to motion of source or → Hollow structure that enhances sound via resonance
observer 180. What musical instrument uses vibrating strings?
150. What causes the Doppler Effect? → Guitar or violin
→ Relative motion between source and observer 181. What musical instrument uses vibrating air
Section 4: Musical Sound and Noise (Q151–200) column?
151. What is musical sound? → Flute or trumpet
→ Pleasant and periodic sound 182. What musical instrument uses vibrating
152. What is noise? membranes?
→ Unpleasant and irregular sound → Drum
153. Which is more regular: noise or musical sound? 183. What is pitch measured in?
→ Musical sound → Hertz (Hz)
154. What determines the pitch of a musical note? 184. What does loudness depend on?
→ Frequency → Amplitude and distance from the source
155. What determines the loudness of a musical note? 185. What is noise pollution limit in daytime?
→ Amplitude → 55 dB in residential areas
156. What determines the timbre of a musical note? 186. What is noise pollution limit in night time?
→ Waveform → 45 dB in residential areas
157. What is a fundamental frequency? 187. What is the impact of noise on human health?
→ The lowest frequency of a vibrating body → Stress, hearing loss, and sleep disturbance
158. What are overtones? 188. What causes acoustic fatigue?
→ Frequencies higher than the fundamental → Continuous exposure to high-intensity sound
159. What is a harmonic? 189. What is the term for unwanted sound?
→ Whole number multiple of the fundamental frequency → Noise
160. What is octave? 190. What is acoustic insulation?
→ Doubling of frequency → Prevention of sound transmission
161. What is tone? 191. What is the role of soft materials in soundproofing?
→ Sound of a single frequency → They absorb sound
162. What is note? 192. What is the function of sound absorbing panels?
→ Sound of a mixture of frequencies → To reduce echo and reverberation
163. What is interval? 193. What is meant by dead room in acoustics?
→ Difference in pitch between two notes → Room with maximum sound absorption
164. What is scale? 194. What is meant by live room in acoustics?
→ A sequence of musical notes in order → Room with high sound reflection
165. What is a waveform? 195. What is the echo time delay required for music
→ Shape of a sound wave halls?
166. How is waveform related to sound quality? → Less than 0.1 second
→ It determines timbre 196. What is acoustic shadow?
167. What is a sound spectrum? → Region where sound is reduced due to obstacles
→ Representation of sound by its component frequencies 197. What is active noise control?
168. What are beats in sound? → Canceling noise using inverse sound waves
→ Alternating loud and soft sounds due to interference 198. What is passive noise control?
169. How are beats formed? → Blocking noise using materials
→ By superposition of two waves of slightly different 199. What is the function of silencers?
frequencies → Reduce noise in engines
170. What is beat frequency? 200. What is the function of mufflers?
→ Difference between the two frequencies → Reduce sound in exhaust systems
171. What is the use of beats in tuning instruments? Section 5: Advanced and Conceptual (Q201–250)
→ To match frequencies precisely 201. What type of sound wave does the ear detect?
→ Longitudinal wave
202. Which part of the ear collects sound? 231. What is sound intensity?
→ Pinna → Power per unit area (W/m²)
203. What is the function of the eardrum? 232. What is the difference between sound and light
→ Converts sound waves into vibrations waves?
204. What are the three tiny bones in the middle ear → Sound: mechanical & longitudinal; Light:
called? electromagnetic & transverse
→ Hammer, anvil, and stirrup (or malleus, incus, stapes) 233. Can sound travel through gases?
205. Which part of the ear contains fluid and hair cells? → Yes
→ Cochlea 234. Can sound travel through liquids?
206. What is the cochlea? → Yes
→ Spiral-shaped, fluid-filled organ in the inner ear 235. Can sound travel through solids?
207. What does the auditory nerve do? → Yes
→ Sends sound signals to the brain 236. What is natural frequency?
208. What is the function of the pinna? → The frequency at which an object naturally vibrates
→ Collects and directs sound into the ear canal 237. What is forced vibration?
209. What part of the ear helps in balance? → Vibration caused by an external periodic force
→ Semicircular canals 238. What is free vibration?
