Sri Manakula Vinayagar Engineering College,

Puducherry

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Subject Name : POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS (PSA)

Subject Code : EE T61

Prepared by : Mrs. T. Saranya

Ms. N. Swarnalakshmi

Verified by: Approved by:

UNIT – I POWER SYSTEM COMPONENT MODELLING

Representation of Power system components like synchronous machines, induction machines,

transformers, transmission lines, loads etc, for steady state analysis- Per unit Quantities,
Impedance and reactance diagram-Formulation of network matrices for the power systems-Bus
impedance and bus admittance matrices, reduction techniques on network matrices for network
changes.

Two marks questions:

1. What is single line diagram?

A single line diagram is a diagrammatic representation of power system in which the

components are represented by their symbols and the interconnection between there
are shown by a single straight line. The ratings and impedances of the components are
also marked on the single line diagram.

2. Define per unit value. (Nov-12) (Apr-13)

The per unit value of any quantity is defined as the ratio of the value of the quantity to
the base value expressed as a decimal. The base value is an arbitrary chosen value of
quantity.

Actual value
per unit value=
base value

3. Write the equation for converting the p.u. impedance expressed in one base to
another?

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( )( )
2
KV b ,old MVA b ,new
Z p . u .new =Z p .u , old∗ ∗
KV b , new MVAb , old

4. What are the advantages of per unit computations? ( April-12, 13 & 15)

i. Manufacturers usually specify the impedance of a device or machine in per

unit on the base of the name plate rating.
ii. The p.u. impedance of a 3-phase transformer is independent of the type of
winding connection.
iii. The p.u. values of widely different rating machines lie within a narrow range,
eventhough the ohmic values has a very large range.
iv. The p.u. impedance of circuit element connected by transformers expressed
on a proper base will be same if it is referred to either side of a transformer.

5. What is impedance and reactance diagram?

The impedance diagram is the equivalent circuit of power system in which the various
components of power system are represented by their approximate or simplified
equivalent circuits. The impedance diagram is used for load flow studies. The
reactance diagram in the simplified equivalent circuit of power system in which the
various components are represented by their reactance. The reactance diagram can be
obtained from impedance diagram if all the resistive components are neglected. The
reactance diagram is used for fault calculations.

6. What is bus admittance matrix? (Nov-12)

The matrix consisting of self and mutual admittances of the network of a power system
is called bus admittance matrix. It is given by the admittance matrix Y in the node basis
matrix equation of apower system and it is denoted as Y bus. The bus admittance matrix
is symmetrical.

7. What is bus impedance matrix? (Nov-13)

The matrix consisting of driving point impedances and transfer impedances of the
network of the power system is called bus impedance matrix. It is given by the inverse
of the bus admittance matrix and it is denoted by Z bus. The bus impedance matrix is
symmetrical.

8. What are the methods available for formatting bus impedance matrix?

i. From the bus admittance matrix and then take its inverse to get bus
impedance matrix.
ii. Directly form the bus impedance matrix from the reactance diagram. This
method
utilizes the techniques of modifications of existing bus impedance matrix due
to addition of new bus.

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9. What are the quantities whose base values are required to represent the power
system by reactance diagram? (APR’14)

The base values of voltage,current,power and impedance are required to represent the
power system by reactance [Link] of base values of any two of then
determines the base values the remaining two. Usually the base values of voltage and
power are chosen in kilovolt and KVA or MVA respectively. The base values of current
and impedance are calculated using the chosen bases.

10. What is the need for base values?

The components of various sections of power system may operate at different voltage
and power levels. It will be convenient for analysis of power system if the voltage,
power, current and impedance ratings of components of power system are expressed
with reference to a common value called base value. Hence for analysis purpose of a
base value is chosen for voltage, power, current and impedance. Then all the voltage,
power, current and impedance ratings of the components are expressed as percent or
per unit of base value.

11. How the induction motor is represented in reactance diagram?

For estimation of steady state fault current, the induction motor is neglected. But for
estimation of fault current immediately after the fault (i.e, to estimate sub-transient fault
currents), the induction motor can be represented by a source in series with the
reactance. The value of the source is the induced emf per phase and the value of
reactance is total reactance of induction motor per phase referred to stator.

12. What are the approximations made in impedance diagram?

The following approximations are made while forming impedance diagram:

i. The neutral reactances are neglected.

ii. The shunt branches in equivalent circuit of induction motor are neglected.

13. What are the factors that need to be omitted for an impedance diagram to
reduce it to a reactance diagram? (or) What are the approximations made in
reactance diagram?

The following approximations are made in the raectance diagram:

i. The neutral reactances are neglected.

ii. Shunt branches in the equivalent circuits of transformers are neglected.
iii. The resistances are neglected.
iv. All static loads and induction motors are neglected.
v. The capacitance of the transmission lines are neglected.

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14. Give the equations for transforming base KV on LV side to HV side of

transformer and vice-versa. (April-12)

¿ voltage rating
KV b on< section=KV b on HT section x
HT voltage rating
HT voltage rating
KV b on HT section=KV b on<section x
¿ voltage rating

15. Write the equation to find the elements of new bus admittance matrix after
eliminating nth row and column in a n*n bus admittance matrix.

The element Yjk of new bus admittance matrix is given by

Y jn. Y nk
Y jk , new =Y jk , new −
Y nn .

For j = 1, 2, 3……(n-1) ; k=1,2,3,….(n-1)

where Yjk, Yjn, Ynk and Ynn are elements of original or given bus admittance matrix of
order (n×n).

16. What is primitive impedance matrix and incidence matrix? (Apr-13)

The elements of the primitive impedance matrix are the self and mutual impedance of
individual network elements with their interconnection not considered.

An incidence matrix represents, in general, interconnection of the elements, with

respect to the nodes.

17. What is primitive admittance matrix? (Apr-12, 13)

A primitive admittance matrix is a matrix which is an inverse of primitive impedance

matrix, the diagonal elements of the primitive impedance matrix being the self
impedance of the network elements and the off-diagonal elements, the mutual
impedances between the network elements.

18. What are the disadvantages of per unit system?

i. Some equations that hold in the unscaled case are modified when scaled into
per unit factors such as √ 3 and 3 are removed or added by the mehod.
ii. Equivalent circuits of the components are modified, making them somwhat
more abstract. Sometimes these shifts that are clearly present in the unscaled
circuit vanish in the per unit circuit.

19. What are the advantages of Zbus building algorithm?

For Zbus calculations by using singular transformation or non-singular transformation

methods, involving inversions and multiplications. This is a time consuming process for
large system consists of hundreds of buses. But the Z bus building algorithm is

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systematically element by element is considered for addition and build the complete
network directly from the element parameters.

20. Write the four ways of adding an impedance to an existing system so as to

modify bus impedance matrix. (Nov’12)

To modify a bus impedance matrix, a branch of impedance Z b can be added to original

system in the following four different ways.

Case 1: Adding a branch of impedance Zb from a new bus-p to the reference bus.
Case 2: Adding a branch of impedance Zb from a new bus-p to an existing bus-q.
Case 3: Adding a branch of impedance Zb from a existing bus-q to the reference bus.
Case 4: Adding a branch of impedance Zb between two existing buses n and q.

21. What are the advantages of representing all parameter in [Link]?

(April 12, 13 &15)

i. p.u. values provide more meaningful information.

ii. p.u. impedance values for operators of like ratings lie within a narrow range.
iii. p.u. interms of phase quantities or line values are the same.
iv. The impedance of machines is specified by the manufacturers interms of p.u.
values.
v. The p.u. impedance refers to either side of the transformer is the same.
vi. p.u. impedance are referred to either side of the 3-phase transformers is the
same regardless of the 3-phase connections whether they are delta-delta,
star-star or [Link] computational effort is very much reduced with use
of p.u. quantities.
vii. The p.u. values being in the order of unity or less can be easily handled with a
digital computer.

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INTRODUCTION
The flow of electrical power from the generating station to the consumer is called
an electrical power system. It consists of the following important components:
 Generating station
 Transmission network
 Distribution network
All these important networks are connected with the help of conductors and various
steps up and down transforms.

