Name:Dalligos, Shaira Nica C.

Grade & Section:12-Hopeful

CONCEPT OF STATE and NATION

Nation
Nasci is a Latin word where the term nation came from which means “born”; giving it a racial or ethnic in
meaning. Etymologically, it refers to a birthplace; therefore, it is generally used to describe an ethnic, linguistic, or
cultural community. Thus, it may also define as group of people bound together by commonalities in language, history,
traditions, and religion.
2. Territorial Nation – an entity that covers a
predefined territory which was populated by
different ethnic group that have assimilated as a
2 nation. For example, the Philippines, we have
classification different ethnic groups but we assimilate our
of nation self as a Filipino. Also, the Asian nation, we are
considered as Asian even with different
ethnicity and descent but we are one as Asian.

STATE
A state is a community of persons more or less numerous, permanently occupying a definite portion of territory, having a
government of their own to which the great body of inhabitants render obedience, and enjoying freedom from external
control.

ELEMENTS OF A STATE
For a certain State to be honored as state by others, it should possess the following elements:
1. PEOPLE. There must be people residing who should be numerous to be governed and self-sufficient. It should also be
more or less numerous for defense and both sexes present for perpetuity.
Example: Vatican; a state within a state, they are less numerous but can govern and self-sufficient.
2. TERRITORY. An area over which territory has effective control. A fixed portion of the surface of the earth in which
people reside that is sufficient to provide the needs of the inhabitants. It is big enough to be self-sufficient but small
enough to administered and defended.
COMPONENTS:

 Aerial Domain (air space above)

 Terrestrial Domain (landmass)

 Maritime and Fluvial Domain (waters around and connecting the islands of the archipelago)

a. Territorial Sea - coastal states have sovereignty, including exclusive fishing rights (12 nautical miles)
b. Contiguous zone- coastal state can enforce its customs, immigration, and sanitation laws and exercise “hot pursuit” out
of its territorial waters (24 nautical miles).
c. Exclusive Economic Zone - state has recognized rights to explore, exploit, conserve, and manage the natural resources
(200 nautical miles).
d. Continental Shelf - countries have exclusive rights to natural resources up to 350 nm.
e. High Seas - beyond EEZ - “common heritage of humankind.”
 MODES OF ACQUIRING TERRITORY
The following are the ways or modes how a state can acquire its territory:
a. Discovery and Occupation – A state can acquire a certain territory when it discovers a certain place and occupy
it for a long period of time. The place should be terra nullius or land belonging to no one. A certain territory
cannot be acquired only by discovery, it should be possess and administered by the state that discovered it.
Example: Spartly Island: this is the basis of the Philippines why we are claiming it as our own.
b. Prescription- It is a long, continued, and adverse possession to vest acquisitive title in the claimant. The
acquisition of territory by an adverse holding through a long term of years requires two essential facts; (1)
continuous; (2) undisturbed possession
Example: Las Palmas case: even if Spain discovered and occupied this territory, the Netherlands acquires the 8
same by virtue of prescription as it exercised sovereign rights over the island for more than two hundred years
after its discovery by Spain.
c. Cession. It is the transfer of territory from one state to another by agreement. It may be a bilateral agreement
whereby one state transfer sovereignty over a definite portion of territory to another state. This may be voluntary
or by force. Example: Sabah, Malaysia ceded by British Empire.
d. Subjugation/ Conquest. Formal annexation of a territory after it has been conquered in the course of war. This
mostly happen during early times. Example: Colonies of countries; Philippines during Spanish Era
e. Accretion. Increase in the land area of a State caused by the operation of the forces of nature or, artificially,
through human labor. Example: Chinese Reclamation in West Philippine Sea; Mischief Reef or some part of
Spratly Islands.
3. GOVERNMENT. It is an agency or instrumentality, through which the will of the state is formulated, expressed and
realized. It was established by inhabitants which was organized in exercising control over, and capable of maintaining
law, and other within the territory. It is the system that put in place to govern the state. In the Philippines, the government
is governed by the constitution. The action of all the people based from the constitution.

FORMS OF GOVERNMENT
1. Distribution of Power

a. Unitary government power is held by one central authority. Example: Philippines, Denmark, Italy,
Finland Peru.

b. Confederation it is a voluntary association of independent states that often only delegate a few
powers to the central government. Weak or loose organization of states agrees to follow a powerful central
government. Examples: The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) formerly known as the Soviet Union,
Switzerland’s canton system.

c. Federal government power is divided between one central and several regional authorities. Example:
Malaysia, USA, Nigeria, Australia

2. Citizen Participation

a. Autocracy. Form of government wherein one person possesses unlimited power. The citizen has
limited, if any, role in government. The leader is from a family or from a social class or from a strong party. In
addition, Monarchy is a government in which a supreme power is lodged in the hands of a monarch who reigns
over a state or territory, usually for life and by 10 hereditary right; the monarch may be wither a sole absolute
ruler or a sovereign – such a king, queen, or prince – with constitutionally limited authority.