210. What is the effect of loud noise on eardrum? → Vibration without external force after initial disturbance
→ It can rupture or get damaged 239. What is the function of resonance in musical
211. What happens when sound is too loud? instruments?
→ Hearing loss or pain → To amplify sound
212. How can loud noise damage hearing? 240. What causes maximum amplitude in a vibrating
→ By destroying hair cells in the cochlea body?
213. What type of wave is used in sonar? → Resonance
→ Ultrasonic wave 241. What instrument is used to observe sound waves
214. How does sonar measure depth? visually?
→ By calculating time delay of echo return → Oscilloscope
215. What is the echo time formula? 242. What instrument is used to measure sound level?
→ Distance = (Speed × Time) / 2 → Sound level meter
216. How are echoes used in submarine navigation? 243. What is the graph of sound intensity vs. time called?
→ To detect underwater obstacles and depth → Sound waveform
217. What frequency range do bats use? 244. What is the graph of sound pressure vs. time called?
→ 20 kHz to 120 kHz (ultrasonic) → Sound wave graph
218. What type of wave is used in medical ultrasound? 245. Which organ in humans senses sound?
→ Ultrasonic wave → Ear
219. What is the range of ultrasonic frequency? 246. How does sound reach the brain?
→ Above 20,000 Hz → Via auditory nerve
220. What is a piezoelectric transducer? 247. What is the time period of a wave?
→ A device that converts electrical energy into sound → Time taken for one complete cycle
waves and vice versa 248. What is frequency the reciprocal of?
221. What is the use of a transducer in ultrasound? → Time period
→ To generate and detect ultrasonic waves 249. What is the SI unit of wave velocity?
222. What does frequency affect in sound? → Meter per second (m/s)
→ Pitch 250. Which factor affects the time period of vibration?
223. What is the velocity of sound in vacuum? → Length, mass, and tension of the vibrating body
→ Zero (sound cannot travel in vacuum) Section A: Basics of Light (1–50)
224. What is the best medium for sound transmission? 1. What is light?
→ Solids Light is a form of energy that helps us see objects. It
225. What is the relation between frequency and travels in straight lines.
wavelength? 2. Name a natural source of light.
→ Inversely proportional (v = f × λ) The Sun.
226. What is the relation between speed and wavelength? 3. Name an artificial source of light.
→ Directly proportional for constant frequency Electric bulb.
227. Which property of sound changes in different 4. In which medium does light travel fastest?
media? Vacuum.
→ Speed and wavelength 5. What is the speed of light in vacuum?
228. Which property of sound does not change with About 3 × 10⁸ m/s.
medium? 6. Does light need a medium to travel?
→ Frequency No, it can travel through vacuum.
229. What are compressions in sound wave? 7. What is the path of light?
→ Regions of high pressure Straight line.
230. What are rarefactions in sound wave? 8. Define reflection.
→ Regions of low pressure Bouncing back of light from a surface.
9. What is the angle of incidence? 39. What is the use of a kaleidoscope?
Angle between incident ray and normal. To create colorful designs.
10. What is the angle of reflection? 40. What is the use of a periscope?
Angle between reflected ray and normal. To see objects not in direct view (e.g., in submarines).
11. State the first law of reflection. 41. What is multiple reflection?
Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection. Repeated reflection of light from mirrors.
12. State the second law of reflection. 42. What is the minimum number of plane mirrors
Incident ray, reflected ray, and normal lie in the same required to form multiple images?
plane. Two.
13. What is a ray of light? 43. What is the angle between two mirrors to get three
A narrow path of light. images?
14. What is a beam of light? 60°.
A group of light rays. 44. What is the angle between two mirrors to get infinite
15. Define a parallel beam. images?
Rays are parallel to each other. 0° (facing each other).
16. Define a convergent beam. 45. What is the function of the iris in the human eye?
Rays come together at a point. Controls size of the pupil.
17. Define a divergent beam. 46. What is the function of the pupil in the human eye?
Rays spread out from a point. Regulates amount of light entering the eye.
18. What is a luminous object? 47. What is the function of the retina?
An object that gives out its own light. Receives image and sends signals to the brain.
19. What is a non-luminous object? 48. What is the function of the lens in the eye?
An object that does not produce its own light. Focuses light onto the retina.
20. Give an example of a luminous object. 49. What is the blind spot?
The Sun. Spot where optic nerve exits; no image is formed.