POWER SYSTEM
A typical transmission and distribution scheme is shown in the figure. A scheme shows
a generating station which is located too far away from cities and towns. It is generating
an electrical power at 11 KV. It is required to increase this level for the transmission
purpose. Hence a step up transformer is used which steps up the voltage level to 220
KV. This level may be 132 KV, 220KV or more as per the requirement.

Then with the help of transmission lines and the towers, the power is transmitted at very
long distances. Design of the transmission lines is based on the factors like
transmission voltage levels constants like resistance, reactance of the lines, line
performance interference with the neighouring circuits etc. Its mechanical features are
strength of the supports, sag calculations, tension etc. Transmission of power by the
overhead lines is very much cheaper.

Similarly the repairs also can be carried out comparatively more easily. The
transmission is generally along with additional lines in parallel. These lines are called

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duplicate lines. Thus two sets of three phase lines work in parallel. This ensures the
continuity during maintenance and also can be used to satisfy future demand.

The power is then transmitted to the receiving station via step down transformer. This
transformer is 220/33 KV or 220/22 KV transformer. The power is then transmitted to
the substations.

A substation consists of a step down transformer of rating 33 KV to 6.6 KV or 3.3 KV.

The transfer of power from receiving station to the substation is with the help of
conductors called feeders. This is called secondary transmission.

From the substations, power is distributed to the local distribution centers with the help
of distributors. Sometimes for bulk loads like factories and industries, the distributors
transfer power directly. For the light loads, there are distribution centres consisting of
distribution transformers which step down the voltage level to 230 V or 400 V. This is
called primary distribution.

In the crowded areas like cities, overhead system of bare conductors is not practicable.
In such cases insulated conductors are used in the form of underground cables, to give
supply to the consumers. These cables are called service mains. This is called
secondary distribution.

This is the complete flow of an electrical power from the generating station to the
consumer premises

Figure shows the line diagram of a typical transmission and distribution scheme

At the generating station an electrical power is generating with the help of three phase
alternators running in parallel, also in this scheme shown the voltage level is 11 KV. But
the voltage level may be 6.6 KV, 22 KV, or 33 KV, depending upon the capacity of the
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generating station actual transmission and distribution starts the overall scheme can be
divided into four sections which are:
 Primary transmission : it is basically with the help of overhead transmission lines
for the economic aspects the voltage level is increased to 132KV,220 KV Or more
with the help of step up transformer . Hence this transmission is also called high
voltage transmission .the primary transmission uses 3 phase wire system.
 Secondary transmission: The primary transmission lines continues via
transmission towers till the receiving stations at the receiving stations the voltage
level is reduced to 22 KV or 33 KV using the step down transformer there can be
more than one receiving stations then at reduced voltage level of 22 KV or 33 KV
the power is then transmitted to various substations using overhead 3 phase 3 wire
system this is secondary transmission. The conductors used for the secondary
transmission are called feeders.
 Primary distribution: at the substation the voltage level is reduced to 6.6 KV, 3.3
KV or 11KV with the help of step down transformers it uses three phase three wire
underground system and the power is further transmitted to the local distribution for
the large consumers like factories and industries, the power is directly transmitted
to such loads from a substation such big loads have their own substations.
 Secondary distribution: at the local distribution centers there are step Down
distribution transformers .the voltage level of 6.6 KV 11 KV is further reduced to 400
V using distribution transforms. Sometimes it may be reduced to 230 V. the power
is then transmitted using distributors and service mains to the consumers this is
secondary distribution, also called low voltage distribution this uses 3 phase 4 wire
system the voltage between any two lines is 400 V while the voltage between any
of the three lines and a neutral is 230 V the single phase lighting loads are supplied
using a line and neutral while loads like motors are supplied using three phase
lines.
Advantages and problems of Interconnection of Power systems

The power systems were operated as individual unit at the initial stage of development,
to meet the requirements of a particular area. Then the need for electricity spread out
gradually to cover the whole country.

Hence the interconnection of power systems came into existence due to the demand for
large amount of power and increased reliability.

Advantages:

i. For operation at peak loads, less number of generators are required as a reserve
for operation. Hence the reserve capacity of the generating gate reduced.
ii. If an unexpected increase in load is met, the less number of generators which
are running without load should come into existence. This reduces the spinning
reserve of the generating station.
iii. This allows the use of most economical sources of power.

Problems:

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i. If a short circuit occurs on a system, the mount of current increases in that
system and hence the breakers are installed which are able to interrupt the large
current.
ii. If proper relays and circuit breakers are not provided at the point of
interconnection, the disturbance may spread to whole system which occurs due
to short circuit.
iii. During interconnected systems, synchronism must be maintained between the
alternators.

REPRESENTATION OF POWER SYSTEM USING SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM (April

/May 2017)

A balanced three phase system is always analyzed on per phase basis by considering
one of the three phase lines and neutral. Hence it is enough if we show one phase and
neutral in the diagrammatic representation of power system. The diagram is further
simplified by omitting the neutral and so the resultant diagram will be a single line
diagram.

In single line representation of power system, the components of the power system are
represented by standard symbols and the transmission lines are represented by straight
lines. Hence a single line diagram is diagrammatic representation of power system in
which the components are represented by their symbols and the interconnections
between are shown by straight lines. Besides the symbols, the ratings and the
impedances of the components are also marked on the single line diagram.

The purpose of the one line diagram is to supply in concise form the significant
information about the system. The various symbols used in single line diagram along
with the typical single line diagram are shown below.

A typical single line diagram

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Table: Symbols used in single line diagram

DIFFERENT TYPES OF ANALYSIS USED FOR PLANNING AND OPERATION OF

POWER SYSTEMS

For planning the operation, improvement and expansion of a power system, the
following analyses are most important. They are:

 Load Flow Analysis

 Short Circuit Analysis
 Stability Analysis

Load Flow Analysis:

The electrical power systems which operate in their steady state mode is called as load
flow. The load flow analysis (or) power flow analysis is used for determination of
voltage, current, real power and reactive power in a power system. The problems like
unacceptable voltage conditions, overloading or may failure in transmission system
used to occur in power system. Hence this study is used to solve all the problems and
results in determining the optimum size and location of capacitors for power factor
improvement. Thus maintaining stability in a power system.

Short Circuit Analysis:

After determining the power system from load flow analysis, it can be tested under fault
conditions. Short circuit in a power system creates abnormal flow of current or faulty
condition in the system.

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The objectives of short circuit analysis are,

i. To determine the currents and voltages of the system at different fault levels.
ii. To isolate the fault equipment and to determine the current carrying capacity of
the circuit breaker.
iii. To design grounding systems.
iv. To analyze unsymmetrical faults, symmetrical components and sequence
networks are used.
v. The selection of CB depends on the current flowing immediately after the
occurrence of fault and the current which the breaker must interrupt.

Stability Analysis:

The ability of power system to remain stable following a severe fault or disturbance is
called as stability. Power stability is a condition in which the synchronous machines of
the system remain in synchronism with each other. Stability may be divided into steady
state stability and transient stability.

The ability of power system to remain in synchronism following disturbances like load
change or continual changes in generation is called as steady state stability. The
behaviour of the current and voltages, when they are changed from one state to another
is called as transient stability.

Hence the power system tools load flow analysis, short circuit analysis and stability
analysis are used for better system planning.

PER UNIT SYSTEM (April / May 2017)

In power system different power equipment with different voltage and power levels are
connected together through various step-up or step-down transformers. However the
presence of various voltage and power levels causes problem in finding out the currents
(or voltages) at different points in the network. To alleviate this problem, all the system
quantities are converted into a uniform normalized platform. This is called the per unit
system. In a per unit system each system variable or quantity is normalized with respect
to its own base value. The units of these normalized values are per unit (abbreviated as
p.u.) and not Volt, Ampere or Ohm. The base quantities chosen are:

VA base (Pbase): This is the three-phase apparent power (Volt-Ampere) base that is
common to the entire circuit.
Voltage Base (Vbase): This is the line-to-line base voltage. This quantity is not uniform
for the entire circuit but gets changed by the turn’s ratio of the transformer.