Form of Autocratic Government

 1. Absolute or Totalitarian Dictatorship. The ideas of a single leader glorified. Government tries to control all aspects
of social and economic life. Moreover, the government is not responsible to the people. Thus, the people lack the power to
limit their rulers. Examples: Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, Joseph Stalin.
2. Absolute Monarchy. The king, queen, or emperor exercises the supreme and unlimited powers of government wherein
the position is usually inherited. Absolute monarch rules by divine right are rare today but from the 1400s to the 1700s
they rule most of Western Europe. Example: King of Saudi Arabia. The counterpart of absolute monarchy is limited
monarchy wherein the ruler has a limited power as mandated by the constitution.
b. Oligarchy. It is the government by the few. Sometimes a small group exercises control, especially for corrupt and
selfish purposes. The group gets its power from military power, social power, wealth, religion or a combination. In here,
the citizen has a very limited role. Thus, political opposition is usually suppressed-sometimes violently. Example:
Communist countries such as China, Leaders in the party and armed forces control government.
Note: Autocracy and oligarchy sometimes claim they rule for the people but in reality, the people have very little
say in both types of government. They may hold elections which only one candidate or control the results in various ways.
Moreover, even when the government have a legislature or national assembly, they often only approve decisions made by
the leaders.
c. Democracy. It is a government based on the consent of the governed. The people are the sovereign, thus, they hold the
highest political authority. Citizens have freedom to criticize their leaders because they are the one who elected them in
the position. People have high a degree of participation in every government processes. Democracy has two forms:
Indirect democracy or representative democracy and Direct democracy
3. Legitimacy
a. De jure. It is a form of government wherein it has the peoples support and possess constitutional mandate.
Therefore, it is a legitimate government.
b. De facto. It is a form of government supported by the people but no constitutional mandate or legal support.

4. SOVREIGNTY. The supreme and uncontrollable power in a state by which that state is governed. An entity is NOT a
state UNLESS it has competence, within its own constitutional system, to conduct international relation with other states,
as well as the political, and financial capabilities to do so.
2 ASPECTS
a. Internal – the ability of a state to exercise its authority over its territory and people.
Example: the totality on how the government rules its people
b. External – the relationship of the State with other States; the freedom from external control. Example: No
other States dictates how the government should be governed or run

How State is created?

A state may be created by:

a. Revolution. It refers to a movement, often violent to overthrow an old regime and effect a complete
change in the fundamental institution of society. Example: o American Revolution o EDSA Revolution – there is a change
in the structure of government
b. Unification. The process of being united or made into a whole. Many states joined together to form as one.
Example: Germany
 c. Secession. The act of separating from a nation or state and become independent. Example: Timor-Leste with
the help of UN, Indonesia ceded its claim. This is what Taiwan wants from China, also those prodemocracy in Hong
Kong.
d. Assertion of Independence. The act of stating something or exercising authority confidently and forcefully.
Example: former Yugoslavia, Kosovo
e. Agreement – It is negotiated and typically legally binding arrangement between parties as to course of action.
Example: Netherlands
f. Attainment of Civilization – process by which society is or place reach an advance stage of social civilization.
Example: Mesopotamia by is now Iran and Iraq.

Concept of Globalization
Globalization also known as global industrialism is a process of forging international political, economic,
religious, and socio-cultural interconnections. The concept of sovereign nation-states is increasingly being challenged by
globalization. Globalization is a process that is slowly changing things into one complex scheme that transcends cultural,
political, and social boundaries – a system devoid of spatial restraints that ultimately challenges the every existence of
nation-state.

Name:Dalligos, Shaira Nica C. Grade & Section:12-Hopeful

Activity 1: Directions: Read Carefully the statement. Write your answer in the space provided.
DESCRIPTION ANSWER
1. A group of people bound together by commonalities in language, history, Nation
traditions, and religion
2. Agency or instrumentality, through which the will of the state is Government
formulated, expressed and realized
3. A group of people, living together in a fixed territory, organized for State
political ends under independent government, and capable of entering into
international relations
4. The act of governing or administering the government; it is the aggregate Governance
act of persons working to run the government
5. Refers to both jurisdiction (the ability of a state to exercise its authority Sovereignty
over its territory and people) and independence (the freedom from external
control)

Activity 2: Directions: Read the statements carefully and write your answers on the space provided.
1. In your own understanding give the meaning of globalization. (2-3 sentences)

Globalization is the process where countries become more connected and work together closely. This happens
through the exchange of products, ideas, and cultures across borders. As a result, businesses, technology, and people from
different parts of the world interact more, leading to a world that feels smaller and more interconnected. It also means that
events in one part of the world can quickly affect other places, making cooperation and understanding between nations more
important.

2. If you were to choose and adapt a foreign cultural trait brought about by globalization into our country,

what would that be? why?

 If I were to choose a foreign cultural trait to adapt into our country, it would be environmental sustainability .
Environmental sustainability means using natural resources responsibly to meet today's needs without harming the
environment or depleting resources for future generations. It focuses on protecting ecosystems, reducing pollution,
conserving energy and water, and minimizing waste (United Nations, 1987). As we seen in other countries, adopting this
practices like recycling, renewable energy usage, and eco-friendly urban planning would help us protect our natural resources
and improve the quality of life for future generations.