21. Give an example of a non-luminous object. 50. What is the yellow spot?
The Moon. Area of clearest vision in the eye.
22. What makes objects visible? Section B: Human Eye and Vision (51–100)
Light reflected from objects enters our eyes. 51. What is the shape of the human eye?
23. What is regular reflection? Spherical.
Light reflects in one direction from a smooth surface. 52. Which part of the eye controls the amount of light
24. What is diffused reflection? entering it?
Scattered reflection from a rough surface. Iris.
25. Give an example of regular reflection. 53. What is the function of the cornea?
From a mirror. It protects the eye and helps in focusing light.
26. Give an example of diffused reflection. 54. Which part of the eye focuses light on the retina?
From a wall. Eye lens.
27. What is the normal in reflection? 55. What type of lens is present in the human eye?
An imaginary line at 90° to the surface. Convex lens.
28. What is lateral inversion? 56. What is the function of the retina?
Left and right are reversed in a mirror. Converts light into electrical signals.
29. What is the image formed by a plane mirror? 57. Name the nerve that carries visual signals to the brain.
Virtual, erect, and same size. Optic nerve.
30. Is the image formed by a plane mirror real or virtual? 58. Where is the image formed in the human eye?
Virtual. On the retina.
31. Is the image formed by a plane mirror erect or 59. Is the image formed on the retina real or virtual?
inverted? Real.
Erect. 60. Is the image on the retina inverted or erect?
32. What is the size of the image formed by a plane Inverted.
mirror? 61. Is the image on the retina of the same size as the object?
Same as the object. No, it is smaller.
33. What is the distance of the image from the mirror? 62. Which part of the eye is transparent and curved?
Equal to the object's distance. Cornea.
34. Can a plane mirror form a real image? 63. What is the jelly-like fluid inside the eye called?
No. Vitreous humour.
35. What is a periscope? 64. What is the function of aqueous humour?
An instrument to see over obstacles. Maintains eye pressure and nourishes the eye.
36. What principle does a periscope work on? 65. What is the blind spot?
Reflection of light. Part of the retina with no vision; where the optic nerve
37. What is a kaleidoscope? exits.
A device that forms beautiful patterns using mirrors. 66. Why is it called the blind spot?
38. What principle does a kaleidoscope work on? No rods or cones are present there.
Multiple reflection. 67. What is the yellow spot?
The region of sharpest vision.
68. Why does the yellow spot give the clearest vision? 99. Which lens is thinner in the middle and thicker at the
It has the maximum number of cone cells. edges?
69. Name two types of cells in the retina. Concave lens.
Rods and cones. 100. Which organ is known as the sense organ of vision?
70. What is the function of rod cells? Eye.
Detect dim light. Section C: Mirrors (101–150)
71. What is the function of cone cells? 101. What is a mirror?
Detect color and bright light. A smooth, shiny surface that reflects light.
72. What causes red-eye in photos? 102. What are the two main types of mirrors?
Reflection from the retina’s blood vessels. Plane mirror and spherical mirror.
73. What causes the pupil to appear black? 103. What is a plane mirror?
Light is absorbed, not reflected. A flat mirror.
74. What is persistence of vision? 104. What is a spherical mirror?
Image remains for 1/16th of a second on the retina. A mirror that is part of a sphere.
75. What is the use of persistence of vision? 105. Name two types of spherical mirrors.
Used in movies and animations. Concave and convex mirrors.
76. Why do we not notice the blind spot in daily life? 106. What is the image formed by a plane mirror?
The brain fills the missing information. Virtual, erect, and of the same size.
77. What is accommodation of the eye? 107. Is the image in a plane mirror laterally inverted?
Eye lens changes shape to focus on near or far objects. Yes.
78. How does the lens change shape? 108. What is lateral inversion?
With the help of ciliary muscles. Left and right are reversed in the mirror image.
79. What is the near point of the human eye? 109. Does a plane mirror magnify or reduce the image?
About 25 cm. No, it forms the same size image.
80. What is the far point of a normal eye? 110. What is the focal length of a plane mirror?
Infinity. Infinite.
81. What is myopia? 111. What is a concave mirror?
Short-sightedness. A mirror curved inward like a cave.
82. What is hypermetropia? 112. What is a convex mirror?
Long-sightedness. A mirror curved outward.