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Three balanced sources

Per phase equivalent circuit of the three phase network

Based on the above two quantities the current and impedance bases can be defined as
2
Pbase ( V base )
I base= ; Z base=
√3 x V base P base

Assume that an impedance Z is defined as Z1 per unit in a base impedance of Zbase _ old.
Then we have,

Z
Z1 ( p .u . ) = ⟹ Z=(Z ¿¿ 1)x (Z base )¿
Z base old
old

The impedance now has to be represented in a new base value denoted as Z base_new.
Therefore,

Z Z 1 x Z base
Z 2 ( p .u . ) = ⟹ Z 2 ( p .u . )= old

Z base new
Z base new

Z2 can be defined in terms of old and new values of VA base and voltage base as

( )( )
2
V base Pbase
Z 2=(Z ¿¿ 1) x old
x new
¿
V base new
Pbase old

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Advantages of per unit system;

 Manufacturers usually specify the impedance of a device or machine in per
unit on the base of the name plate rating.
 The p.u. impedance of a 3-phase transformer is independent of the type of
winding connection.
 The p.u. values of widely different rating machines lie within a narrow range,
eventhough the ohmic values has a very large range.
 The p.u. impedance of circuit element connected by transformers expressed
on a proper base will be same if it is referred to either side of a transformer.
Disadvantages of per unit system
 Some equations that hold in the unscaled case are modified when scaled into
per unit factors such as √ 3 and 3 are removed or added by the mehod.
 Equivalent circuits of the components are modified, making them somwhat
more abstract. Sometimes these shifts that are clearly present in the unscaled
circuit vanish in the per unit circuit.

IMPEDANCE AND REACTANCE DIAGRAM (April / May 2017)

The impedance or reactance diagram of a power system is the equivalent circuit of the
power system in which the various components of the power system are represented by
their approximate or simplified equivalent circuits. This equivalent circuit of power
system is used to analyze the performance of a system under load conditions (load flow
studies) or to analyze the condition of the system under fault.

Impedance diagram:

The impedance of a power system diagram is used for load flow studies. The
impedance diagram can be obtained from the single line diagram by replacing all the
components of the power system by their single phase equivalent circuit. The following
approximations are made while forming impedance diagram.

 The current limiting impedances connected between the generator neutral and
ground are neglected since under balanced conditions no current flows through
neutral.
 Since the magnetizing current of a transformer is very low when compared to
load current the shunt branches in the equivalent circuit of the transformer can be
neglected.
 If the influence reactance of a component is very high when compared to
resistance then the resistance can be omitted, which introduces a little error in
calculations.

Reactance diagram:

The reactance diagram is used for fault calculations. The following approximations are
made in constructing reactance diagram, (when the system is balanced)

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 The neutral to ground impedance of the generator is neglected for symmetrical

faults.
 Shunt branches in the equivalent circuits of transformer are neglected
 The resistances in the equivalent circuits of various components of the system
are omitted.
 All static loads are neglected
 Induction motors are neglected in computing fault current a few cycles after the
fault occurs, because the current contributed by an induction motor dies out very
quickly after the induction motor is short-circuited.
 The capacitance of the transmission lines is neglected.

The reactance diagram can be obtained from impedance diagram if omit all static loads,
all resistance, shunt branches of transformer and capacitance of transmission lines in
the impedance diagram. The simplified representations of various components of
power system in reactance diagram are shown in table. The impedance and reactance
diagram obtained from the above app. are also called positive sequence impedance
diagram and positive sequence reactance diagram.

Component Equivalent circuit Component Equivalent circuit

Three phase
Synchronous motor
generator

Transformer Transmission Line

The impedance or reactances of various components of power system in a single line

diagram are expressed in percentage value or per unit calculated by their ratings as
base values. When the impedance or reactance diagram is formed, all the impedances
or reactances should be expressed in per unit calculated on a common base value.
Hence it is necessary to convert all the p.u. reactances to a common base. The
conversion of per unit reactances from one base to another can be performed using the
following equation which is obtained from equation below after replacing Z by X.

( )( )
2
KV b ,old MVA b ,new
X p . u .new = X p .u , old∗ ∗
KV b , new MVAb , old

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Procedure to form reactance diagram from single Line diagram
Select a base KVAb or MVAb. The KVAb or MVAb will be same for all sections of power
system. In case of three phase power system, the KVA b or MVAb is three phase power
rating.
1) Select the base KVb for one section of power system. In case of three phase
power system, the KVb is a line value.

The various sections of power system work at different voltage levels and the
voltage conversion is achieved by means of transformers.

Hence the KVb of one section of power system should be converted to a KV b

corresponding to another section using the transformer voltage ratio. In case of
three phase transformer, line to line voltage ratio is used to transfer the KV b on
one section to another section.

¿ voltage rating
KV b on< section=KV b on HT section x
HT voltage rating

HT voltage rating
KV b on HT section=KV b on<section x
¿ voltage rating

Single Line Diagram

Impedance Diagram

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Reactance diagram
2) The impedance of the components of power system are expressed either in
ohms or in p.u. which is calculated using the component rating as base values

In reactance diagram, the resistances are neglected and the reactances of all the
components are expressed on a common base. Hence start from one end of
power system the reactances of each component should be converted to p.u.
reactances on the selected new base.
When the specified reactance of the component is in ohms then,
Actual reactance∈ ohms
p .u . reactance=
Base impedance
when the specified reactance of the component is in p.u. on the component
rating as base values, then consider the component rating as old base values
and selected base values as new bases.

Now the p.u. reactance on new base can be calculated using the formula:

( )( )
2
KV b ,old MVA b ,new
X p . u .new = X p .u , old∗ ∗
KV b , new MVAb , old

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Sample problem-1:

Sample problem-2:

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Sample problem 3:(Nov’ 2017)

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Problem (Type-1): (Nov’ / Dec’ 2016)

A 300MVA, 20KV, 3ɸ generator has a sub-transient reactance of 20%. The generator

supplies 2 synchronous motors through 64km transmission line having transformers at
both ends as shown below. In this, T 1 is a 3ɸ transformer and T2 is made of 3 single
phase transformer of rating 100MVA, 127/13.2KV, 10% reactance. Series reactance of
the transmission line 0.5Ω/km. Draw the reactance diagram with all reactances marked
in p.u. Select the generator rating as base values.

Answer: Consider the base values: Base MVAb,new = 300MVA ; Base KVb,new = 20KV

Reactance of Generator G:
Since the generator rating and the base values are same, the generator p.u. reactance
does not change.
Therefore, p.u. reactance of generator = 20% = 0.2 p.u.
Reactance of Transformer T1:

The new p . u .reactance of Transformer T 1= X pu ,old x ( )(

KV b ,old 2 MVAb , new
KV b ,new
x
MVA b ,old )
( ) ( )
2
20 300
¿ 0.1 x x =0.0857 p .u .
20 350
Reactance of Transmission Line:
Reactance of Transmission Line = 0.5Ω/km
Total reactance of transmission line = 0.5 x 64 = 32Ω
HT voltage rating
Base KV on HT side of transformer T 1=Base KV on< section x
¿ voltage rating

¿ 20 x ( 230
20 )
=230 KV

2
( KV b ) 2302
Base impedance , Z b= = =176.33 Ω
MVA b 300

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Actual reactance 32
Per unit reactance of Transmission line= = =0.1815 p . u .
Base impedance 176.33
Reactance of Transformer T2:

The transformer T2 is a 3-phase transformer bank formed using three numbers of single
phase transformers with voltage rating 127 / 13.2 KV. In this the high voltage side is
star connected and low voltage side is delta connected.

