SUMMER INTERNSHIP REPORT ON GUJARAT

ENGERGY TRANSMISSION CORPORATION

LIMITED
132KV PATAN SUBSTATION
Under the guidance by GETCO:
Mr. [Link] (Deputy Engineer)
Mr. [Link] (Junior Engineer)

Prepared By
In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements
For the Award of Degree

Bachelor of Engineering
In

Electrical Engineering (EE)

Under the course of summer internship (3170001)
Semester VII

Submitted By
MANTHAN C. SATHAVARA
(190183109045)
Submitted To:
Department of Electrical Engineering
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, DAHOD.

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 CERTIFICATE

Certified that the above statement made by the student is correct to the best of our knowledge
and belief.
Signature
Examined by:
1. Head of Department
2. (Prof. [Link])

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Summer Internship has an important role in exposing the real life situation in
a company. It was great experience for me to work on the training at
GUJARAT TRANSMISSION CORPORATION LIMITED (GETCO) through
which I could learn how to work in a professional environment.
Now, I would like to thank the people who guided me and have been a
constant source of inspiration throughout the tenure of my summer
internship.
I am sincerely grateful To Mr. [Link] (Deputy Engineer) at 132KV
PATAN SUBSTATION who rendered me his valuable assistance, constant
encouragement and able guidance, which made this internship actually
possible.
I wish my deep sense of gratitude to Mr. [Link] (Dy. Engineer) &
Mr. [Link] (Jr. Engineer) whose affection guidance has enabled me to
complete this internship successfully.

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 GUJARAT ENERGY TRANSMISSION CORPORATION LIMITED

The Gujarat Energy Transmission Corporation Limited (GETCO) is an electrical

power transmission company in the state of Gujarat, India. It was set up in May 1999
and is registered under the Companies Act of 1956. The company was promoted by
the erstwhile Gujarat Electricity Board (GEB)[1] as its wholly owned-subsidiary in
the context of liberalization and as a part of efforts towards restructuring of the
power sector. The company is now a subsidiary of Gujarat Urja Vikas Nigam, the
successor company to the GEB.

System Strength (as on 31 March 2020)

System Voltage (in KV) No. Of Substations Transmission Lines (in KM)

400 16 6,096

220 105 20,478

132 57 5,566

66/33 1846 33,468

All 2024 65,608

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 ABSTRACT

The report gives an overview of 132KV Power Transmission substation. It includes

electricity transmission and distribution processes at 132KV Patan Substation. Its
substation, an assembly of apparatus which is installed to control transmission and
distribution of electric power, it is outdoor substation. Different equipment used in
substations, Bus-bar, surge arrestor, Isolator, Earth switches, Current Transformers
etc. Transformer, which is being used here, is core type transformer for stepping
down purposes. Different Instruments transformers, voltage, Current and CV
transformers are also being used.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CH. NO. TOPIC NAME PAGE
1. INTRODUCTION 7
2. ABOUT SUBSTATION:- 8-9
 Definition
 Sub-Station
 Types of Substation
 132/66KV sub-station
 About the substation

3. SELECTION OF SITE 10
4. EQUIPMENT IN A 132KV SUB-STATION:- 11-15
 Bus bar
 Insulators
 Isolating Switches
 Circuit breaker
 Protective relay
 Instrument Transformer
 Current Transformer
 Voltage Transformer
 Capacitor Voltage Transformer
 Metering and Indicating Instrument
 Miscellaneous equipment
 Transformer:-
 Breather
 Lightening arrestors
 Line isolator
 Wave trap

5. SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM 16-18

6. TRANSFORMER 19-23
7. INSULATOR 24-28
8. CIRCUIT BREAKER & ISOLATOR 29-34
9. CONTROL AND RELAY ROOM 35-38
10. WAVE TRAP 39
11. CONCLUSION 40

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 CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION

The present day electrical power system is A.C. i.e. electric power is generated, transmitted
and distributed in the form of Alternating current. The electric power is produce at the
power station, which are located at favourable places, generally quite away from the
consumers. It is delivered to the consumer through a large network of transmission and
distribution. At many place in the line of power system, it may be desirable and necessary to
change some characteristic (e.g. Voltage, ac to dc, frequency, power factor etc.) of electric
supply. This is accomplished by suitable apparatus called sub-station for example, generation
voltage (11KV or 6.6KV) at the power station is stepped up to high voltage (Say 220KV to
132KV) for transmission of electric power. Similarly, near the consumer’s localities, the
voltage may have to be stepped down to utilization level. This job is again accomplished by
suitable apparatus called sub-station.

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 CHAPTER-2
ABOUT THE SUBSTATION

1. Definition of sub-station: “The assembly of apparatus used to change some

characteristics (e.g. Voltage AC to DC, frequency, Power factor etc.) of electric supply is
called sub-station”

2. Sub-Station: A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and

distribution system. Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or
perform any of several other important functions. Between the generating station and
consumer, electric power may flow through several substations at different voltage levels.
Substations may be owned and operated by an electrical utility, or may be owned by a large
industrial or commercial customer. Generally substations are unattended, relying on SCADA
for remote supervision and control. A substation may include transformers to change voltage
levels between high transmission voltages and lower distribution voltages, or at the
interconnection of two different transmission voltages. The word substation comes from the
days before the distribution system became a grid. As central generation stations became
larger, smaller generating plants were converted to distribution stations, receiving their
energy supply from a larger plant instead of using their own generators. The first substations
were connected to only one power station, where the generators were housed, and were
subsidiaries of that power station.

3. Types of Substation: Substations may be described by their voltage class, their

applications within the power system, the method used to insulate most connections, and by
the style and materials of the structures used. These categories are not disjointed; to solve a
particular problem, a transmission substation may include significant distribution functions,
for example.

Transmission substation

 Distribution substation

 Transmission substation: A transmission substation connects two or more

transmission lines. The simplest case is where all transmission lines have the same
voltage. In such cases, substation contains high-voltage switches that allow lines to be
connected or isolated for fault clearance or maintenance. A transmission station may
have transformers to convert between two transmission voltages, voltage
control/power factor correction devices such as capacitors, reactors or static VAR
compensators and equipment such as phase shifting transformers to control power
flow between two adjacent power systems. Transmission substations can range from
simple to complex. A small "switching station" may be little more than a bus plus
some circuit breakers. The largest transmission substations can cover a large area
(several acres/hectares) with multiple voltage levels, many circuit breakers and a
large amount of protection and control equipment (voltage and current transformers,
relays and SCADA systems). Modern substations may be implemented using
international standards such as IEC Standard 61850.

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  Distribution substation: A distribution substation transfers power from the
transmission system to the distribution system of an area. It is uneconomical to
directly connect electricity consumers to the main transmission network, unless they
use large amounts of power, so the distribution station reduces voltage to a level
suitable for local distribution. The input for a distribution substation is typically at
least two transmission or sub transmission lines. Input voltage may be, for example,
115 kV, or whatever is common in the area. The output is a number of feeders.
Distribution voltages are typically medium voltage, between 2.4 kV and 33 kV
depending on the size of the area served and the practices of the local utility. The
feeders run along streets overhead (or underground, in some cases) and power the
distribution transformers at or near the customer premises. In addition to
transforming voltage, distribution substations also isolate faults in either the
transmission or distribution systems. Distribution substations are typically the
points of voltage regulation, although on long distribution circuits (of several
miles/kilometres), voltage regulation equipment may also be installed along the
line. The downtown areas of large cities feature complicated distribution substations,
with high- voltage switching, and switching and backup systems on the low-voltage
side. More typical distribution substations have a switch, one transformer, and
minimal facilities on the low-voltage side.