83. Which lens corrects myopia? 113. What is the focus of a mirror?
Concave lens. The point where parallel rays meet or appear to meet
84. Which lens corrects hypermetropia? after reflection.
Convex lens. 114. What is the center of curvature?
85. What is presbyopia? The center of the sphere from which the mirror is a part.
Age-related reduced ability to focus on nearby objects. 115. What is the principal axis?
86. How is presbyopia corrected? A line passing through the pole and center of curvature.
Using bifocal or progressive lenses. 116. What is the pole of a mirror?
87. What are bifocal lenses? The center point of the mirror surface.
Lenses with two parts: for near and distant vision. 117. What is the focal length of a mirror?
88. What is night blindness? Distance between the pole and the focus.
Inability to see in dim light. 118. What is the relation between focal length and radius
89. What causes night blindness? of curvature?
Lack of vitamin A. f=R2f = \frac{R}{2}
90. Which vitamin is essential for good eyesight? 119. What kind of image does a concave mirror form when
Vitamin A. the object is far away?
91. Name a food rich in vitamin A. Real, inverted, and small.
Carrots. 120. What kind of image does a concave mirror form when
92. How can we protect our eyes? the object is very close?
By avoiding strong lights, reading in proper light, and Virtual, erect, and magnified.
having regular check-ups. 121. What kind of image does a convex mirror always
93. What is squinting? form?
When eyes do not look in the same direction. Virtual, erect, and smaller.
94. What is color blindness? 122. Where are concave mirrors used?
Inability to distinguish certain colors. In torches, shaving mirrors, and headlights.
95. What causes color blindness? 123. Where are convex mirrors used?
Defect in cone cells. In rear-view mirrors and security mirrors.
96. Can color blindness be corrected? 124. Why are convex mirrors used in vehicles?
No, it is usually genetic. They give a wider field of view.
97. What is the function of ciliary muscles? 125. Why is a concave mirror used in a solar cooker?
Help change the shape of the lens. It focuses sunlight at a point.
98. Which lens is thicker in the middle and thinner at the 126. What is real image?
edges? Formed when light rays actually meet.
Convex lens.
127. What is virtual image? 151. What is a lens?
Formed when light rays appear to meet. A transparent material bound by two surfaces, at least
128. Can real images be obtained on a screen? one of which is curved.
Yes. 152. What are the two main types of lenses?
129. Can virtual images be obtained on a screen? Convex (converging) and concave (diverging).
No. 153. What is a convex lens?
130. What is magnification? A lens that is thicker in the middle than at the edges.
The ratio of image height to object height. 154. What is a concave lens?
131. What is the magnification for a plane mirror? A lens that is thinner in the middle than at the edges.
1 (or 100%). 155. Which lens converges light rays?
132. What kind of image is formed by a dentist's mirror? Convex lens.
Magnified and erect (virtual image). 156. Which lens diverges light rays?
133. Why is a dentist's mirror concave? Concave lens.
To enlarge the image of teeth. 157. What type of image is formed by a convex lens when
134. What is the nature of the image formed by convex the object is far?
mirrors in vehicles? Real, inverted, and smaller.
Smaller, virtual, and erect. 158. What type of image is formed by a convex lens when
135. What is the main advantage of a convex mirror in the object is very close?
traffic? Virtual, erect, and magnified.
Wider field of view. 159. What type of image is always formed by a concave
136. How many images are formed when two mirrors are lens?
kept at 90°? Virtual, erect, and smaller.
3 images. 160. Where is the focus of a convex lens?
137. How many images are formed when two mirrors are Where parallel rays converge after refraction.
parallel? 161. Where is the focus of a concave lens?
Infinite images. The point from which rays appear to diverge after
138. How can we calculate the number of images formed refraction.
by two mirrors? 162. What is the principal axis of a lens?
n=360θ−1n = \frac{360}{\theta} - 1, where θ is the angle A line passing through the centers of curvature of both
between mirrors. surfaces.
139. What is the unit of focal length? 163. What is the optical center?
Centimeters (cm) or meters (m). A point in the lens where light passes undeviated.
140. If the radius of curvature is 20 cm, what is the focal 164. What is the focal length of a lens?
length? The distance between the focus and the optical center.