∴ Voltage ratio of line voltage of 3 ∅ transformer =

√3 x 127 = 220 KV
13.2 13.2

¿ voltage rating
Base KV on< side of transformer T 2=Base KV on HT section x
HT voltage rating
¿ 230 x ( 13.2
220 )
=13.8 KV

( )( )
2
KV b ,old MVAb , new
The new p . u .reactance of Transformer T 2= X pu ,old x x
KV b , new MVA b ,old

( ) ( )
2
13.2 300
¿ 0.1 x x =0.0915 p .u .
13.8 3 x 100

Reactance of M1:

p .u . reactance of M 1 on new base=X pu , old x ( KV b , new)(

KV b ,old 2 MVA b ,new
x
MVA b , old )
( ) ( )
2
13.2 300
¿ 0.2 x x =0.2745 p .u .
13.8 200

Reactance of M2:

p .u . reactance of M 2 on new base=X pu , old x ( KV b , new)(

KV b ,old 2 MVA b ,new
x
MVA b , old )
( ) ( )
2
13.2 300
¿ 0.2 x x =0.549 p . u .
13.8 100

Reactance Diagram:

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Problem (Type-2): (Apr-13)

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Problem (Type-3):

The single line diagram of an unloaded power system is shown in the fig. below. The

Generator G1 = 20MVA, 13.8KV, X’’ = 20%

Generator G2 = 30MVA, 18KV, X’’ = 20%
Generator G3 = 30MVA, 20KV, X’’ = 20%
Transformer T1 = 25MVA, 220 / 13.8 KV, X=10%
Transformer T2 = 3 single phase units each rated at 10MVA, 127/18 KV, X = 10%
Transformer T3 = 35MVA, 220 / 22 KV, X=10%
Draw the reactance diagram using a base of 50MVA and 13.8KV on the generator G 1.
Answer:

Consider the base values: Base MVAb,new = 50MVA ; Base KVb,new = 13.8KV

Reactance of Generator G1:

( )( )
2
KV b ,old MVAb , new
The new p . u .reactance of Generator G1= X pu ,old x x
KV b , new MVA b ,old

( ) ( )
2
13.8 50
¿ 0.2 x x =0.5 p .u .
13.8 20

Reactance of Transformer T1:

( )( )
2
KV b ,old MVAb , new
The new p . u .reactance of Transformer T 1= X pu ,old x x
KV b ,new MVA b ,old

( ) ( )
2
13.8 50
¿ 0.1 x x =0.2 p . u .
13.8 25

Reactance of Transmission Line:

HT voltage rating
Base KV on HT side of transformer T 1=Base KV on< section x
¿ voltage rating

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¿ 13.8 x ( 13.8
220
)=220 KV
Now KVb, new = 220KV
2
( KV b ) 2202
Base impedance , Z b= = =968 Ω
MVA b 50

Actual reactance 80
Per unit reactance of section 1 of Transmission line= =
Base impedance 968

¿ 0.0826 p . u .

Actual reactance 100

Per unit reactance of section 2of Transmission line= =
Base impedance 968

¿ 0.1033 p .u .

Reactance of Transformer T2:

The transformer T2 is a 3-phase transformer bank formed using three numbers of single
phase transformers with voltage rating 127 / 18 KV. In this the high voltage side is star
connected and low voltage side is delta connected.

∴ Voltage ratio of line voltage of 3 ∅ transformer =

√3 x 127 = 220 KV
18 18

¿ voltage rating
Base KV on< side of transformer T 2=Base KV on HT section x
HT voltage rating
¿ 220 x ( 220
18
)=18 KV
Now the base KVb,new = 18KV

The new p . u .reactance of Transformer T 2= X pu ,old x ( )(

KV b ,old 2 MVAb , new
KV b , new
x
MVA b ,old )
( ) ( )
2
18 50
¿ 0.1 x x =0.1667 p .u .
18 3 x 10

Reactance of G2:

New p . u . reactance of G2 =X pu ,old x ( KV b , new )(

KV b ,old 2 MVAb ,new
x
MVA b , old )
( ) ( )
2
18 50
¿ 0.2 x x =0.333 p . u .
18 30

Reactance of Transformer T3:

¿ voltage rating
Base KV on< side of transformer T 3=Base KV on HT section x
HT voltage rating

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¿ 220 x ( 220
22
)=22 KV
Now the base KVb,new = 22KV

( )( )
2
KV b , old MVA b , new
New p . u . reactance of T 3= X pu ,old x x
KV b ,new MVA b ,old

( ) ( )
2
22 50
¿ 0.1 x x =0.149 p . u .
22 35

Reactance of G3:

( )( )
2
KV b ,old MVA b ,new
New p . u . reactance of G3 =X pu ,old x x
KV b , new MVA b , old

( ) ( )
2
20 50
¿ 0.2 x x =0.2755 p .u .
22 30

Reactance Diagram:

Problem (Type-4): (April – 2015)

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Problem (Type-5):

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Draw the reactance diagram for the power system shown in fig. The ratings of
generator, motor and transformer are given below. Neglect resistance and use a base
of 50MVA, 138KV in the 40Ω line.

Generator G1 = 20MVA, 18KV, X’’ = 20%

Generator G2 = 20MVA, 18KV, X’’ = 20%
Synchronous motor = 30MVA, 13.8KV, X’’ = 20%
3ɸ, Star – Star Transformer = 20MVA, 138 / 20 KV, X=10%
3ɸ, Star – Delta Transformer = 15MVA, 138 / 13.8 KV, X=10%

Answer:

Consider the base values: Base MVAb,new = 50MVA ; Base KVb,new = 138KV

Reactance of j40Ω transmission line:

2
( KV b )
1382
Base impedance , Z b= = =380.88 Ω
MVA b 50

Actual reactance 40
p .u . reactance of 40 Ω of Transmission line= =
Base impedance 380.88

¿ 0.105 p .u .

Reactance of Transformer T1:

¿ voltage rating
Base KV on< side of transformer T 1=Base KV on HT section x
HT voltage rating
¿ 138 x ( 138
20
)=20 KV
Now KVb, new = 20KV

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( )( )
2
KV b ,old MVAb , new
The new p . u .reactance of Transformer T 1= X pu ,old x x
KV b ,new MVA b ,old

( ) ( )
2
20 50
¿ 0.1 x x =0.25 p .u .
20 20

Reactance of G1:

New p . u . reactance of G1 =X pu ,old x (

KV b ,old 2 MVAb ,new
KV b , new
x )(
MVA b , old )
( ) ( )
2
18 50
¿ 0.2 x x =0.405 p .u .
20 20

Reactance of Transformer T2:

The new p . u .reactance of Transformer T 2= X pu ,old x

KV b , new(
KV b ,old 2 MVAb , new
x )(
MVA b ,old )
( ) ( )
2
20 50
¿ 0.1 x x =0.25 p .u .
20 20

Reactance of j20Ω Transmission Line:

HT voltage rating
Base KV on HT side of transformer T 2=Base KV on< section x
¿ voltage rating
¿ 20 x ( 138
20 )
=138 KV

Now KVb, new = 138KV

2
( KV b ) 1382
Base impedance, Z b= = =380.88 Ω
MVA b 50

Actual reactance 20
p .u . reactance of 20 Ω of Transmission line= =
Base impedance 380.88

¿ 0.0525 p .u .

Here it is observed that both the sections of j20Ω transmission lines have same values
of reactances and base KV’s. Hence their p.u. reactances will be same.

Reactance of Transformer T5:

The new p . u .reactance of Transformer T 5= X pu ,old x

KV b , new(
KV b ,old 2 MVAb , new
x )(
MVA b ,old )
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( ) ( )
2
138 50
¿ 0.1 x x =0.333 p . u .
138 15

Reactance of Synchronous motor:

¿ voltage rating
Base KV on< side of transformer T 3=Base KV on HT section x
HT voltage rating
¿ 138 x ( 13.8
138 )
=13.8 KV

Now the base KVb,new = 13.8KV

( )( )
2
KV b ,old MVAb ,new
New p . u . reactance of Synchronous motor =X pu ,old x x
KV b , new MVA b , old

( ) ( )
2
13.8 50
¿ 0.2 x x =0.333 p . u .
13.8 30

Reactance of T6, T4, T3 and G2:

i. The transformer T6 is identical to that of T5. Hence p.u. reactance of T5 and T6

are same.
ii. The transformer T1, T2, T3 and T4 are identical. Hence their p.u. reactances are
same.
iii. The generator G2 is identical to that of G1. Hence their p.u. reactance is same.