4. 132KV Sub-station: 132KV Sub-Station forms an important link between Transmission

network and Distribution network. It has a vital influence of reliability of service. Apart from
ensuring efficient transmission and Distribution of power, the sub-station configuration
should be such that it enables easy maintenance of equipment and minimum interruptions in
power supply. Sub-Station is constructed near as possible to the load centre. The voltage level
of power transmission is decided on the quantum of power to be transmitted to the load
centre.

5. About the substation: 132KV Patan sub-station is located near railway overbridge patan
chanasma highway patan. The most important of any substation is the grounding (Farthing
System) of the instruments, transformers etc. used in the substation for the safety of the
operation personnel as well as for proper system operation and performance of the protective
devices. An earths system comprising of an earthing mat buried at a suitable depth below
ground and supplemented with ground rod sat suitable points is provided in the substations.
These ground the extra high voltage to the ground as it is dangerous to us to go near the
instrument without proper earth. If the instruments are not ground properly they may give a
huge shock to anyone who would stay near it and also it is dangerous for the costly instrument
as they may get damaged by this high voltage.
 S/S CAPACITY:-
(A) 132/66KV 190MVA
(B) 66/11KV 70MVA
 DATE OF COMMISSIONING :- 8-11-1985

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 CHAPTER-3
SELECTION OF SITE

Main points to be considered while selecting the site for Grid Sub-Station are as
follows:
i) The site chosen should be as near to the load center as possible.
ii) It should be easily approachable by road or rail for transportation of equipment’s.
iii) Land should be fairly levelled to minimize development cost.
iv) Source of water should be as near to the site as possible. This is because water is
required for various construction activities (especially civil works), earthing and for
drinking purposes etc.
v) The sub-station site should be as near to the town / city but should be clear of public
places, aerodromes, and Military / police installations.
vi) The land should be have sufficient ground area to accommodate substation
equipment’s, buildings, staff quarters, space for storage of material, such as store yards
and store sheds etc. with roads and space for future expansion.
vii) Set back distances from various roads such as National Highways, State Highways
should be observed as per the regulations in force.
viii) While selecting the land for the Substation preference to be given to the Govt. land
over private land.
ix) The land should not have water logging problem.
x) Far away from obstructions, to permit easy and safe approach/termination of high
voltage overhead transmission lines.

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 CHAPTER-4
EQUIPMENT IN A 132KV SUB-STATION
The equipment required for a transmission Sub-Station depends upon the type of Sub-Station,
Service requirement and the degree of protection desired.

132KV EHV Sub-Station has the following major equipment:

 Bus-bar
 Insulators
 Isolating Switches
 Circuit breaker
 Protective relay
 Instrument Transformer
 Current Transformer
 Voltage Transformer
 Metering and Indicating Instrument
 Miscellaneous equipment
 Transformer
 Breather
 Lightening arrestors
 Line isolator
 Wave trap
 Capacitor bank
 Shunt Reactor

 Bus-bar: When a no. of lines operating at the same voltage have to be directly
connected electrically, bus- bar are used, it is made up of copper or aluminium bars
(generally of rectangular X-Section) and operate at constant voltage. The bus is a line
in which the incoming feeders come into and get into the instruments for further step
up or step down. The first bus is used for putting the incoming feeders in LA single line.
There may be double line in the bus so that if any fault occurs in the one, the other can
still have the current and the supply will not stop. The two lines in the bus are
separated by a little distance by a Conductor having a connector between them. This is
so that one can work at a time and the other works only if the first is having any fault.

 Insulators: The insulator serves two purpose, they support the conductor (or bus
bar) and confine the current to the conductor. The most commonly used material for
the manufactures of insulators is porcelain. There are several type of insulator (i.e. pin
type, suspension type etc.) and there used in Sub-Station will depend upon the service
requirement.

 Isolating Switches: In Sub-Station, it is often desired to disconnect a part of the

system for general maintenance and repairs. This is accomplished by an isolating
switch or isolator. An isolator is essentially a knife Switch and is design to often open a
circuit under no load, in other words, isolator Switches are operate only when the line

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 is which they are connected carry no load. For example, consider that the isolator are
connected on both side of a circuit breaker, if the isolators are to be opened, the C.B.
must be opened first.