10 cm. 165. What is the formula to calculate lens power?
141. What is the sign convention for a concave mirror’s Power P=100f(cm)P = \frac{100}{f(\text{cm})}
focal length? 166. What is the unit of lens power?
Negative. Diopter (D).
142. What is the sign convention for a convex mirror’s 167. What is the sign of power for a convex lens?
focal length? Positive.
Positive. 168. What is the sign of power for a concave lens?
143. Which mirror is used in makeup mirrors? Negative.
Concave mirror. 169. Which lens is used to correct hypermetropia
144. Why does a concave mirror form an inverted image at (farsightedness)?
a distance? Convex lens.
Rays converge after reflection. 170. Which lens is used to correct myopia
145. Which mirror always gives an erect image? (nearsightedness)?
Plane mirror and convex mirror. Concave lens.
146. What happens to image size when an object 171. What is the nature of image formed on a screen using
approaches a concave mirror? a convex lens?
It becomes larger and eventually erect. Real and inverted.
147. What happens to image size in a convex mirror as the 172. Can a concave lens form a real image?
object moves closer? No.
The image becomes slightly larger but stays smaller than 173. Can a convex lens form a virtual image?
the object. Yes, if the object is very close.
148. Do convex mirrors ever form real images? 174. What is magnification in lenses?
No. Ratio of image height to object height.
149. Can a concave mirror form both real and virtual 175. What is the magnification for a virtual image in a
images? convex lens?
Yes. Greater than 1 (enlarged image).
150. Which mirror can form images of all three types: 176. What is the image formed by a magnifying glass?
real, virtual, and same size? Virtual, erect, and enlarged.
Concave mirror. 177. What kind of lens is used in a magnifying glass?
Section D: Lenses (151–200) Convex lens.
178. Why is a convex lens used in cameras? 206. What is the function of the lens in the human eye?
To focus light and form a real image on the film. To focus light on the retina.
179. What kind of lens is used in the peephole of a door? 207. What is the ciliary muscle?
Concave lens. It adjusts the shape of the lens to focus light.
180. Why is a concave lens used in the peephole? 208. What is accommodation?
To give a wider view of the outside. The ability of the eye to focus on near and distant
181. Which lens is used in a projector? objects.
Convex lens. 209. What is the far point of a normal eye?
182. Why is the convex lens used in projectors? Infinity.
To produce a real, enlarged image on the screen. 210. What is the near point of a normal eye?
183. What is the nature of image formed in human eye by 25 cm.
the lens? 211. What is the power of accommodation?
Real and inverted. The ability of the eye to adjust focus from near to far
184. Can lenses be made of plastic? objects.
Yes. 212. What is the blind spot?
185. Can water act as a lens? The part of the retina where the optic nerve leaves and no
Yes, if shaped properly. image is formed.
186. What happens when two convex lenses are combined? 213. What are rods and cones?
Their total power increases. Light-sensitive cells on the retina; rods detect brightness,
187. What happens when a convex and concave lens are cones detect color.
combined? 214. Which cells are responsible for color vision?
Their powers subtract. Cones.
188. What happens if the power of a lens is +4 D? 215. Which cells help to see in dim light?
It is a convex lens with 25 cm focal length. Rods.
189. What happens if the power of a lens is –2 D? 216. What is persistence of vision?
It is a concave lens with 50 cm focal length. The image stays on the retina for 1/16th of a second.
190. What is the formula for the lens equation? 217. Why can we see motion in movies?
1/f=1/v – 1/u Due to persistence of vision.
191. What is v in the lens formula? 218. What is myopia?
Image distance. Nearsightedness – cannot see distant objects clearly.
192. What is u in the lens formula? 219. What lens corrects myopia?
Object distance. Concave lens.
193. What is f in the lens formula? 220. What is hypermetropia?
Focal length. Farsightedness – cannot see nearby objects clearly.
194. What is the nature of focal length for convex lenses? 221. What lens corrects hypermetropia?
Positive. Convex lens.
195. What is the nature of focal length for concave lenses? 222. What is presbyopia?
Negative. A condition of old age where both near and far vision is
196. Which lens forms both real and virtual images? difficult.
Convex lens. 223. What lenses correct presbyopia?
197. Which lens always forms a virtual image? Bifocal lenses.
Concave lens. 224. What is cataract?