Reactance Diagram:

Problem (Type-6): (Nov. 2012) (May 2018)*

A 15MVA, 8.5KV, 3 phase generator has a sub-transient reactance of 20%. It is
connected through a Delta-Star transformer to a high voltage transmission line having a
total series reactance of 70 Ω. The load end of the line has star-star step down
transformer. Both transformer banks are composed of single phase transformers
connected for 3-phase operation. Each of three transformers composing three phase
bank is rated 6667KVA, 10/100KV, with a reactance of 10%. The load represented as
impedance, is drawing 10MVA at 12.5KV and 0.8pf lagging. Draw the single line
diagram of the power network. Choose a base of 10MVA at 12.5KV and 0.8p.f. lagging.
Draw the single line diagram of the power network. Choose a base of 10MVA, 12.5KV
in the load circuit and determine the reactance diagram. Determine also the voltage at
the terminals of the generator.
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Answer: (problems solved from the load end)

The single line diagram of the power system is shown below:

Consider the base values: Base MVAb,new = 10MVA ; Base KVb,new = 12.5KV

Load:

This can be represented as a constant current load.

p.f. of load = 0.8 lag

therefore p.f. angle = - cos-1(0.8) = - 36.87°

Complex load power = 10 ∠-36.87° MVA

Actual load of MVA 10 ∠−36.87 °

p .u . value of load value= = =1∠−36.87 ° p . u .
Base value of MVA 10

Actual load voltage 12.5 KV

p .u . value of load voltage= = =1.0 p . u
Base voltage 12.5 KV

Let, I = Load current in p.u. ; V = Load voltage in p.u.

We know that, V x I = p.u. value of load (power)

p . u . value of load 1∠−36.87 °

Therefore, ∴ I = = =1∠−36.87 °
V 1.0

Reactance of Transformer T2:

100 x √ 3 KV 173.2 KV
Voltage ratio of line voltage of transformer T 2= =
10 x √ 3 KV 17.32 KV

3-phase KVA rating of transformer T2 = 3 x 6667 = 20,000 KVA = 20 MVA

Therefore, KVb, old = 17.32KV (on LT side)

MVAb,old = 20MVA

The new p . u .reactance of Transformer T 2= X pu ,old x (

KV b , new)(
KV b ,old 2 MVAb , new
x
MVA b ,old )
( ) ( )
2
17.32 10
¿ 0.1 x x =0.096 p . u .
12.5 20

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Reactance of Transmission Line:

HT voltage rating
Base KV on HT side of transformer T 2=Base KV on< section x
¿ voltage rating
¿ 12.5 x ( 173.2
17.32 )
=125 KV

Now KVb, new = 125KV

2
( KV b ) 1252
Base impedance , Z b= = =1562.5 Ω
MVA b 10

Actual reactance 70
p .u . reactance of Transmission line= =
Base impedance 1562.5

¿ 0.0448 p .u .

Reactance of Transformer T1:

10 KV 10 KV
Voltage ratio of line voltage of transformer T 1= =
100 x √ 3 KV 173.2 KV

3-phase KVA rating of transformer T1 = 3 x 6667 = 20,000 KVA = 20 MVA

Therefore, KVb, old = 173.2KV (on HT side)

MVAb,old = 20MVA

The new p . u .reactance of Transformer T 1= X pu ,old x ( KV b ,new )(

KV b ,old 2 MVAb , new
x
MVA b ,old )
( ) ( )
2
173.2 10
¿ 0.1 x x =0.096 p . u .
125 20

Reactance of Generator:

¿ voltage rating
Base KV on< side of transformer T 1=Base KV on HT section x
HT voltage rating
¿ 125 x ( 173.2
10
)=7.217 KV
Now KVb, new = 7.217KV

( )( )
2
KV b , old MVA b ,new
The new p . u .reactance of Generator=X pu , old x x
KV b ,new MVAb , old

( ) ( )
2
8.5 10
¿ 0.2 x x =0.185 p .u .
7.217 15

Reactance Diagram:

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To find the terminal voltage of the generator:

With reference to the above diagram,

The terminal voltage of the generator , V t =V + I ( j 0.096+ j0.0448+ j 0.096)

¿ 1.0+1 ∠−36.87° ( j 0.2368)

¿ 1.0+1 ∠−36.87° x 0.2368∠ 90°

¿ 1.0+0.2368 ∠ 53.13 °

¿ 1.0+0.1421+ j0.1894

¿ 1.1421+ j 0.1894

¿ 1.1577 ∠ 9.4 ° p .u .

Actual value of the generator terminal voltage=p .u . value of the voltage x (Base KV on< side of the transformer T

¿ 1.1577 ∠ 9.4 ° x 7.217=8.355 ∠ 9.4 ° KV

BUS ADMITTANCE MATRIX (YBUS) AND BUS IMPEDANCE MATRIX (ZBUS)

There are two important network matrices namely Ybus and Zbus
Ybus – It is used in load flow studies and also in stability analysis.
Zbus - It is used in short circuit analysis or fault analysis.
Observation from Ybus matrix:
The observations made from Ybus matrix are:

 Ybus matrix is symmetric (i.e.) Yij = Yji

 The diagonal elements (Yii) in matrix are called as driving point admittances (or)
self-admittances. The off-diagonal elements (Yij) in Ybus matrix are called as
transfer admittances (or) mutual admittances.
 The diagonal elements (Yii) can be calculated by adding the admittances of all
branches connected to that particular node (or) bus (i) – including the shunt
branch. Hence,
n
Y ii =Y i + ∑ Y ik
k=1
k≠ i

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 The off diagonal elements are the negative of the admittances connecting the
buses.

Y ij =−Y ji

Advantages of Ybus matrix:

 Data preparation is simple and easy

 Formation and modification is easy
 The computer memory requirements are less, since the Ybus is a sparse matrix.

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Problems related to determination of Ybus matrix: (April /May 2017)(Nov’ 2017)

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Problems related to bus admittance matrix (Bus / node elimination):

Problem (Type 1):

For the network shown below, form the bus admittance matrix. Determine the reduced
admittance matrix by eliminating node 4. The values are marked in p.u.

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Answer:

The Ybus matrix of the network is,

[ ]
− ( j 0.5+ j 0.4+ j 0.4 ) j 0.5 j 0.4 j0.4
j0.5 −( j 0.5+ j0.6 ) j 0.6 0
Y bus =
j 0.4 j 0.6 −( j0.6+ j 0.5+ j 0.4 ) j 0.5
j 0.4 0 j 0.5 − ( j0.5+ j 0.4 )

[ ]
− j1.3 j 0.5 j0.4 j 0.4
j0.5 − j1.1 j 0.6 0
Y bus =
j0.4 j 0.6 − j 1.5 j0.5
j0.4 0 j 0.5 − j0.9

The elements of new bus admittance matrix after eliminating the 4th row and 4th column
is given by,

(
Y jk , new =Y jk , old −
Y nn )
Y jn .Y nk
; wheren=4 ; j=1 , 2 ,3 ,∧k=1 , 2 ,3 ,

The bus admittance matrix is symmetrical, ∴ Y kj , new =Y jk , new

Y 11, new =Y 11 −
( Y 14 .Y 41
Y 44 )=− j0.3−
( j 0.4 ) ( j 0.4 )
− j0.9
=− j1.12

Y 12 ,new =Y 12−
( Y 14 .Y 42
Y 44 )= j 0.5−
( j 0.4 )( 0 )
− j0.9
= j 0.5

Y 13 ,new =Y 13−
( Y 14 .Y 43
Y 44 )= j 0.4−
( j 0.4 )( j0.5 )
− j 0.9
= j0.622

Y 21 ,new =Y 12, new = j 0.5

Y 22 ,new =Y 22−
( Y 24 .Y 42
Y 44 )=− j 1.1−
( 0 )( 0 )
− j 0.9
=− j1.1

Y 23 ,new =Y 23−
( Y 24 .Y 43
Y 44 )= j0.6−
( 0 ) ( j 0.5 )
− j 0.9
= j 0.6

Y 31 ,new =Y 13, new = j 0.622

Y 32 ,new =Y 23, new = j 0.6

Y 33 ,new =Y 33−
( Y 34 .Y 43
Y 44 )=− j1.5−
( j0.5 )( j0.5 )
− j 0.9
=− j 1.222

The reduced bus admittance matrix after eliminating 4th row is shown below:

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[ ]
− j1.12 j 0.5 j0.622
Y bus = j0.5 − j 1.1 j0.6
j0.622 j 0.6 − j1.222

Problem (Type 2):

Eliminate buses 3 and 4 in the given bus admittance matrix and form new bus
admittance matrix.