 Circuit breaker: A circuit breaker is an equipment, which can open or close a circuit
under normal as well as fault condition. These circuit breaker breaks for a fault, which
can damage other instrument in the substation. It is so designed that it can be operated
manually (or by remote control) under normal conditions and automatically under
fault condition. There are mainly two types of circuit breakers used for any
substations. They are

(a) SF6 circuit breakers

(b) Vacuum circuit breakers
(c) Air Break
(d) Air Blast
(e) Bulk Oil
(f) Minimum Oil

For the latter operation a relay which is used with a C.B. generally bulk oil C.B. are used
for voltage up to 66 KV while for high voltage low oil & SF6 C.B. are used. For still
higher voltage, air blast vacuum or SF6 circuit breaker are used. The use of SF6 circuit
breaker is mainly in the substations, which are having high input KV input, say above
220KV and more. The gas is put inside the circuit breaker by force i.e. under high
pressure. When if the gas gets decreases there is a motor connected to the circuit
breaker. The motor starts operating if the gas went lower than 20.8 bar. There is a
meter connected to the breaker so that it can be manually seen if the gas goes low. The
circuit breaker uses the SF6 gas to reduce the torque produce in it due to any fault in
the line. The circuit breaker has a direct link with the instruments in the station, when
any fault occur alarm bell rings.

 Protective relay: A protective relay is a device that detects the fault and initiates the
operation of the C.B. to isolate the defective element from the rest of the system”. The
relay detects the abnormal condition in the electrical circuit by constantly measuring
the electrical quantities, which are different under normal and fault condition. The
electrical quantities which may change under fault condition are voltage, current,
frequency and phase angle. Having detect the fault, the relay operate to close the trip
circuit of CB.

 Instrument Transformer: The line in Sub-station operate at high voltage and carry
current of thousands of amperes. The measuring instrument and protective devices are
designed for low voltage (generally 110V) and current (about 5A). Therefore, they will
not work satisfactory if mounted directly on the power lines. This difficulty is overcome
by installing Instrument transformer, on the power lines. There are two types of
instrument transformer.

1. Current Transformer:
A current transformer is essentially a step-down transformer which steps-down the
current in a known ratio, the primary of this transformer consist of one or more turn of
thick wire connected in series with the line, the secondary consist of thick wire

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 connected in series with line having large number of turn of fine wire and provides for
measuring instrument, and relay a current which is a constant faction of the current in
the line. Current transformers are basically used to take the readings of the currents
entering the substation.
This transformer steps down the current from 800 amps to 1amp. This is done because
we have no instrument for measuring of such a large current.
The main use of his transformer is:
(a) Distance protection
(b) Backup protection
(c) Measurement
According to design 66KV and above class CT can be divided into two category.
1. Dead Tank Without Bellow
2. Live Tank Without Bellow
3. Dead Tank With Bellow
4. Live Tank With Bellow

2. Potential Transformer:
It is essentially a step – down transformer and step down the voltage in known ratio. The
primary of these transformer consist of a large number of turn of fine wire connected
across the line. The secondary way consist of a few turns, provides for measuring
instruments, and relay a voltage, which is known fraction of the line voltage.