198. Where is the image formed if an object is placed at 2F Clouding of the eye lens.
in a convex lens? 225. How is cataract treated?
At 2F on the other side, same size and real. Surgery to replace the lens.
199. Where is the image formed if an object is placed 226. What is the power of a normal eye lens?
between F and the lens in a convex lens? Around +60 D.
Virtual, erect, and enlarged on the same side. 227. What is an optical device?
200. What is the importance of using lenses in optical A device that uses light to function.
devices? 228. What is a microscope?
They help in focusing or spreading light to form images. An instrument that magnifies small objects.
Section E: Human Eye and Optical Devices (201–250) 229. Which lenses are used in a microscope?
201. What is the human eye? Convex lenses.
A natural optical device that helps us to see. 230. What is a telescope?
202. Which part of the eye controls the amount of light An instrument to see distant objects.
entering? 231. Which lenses are used in a telescope?
Iris. Convex lenses.
203. What is the function of the pupil? 232. What is a simple microscope?
To allow light to enter the eye. A single convex lens used to magnify small objects.
204. What is the retina? 233. What is a compound microscope?
A screen in the eye where the image is formed. A microscope using two convex lenses (objective and
205. What type of image is formed on the retina? eyepiece).
Real and inverted. 234. What is an astronomical telescope?
A telescope used to observe planets and stars.
235. What is a terrestrial telescope? 26–50
A telescope used to observe objects on Earth. 26. Copper or graphite
236. What is a prism? 27. Conductor
A transparent optical element with flat surfaces that 28. No, unless ionized (e.g., during lightning)
refracts light. 29. LED or bulb tester
237. What is dispersion of light? 30. No free ions to carry charge
Splitting of white light into its colors. 31. Coating a metal using electricity
238. Which optical device shows dispersion? 32. Yes
Prism. 33. Ampere (A)
239. What is the order of colors in the spectrum? 34. Graphite
Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange, Red 35. Citric acid
(VIBGYOR). 36. Electrode connected to positive terminal
240. Which color deviates the most in dispersion? 37. Electrode connected to negative terminal
Violet. 38. Cathode
241. Which color deviates the least in dispersion? 39. Anode
Red. 40. It forms a thin coating
242. What is a periscope? 41. No
An optical device to see over obstacles. 42. It doesn’t glow
243. Which mirrors are used in a periscope? 43. Yes
Plane mirrors. 44. Fuse
244. What is a kaleidoscope? 45. Flow of current through liquid
A device that forms beautiful patterns using mirrors. 46. Jewelry coating
245. What is the principle behind kaleidoscope? 47. Gas bubbles or metal deposit
Multiple reflection. 48. It is a good conductor
246. What is the function of a camera lens? 49. Continuous path from battery to device and back
To focus light and form image on the film or sensor. 50. Alternating current (AC)
247. What is an objective lens? 51–75
The lens closest to the object in optical instruments. 51. Mobile phone
248. What is an eyepiece lens? 52. Metal refining
The lens through which the eye views the image. 53. No
249. What is binocular? 54. It lights up if current flows
A device with two telescopes for viewing distant objects 55. Electric shock
with both eyes. 56. It decomposes into H₂ and O₂
250. Why do we have two eyes? 57. Aluminum or stainless steel
To judge depth and view 3D objects better. 58. A chemical cell
Chemical Effects of Electric Current: 59. Battery
1–25 60. It may fade or intensify depending on reactions
1. Electrical energy 61. The longer terminal
2. Copper 62. Electric current
3. Rubber 63. Yes
4. Chemical changes caused by electric current 64. Yes
5. It may cause chemical reactions 65. Charged particles
6. Breaking of a compound using electricity 66. Movement of ions
7. A conductor through which current enters or leaves an 67. A basic circuit with cell, wires, bulb
electrolyte 68. Path is complete; current flows
8. A liquid that conducts electricity and undergoes chemical 69. Path is broken; no current