[ ]
− j 9.8 0.0 j 4.0 j5.0
0.0 − j8.3 j2.5 j5.0
Y bus =
j 4.0 j2.5 − j14 j8.0
j5.0 j5.0 j8.0 − j18.0

Answer:

First we eliminate 4th bus, ∴ Y nn=Y 44 =− j 18.0

The elements of new bus admittance after eliminating 4th row and 4th column is given by,

(
Y jk , new =Y jk , old −
Y nn )
Y jn .Y nk
; wheren=4 ; j=1 , 2 ,3 ,∧k=1 , 2 ,3 ,

The bus admittance matrix is symmetrical, ∴ Y kj , new =Y jk , new

(
Y 11, new =Y 11 −
Y 14 .Y 41
Y 44 )=− j9.8−
( j5.0 )( j5.0 )
− j 18.0
=− j 8.411

Y 12 ,new =Y 12−
( Y 14 .Y 42
Y 44 )=0.0−
( j 5.0 ) ( j 5.0 )
− j18.0
= j 1.388

Y 13 ,new =Y 13−
( Y 14 .Y 43
Y 44 )= j 4.0−
( j 5) ( j 8)
− j18.0
= j 6.222

Y 21 ,new =Y 12, new = j 1.388

Y 22 ,new =Y 22−
( Y 24 .Y 42
Y 44 )=− j 8.3−
( j5 ) ( j 5 )
− j 18.0
=− j6 .911

Y 23 ,new =Y 23−
( Y 24 .Y 43
Y 44 )= j2.5−
( j5 )( j8 )
− j 18
= j 4.722

Y 31 ,new =Y 13, new = j 6.222

Y 32 ,new =Y 23, new = j 4.722

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Y 33 ,new =Y 33−
( Y 44 )
Y 34 .Y 43
=− j14−
( j 8) ( j 8)
− j18
=− j 10.444

The reduced bus admittance matrix after eliminating 4th row is shown below:

[ ]
− j 8.411 j1.3889 j 6.222
Y bus = j1.388 − j 6.911 j 4.722
j6.222 j 4.722 − j10.444

Elimination of node 3: ∴ Y nn=Y 33=− j10.444

The other elements of the reduced bus admittance matrix can be formed from the
equation,

(
Y jk , new =Y jk , old −
Y jn .Y nk
Y nn )
; wheren=3 ; j=1 , 2 ,∧k =1 ,2 ,

(
Y 11, new =Y 11 −
Y 33 )
Y 13 .Y 31
=− j 8.411−
( j6.222 ) ( j 6.222 )
− j10.444
=− j 4.7043

Y 12 ,new =Y 12−
( Y 33 )
Y 13 . Y 32
= j1.388−
( j6.222 ) ( j 4.722 )
− j 10.444
= j 4.2011

Y 21 ,new =Y 12, new = j 4.2011

Y 22 ,new =Y 22−
( Y 33 )
Y 23 . Y 32
=− j6.911−
( j 4.722 ) ( j 4.722 )
− j10.444
=− j 4.7761

The reduced bus admittance ¿ elimintaing node 3∧4 is ,

Y bus =
[−j j4.2011
4.7043 j 4.2011
− j 4.7761 ]
Bus Impedance Matrix (Zbus):

Consider the node basis matrix equation representing the power system,

Y bus V =I
−1
On pre-multiplying the above equation by V =Y bus I

Now the elements of Y bus−1 will be impedances and so the matrix Y bus−1 can be
represented by an impedance matrix called Bus impedance matrix (Zbus).
−1
Z bus=Y bus and V =Z bus . I

Since the bus admittance matrix is symmetrical, the bus impedance matrix is also
symmetrical around the principal diagonal. In bus impedance matrix, the elements on
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the main diagonal are called driving point impedance of the buses or nodes and the off-
diagonal elements are called the transfer impedances of the buses or nodes. The bus
impedance matrix is very useful in fault analysis or calculations.

The bus impedance matrix can be determined by two methods. In one method we can
form the bus admittance matrix and then taken its inverse to get the bus impedance
matrix. In another method the bus impedance matrix can be directly formed from the
reactance diagram and this method requires the knowledge of the modifications of
existing bus impedance matrix due to addition of new bus or addition of a new line (or
impedance) between existing buses.

MODIFICATION OF AN EXISTING BUS IMPEDANCE MATRIX

Let us denote the original Zbus of a system with n-number of independent buses as Z org.
When a branch of Zb is added to the system the Z org gets modified. The branch
impedance Zb can be added to the original system in the following four different ways.

Case 1: Adding Zb from a new bus-p to the reference bus.

Consider a n-bus system as shown in the fig. Let us add a bus-p through impedance Z b
to the reference bus. The addition of a bus will increase the order of the bus impedance
matrix by one.

Adding a new bus through an impedance to reference bus

In this case the elements of (n+1) th column and row are all zeros except the diagonal.
The diagonal element is the added branch impedance Z b. The elements of original
Zbus matrix are not altered. The new bus impedance matrix is shown above.

Case 2: Adding Zb from a new bus-p to existing bus-q

Consider a n-bus system as shown in fig. in which a new bus-p is added through an
impedance Zb to an existing bus-q. The addition of a bus will increase the order of the
impedance matrix by one.

In this the element of (n+1)th column are the elements of qth column and elements of
(n+1)th row are the elements qth row. The diagonal element is given by sum of Zqq and

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Zb. The elements of original Zbus matrix are not altered. The new bus impedance
matrix will be as shown in the equ.

Adding a new bus through an impedance to an existing bus

Case 3: Adding Zb from an existing bus-q to the reference bus:

Consider a n-bus system as shown below, in which an impedance Z b is added from an

existing bus-q to the reference bus. Let us consider as if the impedance Z b is
connected from a new bus-p and existing bus-q. Now it will be an addition as that of
case. The new bus impedance matrix order (n+1) can be formed as that of case-2.
Then we can short-circuit the bus-q to reference bus. This is equivalent to eliminating
(n+1)th bus (i.e. bus-p in this case) and so the bus impedance matrix has to be modified
by eliminating (n+1)th row and (n+1)th column. The reduced bus impedance matrix can
be formed by a procedure similar to that of bus elimination in bus admittance matrix as
seen in previous section. This reduced bus impedance matrix is the actual new bus
impedance matrix. Every element of actual new bus impedance matrix can be
determined using the equation.

Z j (n +1) . Z (n+ 1) k
Z jk ,act =Z jk −
Z(n +1)(n+1 )

Adding an impedance between existing bus

and reference

Case 4: Adding Zb between two existing buses h and q

Consider an n-bus system shown in fig. in which impedance Zb is added between two
existing buses h and q.

In this case the bus impedance matrix is formed as shown. Here the elements of
(n+1)th column is difference between the column-h and column-q. The elements of

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 Sri Manakula Vinayagar Engineering College,
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(n+1)th row is the difference between the elements of row-h and row-q. The diagonal
element is given by equation below.

Z(n+1)(n+1) =Z b + Z hh+ Z qq−2 Z hq

Adding Zb between two existing buses h and q

Since the modification does not involve addition of new bus, the order of new bus
impedance matrix has to be reduced to n x n by eliminating the (n+1)th column and
(n+1)th row.

This reduced bus impedance matrix is the actual new bus impedance matrix. Every
element of this actual new bus impedance matrix can be determined using the equation
which is also given below for reference.

Z j (n +1) . Z (n+ 1) k
Z jk ,act =Z jk −
Z(n +1)(n+1 )

Problem: (May 2018)*

Determine the Zbus for system whose reactance diagram is shown below. where the
impedance is given in p.u. Preserve all the three nodes.

Step 1: Consider the branch impedance j1.2 p.u. connected between bus-1 and
reference. The system has single bus and so the order of bus impedance matrix is one,
as shown.

Z bus= [ j1.2 ]

Power System Analysis: Unit-1 - Power System Components modeling

 Sri Manakula Vinayagar Engineering College,
Puducherry
Step 2: Connect bus-2 and bus-1 through an impedance j0.2 as shown. This is case-2
modification and so the order of bus impedance matrix increases by one. In the new
bus impedance matrix, the elements of 1 st column are copied as elements of 2 nd column
and the elements of 1st row are copied as elements of 2 nd row. The diagonal elements
is given by Z11 + Zb where Zb = j0.2

Z bus=
[ jj 1.2
1.2
j1.2
j 1.2+ j 0.2 ] [
=
j 1.2
j 1.2
j1.2
j 1.4 ]

Step 3: Connect the bus-3 to bus-2 through an impedance j0.15 as shown. This is
case-2 modification and so the order of the bus impedance matrix increases by one. In
the new bus impedance matrix the elements of 2 nd column are copied as elements of 3rd
column and the elements of 2nd row are copied as elements of 3rd row. The diagonal
elements is given by Z22 + Zb where, Zb=j0.15

[ ]
j 1.2 j1.2 j1.2
Z bus= j 1.2 j1.4 j1.4
j 1.2 j1.4 j 1.4+ j 0.15

[ ]
j1.2 j 1.2 j 1.2
¿ j1.2 j 1.4 j1.4
j1.2 j 1.4 j1.55
Step 4: Connect the impedance j1.5 from bus-3 to reference bus as shown. This is
case-3 modification. In case-3 modification the new bus impedance matrix is formed as
that of case-2 and then the last row and column are eliminated by node elimination
techniques.

In new bus impedance matrix the elements of 3 rd column are copied as elements of 4 th
column and the elements of 3 rd row are copied as elements of 4 th row. The diagonal

[ ]
element is given by Z33 + Zb where Zb = j1.5
j 1.2 j1.2 j1.2 j 1.2
j 1.2 j1.4 j 1.4 j 1.4
Z bus=
j 1.2 j1.4 j 1.55 j 1.55
j 1.2 j1.4 j 1.55 j1.55+ j 1.5

[ ]
j1.2 j 1.2 j 1.2 j1.2
j1.2 j 1.4 j1.4 j1.4
¿
j1.2 j 1.4 j1.55 j1.55
j1.2 j 1.4 j1.55 j3.05
The actual new bus impedance matrix is obtained by eliminating the 4 th row and 4th
column. The element Zjk of the actual new bus impedance matrix is given by,

Z j (n +1) . Z (n +1) k
Z jk ,act =Z jk − ; where n=3 ; j=1 , 2 ,3∧k =1 ,2 , 3
Z (n +1) (n +1)
Power System Analysis: Unit-1 - Power System Components modeling
 Sri Manakula Vinayagar Engineering College,
Puducherry
Z 14 . Z 41 j1.2 x j1.2
Z11 ,act =Z 11− = j 1.2− = j0.728
Z 44 j 3.05

Z 14 . Z 42 j1.2 x j1.4
Z12 , act=Z 12− = j1.2− = j 0.649
Z 44 j 3.05

Z 14 . Z 43 j1.2 x j1.55
Z13 , act=Z 13− = j 1.2− = j 0.590
Z 44 j 3.05

Z 21, act=Z 12 ,act = j 0.649

Z 24 . Z 42 j 1.4 x j1.4
Z 22, act=Z 22− = j1.4− = j 0.757
Z 44 j 3.05

Z 24 . Z 43 j1.4 x j 1.55
Z 23, act=Z 23− = j 1.4− = j 0.689
Z 44 j 3.05

Z31 , act=Z 13 ,act = j 0.590

Z32 , act=Z 23 ,act = j 0.689

Z 34 . Z 43 j 1.55 x j 1.55
Z33 , act=Z 33− = j 1.55− = j 0.762
Z 44 j3.05

[ ]
j 0.728 j 0.649 j0.590
Z bus= j 0.649 j 0.757 j0.689
j 0.590 j 0.659 j 0.762

Step 5: Connect the impedance j0.3 between bus-1 and bus-3 as shown. This is case-
4 modification. In new bus impedance matrix, the elements of 4 th column are obtained
by subtracting the elements of 3rd column from 1st column and the elements of 4th row
are obtained by subtracting the elements of 3 rd row from 1st row. The diagonal element
Z44 is given by the following equation.

Z 44=Z b+ Z 11 + Z 33−2 Z 13
where , Z b = j 0.3
∴ Z 44 = j 0.3+ j0.728+ j 0.762−2 ( j 0.59 )= j0.61

Power System Analysis: Unit-1 - Power System Components modeling

 Sri Manakula Vinayagar Engineering College,
Puducherry

[ ]
j 0.728 0.649 j 0.590 j0.728− j 0.59
j 0.649 j0.757 j 0.689 j0.649− j 0.689
Z bus=
j 0.59 j 0.689 j 0.762 j 0.59− j0.762
j 0.728− j 0.59 j0.649− j 0.689 j 0.59− j0.762 j 0.61

[ ]
j 0.728 0.649 j 0.590 j0.138
j 0.649 j 0.757 j0.689 − j0.04
Z bus=
j 0.59 j 0.689 j 0.762 j0.172
j 0.138 − j 0.04 − j 0.172 j0.61

Since this modification does not add a new bus, the 4 th row and column has to be
eliminated using node elimination technique, to determine the actual new bus
impedance matrix. The element Zjk of actual new bus impedance matrix is given by,

Z j (n +1) . Z (n +1) k
Z jk ,act =Z jk − ; where n=3 ; j=1 , 2 ,3∧k =1 ,2 , 3
Z (n +1) (n +1)

Z 14 . Z 41 j 0.138 x j0.138
Z11 ,act =Z 11− = j 0.728− = j 0.697
Z 44 j 0.61

Z 14 . Z 42 j 0.138 x (− j 0.04)
Z12 , act=Z 12− = j0.649− = j 0.658
Z 44 j0.61

Z 14 . Z 43 j 0.138 x (− j0.172 )
Z13 , act=Z 13− = j 0.59− = j 0.629
Z 44 j 0.61

Z 21, act=Z 12 ,act = j 0.658

Z 24 . Z 42 (− j 0.04 ) x (− j 0.04 )
Z 22, act=Z 22− = j 0.757− = j 0.754
Z 44 j0.61

Z 24 . Z 43 (− j0.04 ) x (− j 0. 172 )
Z 23, act=Z 23− = j 0.689− = j 0.678
Z 44 j 0.61

Z31 , act=Z 13 ,act = j 0.629

Z32 , act=Z 23 ,act = j 0.678

Z 34 . Z 43 (− j 0.172) x (− j 0.172)
Z33 , act=Z 33− = j 0.762− = j 0.714
Z 44 j 0.61

[ ]
j 0.697 j 0.658 j 0.629
Z bus= j 0.658 j 0.754 j 0.678
j 0.629 j 0.678 j 0.714

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 Sri Manakula Vinayagar Engineering College,
Puducherry
Two marks questions:

1. What is single line diagram?

A single line diagram is a diagrammatic representation of power system in which the

components are represented by their symbols and the interconnection between there
are shown by a single straight line. The ratings and impedances of the components are
also marked on the single line diagram.

2. Define per unit value. (Nov-12) (Apr-13)

The per unit value of any quantity is defined as the ratio of the value of the quantity to
the base value expressed as a decimal. The base value is an arbitrary chosen value of
quantity.

Actual value
per unit value=
base value

3. Write the equation for converting the p.u. impedance expressed in one base to
another?

(
Z p . u .new =Z p .u , old∗ )(
KV b ,old 2 MVA b ,new
KV b , new
∗
MVAb , old )
4. What are the advantages of per unit computations? ( April-12, 13 & 15)

v. Manufacturers usually specify the impedance of a device or machine in per

unit on the base of the name plate rating.
vi. The p.u. impedance of a 3-phase transformer is independent of the type of
winding connection.
vii. The p.u. values of widely different rating machines lie within a narrow range,
eventhough the ohmic values has a very large range.
viii. The p.u. impedance of circuit element connected by transformers expressed
on a proper base will be same if it is referred to either side of a transformer.