change 70. Closed circuit
9. Anode 71. Lemon juice
10. Cathode 72. Copper deposits on cathode
11. Electroplating 73. Copper sulfate
12. Sulfuric acid 74. More sensitive, uses less energy
13. Chemical change 75. Water into hydrogen and oxygen
14. Light Emitting Diode 76–100
15. It glows if current flows 76. Copper
16. Tin or Zinc 77. Cu²⁺
17. Saltwater 78. Refining, electroplating
18. Conductors 79. Electrolysis
19. Insulators 80. Copper
20. A device used to detect current 81. Zinc or tin
21. Tungsten 82. Appearance and corrosion protection
22. To open or close a circuit 83. Insulator
23. Distilled water 84. Insulator
24. Hydrogen gas 85. Yes
25. Oxygen gas 86. No
87. Aluminum 149. Yes
88. Yes 150. Copper ions
89. Chemical changes 151–175
90. Formation of gases 151. Current doesn’t flow
91. Anode and cathode 152. Tap water
92. Move to electrodes and react 153. Provides ions
93. Bulb or LED 154. Yes
94. Copper 155. Faster reaction
95. Carries current and participates in reactions 156. Reddish-brown
96. A change forming new substances 157. Closed DC circuit
97. Gas bubbles, weak reactions 158. DC
98. Anode 159. Changes in ion composition
99. Allows current flow 160. Movement of electrons
100. Doesn’t allow current flow 161. No
101–125 162. Yes
101. Yes 163. Color, mass, deposits
102. Electrical switches or sockets 164. LED or bulb
103. Tin 165. Acts as inert electrode
104. Prevents rusting 166. No
105. Yes 167. Hydrogen
106. Salt water 168. Reddish-brown
107. Yes 169. Using a bulb or LED
108. Lemon juice 170. Electric current
109. A charged atom or molecule 171. Slightly
110. Copper sulfate 172. A cell generating current through redox reaction
111. Copper 173. Same as galvanic cell
112. Water 174. Cathode
113. Yes 175. Anode
114. Torch 176–200
115. Measures voltage 176. Move to electrodes
116. Opposition to current 177. Yes
117. Safety device that breaks circuit 178. Causes reactions
118. Passage of current through body 179. Yes
119. Blue 180. Chemical change
120. Hydrogen 181. Sudden release of electricity
121. Positive to negative 182. Metals like copper
122. Yes 183. Oxidation
123. Battery 184. Reduction
124. Yes 185. Hydrogen
125. Breaking of molecules into ions 186. Yes
126–150 187. Increases conductivity
126. Lead 188. Anode
127. Sulfuric acid 189. Cathode
128. Dry cell 190. A source of current
129. It fades 191. Group of cells
130. To obtain pure metals 192. Yes
131. H₂SO₄ 193. No
132. Yes 194. Lemon juice
133. Presence of ions 195. It fades
134. Voltage 196. Weak ion producer
135. Hydrogen 197. Strong ion producer
136. Breaking down 198. Carry electric current
137. A source of electric energy 199. Yes
138. Yes 200. Copper
139. Broken circuit or weak current 201–225
140. Electrodes, electrolyte, and DC current 201. LED is more efficient
141. Ion movement causes reactions 202. Region around a charged body
142. Graphite 203. Resistance in wire or load
143. Yes 204. No
144. Yes 205. Gold or silver
145. May become less concentrated 206. Yes
146. Expensive metals wasted 207. Opens or closes circuit
147. Cathode 208. Purifying metal using electricity
148. Conductivity, ductility 209. Yes
210. Copper deposits
211. Ionic bonding
212. Exchange of ions
213. Reddish-brown
214. Series of metals by reactivity
215. Electrical to chemical
216. Yes
217. Few like graphite
218. Yes
219. No
220. Very slow reaction
221. Electrolyte
222. Oxidation or corrosion
223. Improper handling or exposure
224. Movement of electrons
225. A device that uses electricity
226–250
226. Heating of filament
227. Chemical reactions
228. Shows arrangement of components
229. Diagram using symbols
230. Converted to chemical energy
231. Change from one form to another
232. Yes
233. Yes
234. Black or grey
235. A substance allowing chemical and electric reactions
236. Yes
237. Conductivity
238. Battery or cell
239. Electrodes’ roles reverse
240. Yes
241. Two or more connected cells
242. May cause shock
243. Causes overheating/fire
244. Sudden discharge
245. Chlorine gas
246. Long and short lines
247. Nichrome
248. Excess current bypasses path
249. Limits current
250. Copper coats object