5. What is impedance and reactance diagram?

The impedance diagram is the equivalent circuit of power system in which the various
components of power system are represented by their approximate or simplified
equivalent circuits. The impedance diagram is used for load flow studies. The
reactance diagram in the simplified equivalent circuit of power system in which the
various components are represented by their reactance. The reactance diagram can be
obtained from impedance diagram if all the resistive components are neglected. The
reactance diagram is used for fault calculations.

Power System Analysis: Unit-1 - Power System Components modeling

 Sri Manakula Vinayagar Engineering College,
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6. What is bus admittance matrix? (Nov-12)

The matrix consisting of self and mutual admittances of the network of a power system
is called bus admittance matrix. It is given by the admittance matrix Y in the node basis
matrix equation of apower system and it is denoted as Y bus. The bus admittance matrix
is symmetrical.

7. What is bus impedance matrix? (Nov-13)

The matrix consisting of driving point impedances and transfer impedances of the
network of the power system is called bus impedance matrix. It is given by the inverse
of the bus admittance matrix and it is denoted by Z bus. The bus impedance matrix is
symmetrical.

8. What are the methods available for formatting bus impedance matrix?

iii. From the bus admittance matrix and then take its inverse to get bus
impedance matrix.
iv. Directly form the bus impedance matrix from the reactance diagram. This
method
utilizes the techniques of modifications of existing bus impedance matrix due
to addition of new bus.

9. What are the quantities whose base values are required to represent the power
system by reactance diagram? (APR’14)

The base values of voltage,current,power and impedance are required to represent the
power system by reactance [Link] of base values of any two of then
determines the base values the remaining two. Usually the base values of voltage and
power are chosen in kilovolt and KVA or MVA respectively. The base values of current
and impedance are calculated using the chosen bases.

10. What is the need for base values?

The components of various sections of power system may operate at different voltage
and power levels. It will be convenient for analysis of power system if the voltage,
power, current and impedance ratings of components of power system are expressed
with reference to a common value called base value. Hence for analysis purpose of a
base value is chosen for voltage, power, current and impedance. Then all the voltage,
power, current and impedance ratings of the components are expressed as percent or
per unit of base value.

11. How the induction motor is represented in reactance diagram?

For estimation of steady state fault current, the induction motor is neglected. But for
estimation of fault current immediately after the fault (i.e, to estimate sub-transient fault
currents), the induction motor can be represented by a source in series with the
reactance. The value of the source is the induced emf per phase and the value of
reactance is total reactance of induction motor per phase referred to stator.

Power System Analysis: Unit-1 - Power System Components modeling

 Sri Manakula Vinayagar Engineering College,
Puducherry
12. What are the approximations made in impedance diagram?

The following approximations are made while forming impedance diagram:

iii. The neutral reactances are neglected.

iv. The shunt branches in equivalent circuit of induction motor are neglected.

13. What are the factors that need to be omitted for an impedance diagram to
reduce it to a reactance diagram? (or) What are the approximations made in
reactance diagram?

The following approximations are made in the raectance diagram:

vi. The neutral reactances are neglected.

vii. Shunt branches in the equivalent circuits of transformers are neglected.
viii. The resistances are neglected.
ix. All static loads and induction motors are neglected.
x. The capacitance of the transmission lines are neglected.

14. Give the equations for transforming base KV on LV side to HV side of

transformer and vice-versa. (April-12)

¿ voltage rating
KV b on< section=KV b on HT section x
HT voltage rating
HT voltage rating
KV b on HT section=KV b on<section x
¿ voltage rating

15. Write the equation to find the elements of new bus admittance matrix after
eliminating nth row and column in a n*n bus admittance matrix.

The element Yjk of new bus admittance matrix is given by

Y jn. Y nk
Y jk , new =Y jk , new −
Y nn .

For j = 1, 2, 3……(n-1) ; k=1,2,3,….(n-1)

where Yjk, Yjn, Ynk and Ynn are elements of original or given bus admittance matrix of
order (n×n).

16. What is primitive impedance matrix and incidence matrix? (Apr-13)

The elements of the primitive impedance matrix are the self and mutual impedance of
individual network elements with their interconnection not considered.

An incidence matrix represents, in general, interconnection of the elements, with

respect to the nodes.

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 Sri Manakula Vinayagar Engineering College,
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17. What is primitive admittance matrix? (Apr-12, 13)

A primitive admittance matrix is a matrix which is an inverse of primitive impedance

matrix, the diagonal elements of the primitive impedance matrix being the self
impedance of the network elements and the off-diagonal elements, the mutual
impedances between the network elements.

18. What are the disadvantages of per unit system?

iii. Some equations that hold in the unscaled case are modified when scaled into
per unit factors such as √ 3 and 3 are removed or added by the mehod.
iv. Equivalent circuits of the components are modified, making them somwhat
more abstract. Sometimes these shifts that are clearly present in the unscaled
circuit vanish in the per unit circuit.

19. What are the advantages of Zbus building algorithm?

For Zbus calculations by using singular transformation or non-singular transformation

methods, involving inversions and multiplications. This is a time consuming process for
large system consists of hundreds of buses. But the Z bus building algorithm is
systematically element by element is considered for addition and build the complete
network directly from the element parameters.

20. Write the four ways of adding an impedance to an existing system so as to

modify bus impedance matrix. (Nov’12)

To modify a bus impedance matrix, a branch of impedance Z b can be added to original

system in the following four different ways.

Case 1: Adding a branch of impedance Zb from a new bus-p to the reference bus.
Case 2: Adding a branch of impedance Zb from a new bus-p to an existing bus-q.
Case 3: Adding a branch of impedance Zb from a existing bus-q to the reference bus.
Case 4: Adding a branch of impedance Zb between two existing buses n and q.

21. What are the advantages of representing all parameter in [Link]?

(April 12, 13 &15)

viii. p.u. values provide more meaningful information.

ix. p.u. impedance values for operators of like ratings lie within a narrow range.
x. p.u. interms of phase quantities or line values are the same.
xi. The impedance of machines is specified by the manufacturers interms of p.u.
values.
xii. The p.u. impedance refers to either side of the transformer is the same.
xiii. p.u. impedance are referred to either side of the 3-phase transformers is the
same regardless of the 3-phase connections whether they are delta-delta,
star-star or [Link] computational effort is very much reduced with use
of p.u. quantities.
xiv. The p.u. values being in the order of unity or less can be easily handled with a
digital computer.
Power System Analysis: Unit-1 - Power System Components modeling
 Sri Manakula Vinayagar Engineering College,
Puducherry
University Questions:

Two Marks:

1) Define per unit value. (Nov-12), (Apr-13)

2) What are the advantages of per unit computations? ( Apr-12,13,15)
3) What is bus admittance matrix? (Nov-12)
4) What is bus impedance matrix?(Nov-13)
5) What are the quantities whose base values are required to represent the power
system by reactance diagram? (Apr’14)
6) Give the equations for transforming base KV on LV side to HV side of
transformer and vice-versa.(Apr-12)
7) What is primitive impedance matrix?(Apr-13)
8) What is primitive admittance matrix? (Apr-12,13)
9) what are the advantages of representing all parameter in [Link]?
(Apr-12,13,15)
10)What is the need of selection of base values?(Apr-14)
11)Write the four ways of adding an impedance to an existing system so as to
modify bus impedance matrix. (Nov’12).
11 marks:

1) Write short notes on per unit system. Also explain the advantage of per unit system.
(Nov-13)

2) Draw the reactance diagram of following problem. (Apr’13)

Power System Analysis: Unit-1 - Power System Components modeling

 Sri Manakula Vinayagar Engineering College,
Puducherry
3) Draw the reactance diagram of following problem.(Apr’15)

4) Draw the reactance diagram of following problem. (Apr’12)

Power System Analysis: Unit-1 - Power System Components modeling

 Sri Manakula Vinayagar Engineering College,
Puducherry
5) Draw the reactance diagram of following problem. ( May-12,Nov-13)

6) Draw the reactance & impedances diagram of following problem (Apr-13)

7) Write short notes on Self admittance and driving point impedance (6 marks)

8) Briefly explain the formation of Z-bus using bus building algorithm with examples.
(11Marks) (May-14)
9) Mention the various Representations of power system components.(Nov’13, Apr’13, 15)

Power System Analysis: Unit-1 - Power System Components modeling