Types of constructions:-
(1) Electromagnetic Type
(2) Capacitor Potential Transformer
Types of design:-
(1) Live Tank Type :- not preferred presently
(2) Dead Tank Type :- Now Available With Steel Bellow

3. C V T:
A capacitor voltage transformer (CVT ) is a transformer used in power systems to step-
down extra high voltage signals and provide low voltage signals either for measurement
or to operate a protective relay. In its most basic form the device consists of three parts:
two capacitors across which the voltage signal is split, an inductive element used to tune
the device to the supply frequency and a transformer used to isolate and further step-
down the voltage for the instrumentation or protective relay. The device has at least four
terminals, a high-voltage terminal for connection to the high voltage signal, a ground
terminal and at least one set of secondary terminals for connection to the
instrumentation or protective relay. CVTs are typically single-phase devices used for
measuring voltages in excess of one hundred kilovolts where the use of voltage
transformers would be uneconomical. In practice the first capacitor, C1, is often replaced
by a stack of capacitors connected in series. This results in a large voltage drop across the
stack of capacitors that replaced the first capacitor and a comparatively small voltage
drop across the second capacitor, C2, and hence the secondary terminals.

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  Metering and Indicating Instrument: There are several metering and indicating
Instrument (e.g. Ammeters, Volt-meters, energy meter etc.) installed in a Substation to
maintain which over the circuit quantities. The instrument transformers are invariably
used with them for satisfactory operation.

 Miscellaneous equipment: In addition to above, there may be following equipment

in a Substation :
i) Fuses
ii) Carrier-current equipment
iii) Sub-Station auxiliary supplies

 Transformer:
There are three Transformers are used to step down the 132KV to [Link] EHV
transformer are 100MVA, 40 MVA and 50MVA capacity.
Transformer is static equipment that converts electrical energy from one voltage to
another.
Basic principles: The main principle of operation of a transformer is mutual inductance
between two circuits which is linked by a common magnetic flux. A basic transformer
consists of two coils that are electrically separate and inductive, but are magnetically
linked through a path of reluctance.

 Breather:
A breather is an accessory of liquid-immersed power transformers attached to
the conservator tank. They serve as the breathing point of the transformer. The
breather contains silica gel crystals which have a tremendous capacity of
absorbing moisture.

FIG. BREATHER

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  Lightening Arrester: To discharge the switching and lightening voltage surges to
earth.

 Wave trap: Wave trap is an instrument using for tripping of the wave. The function of
this trap is that it traps the unwanted waves. Its function is of trapping wave. Its shape is
like a drum. It is connected to the main incoming feeder so that it can trap the waves
which may be dangerous to the instruments here in the substation

 Capacitor bank: Capacitor bank are used to improve the quality of electrical
supply and thus improve the efficiency of the power systems. Capacitor bank
also used for power factor improvement purpose in substation. A capacitor bank
is merely a grouping of several capacitors of same rating. Capacitor banks may be
connected in series or parallel, depending upon the desired rating. There are 1
number of 66KV install capacity 14.04MVAr rating capacitor bank are use. There
are 2 numbers of 11KV install capacity 5.4MVAr rating capacitor bank are use.

FIG. CAPACITOR BANK

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 CHAPTER-5 SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM (SLD)

FIG. SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF 132KV PATAN SUBSTATION

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  A Single Line Diagram (SLD) of an Electrical System is the Line Diagram of the concerned
Electrical System which includes all the required ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT connection
sequence wise from the point of entrance of Power up to the end of the scope of the
mentioned Work. As these feeders enter the station they are to pass through various
instruments. The instruments have their usual functioning.
They are as follows in the single line diagram:

 Lightening arrestors
 CVT
 Wave trap
 Isolators with earth switch
 Circuit breaker
 BUS
 Potential transformer with a bus isolator
 Isolator
 Current transformer
 A capacitor bank attached to the bus
 A Shunt Reactor attached to the bus

 S/S CAPACITY:-
(A) 132/66KV 190MVA
(B) 66/11KV 70MVA
 DATE OF COMMISSIONING :- 8-11-1985
There are two incoming lines from Mehsana to Patan which are 132KV lines.

 Installed Capacity of Transformer in 132KV S/S Patan:-

 132/66KV 100MVA TR-1

 132/66KV 40MVA TR-2
 132/66KV 50MVA TR-3
 66/11KV 20MVA TR-1
 66/11KV 15MVA TR-2
 66/11KV 20MVA TR-3
 66/11KV 15MVA TR-4

 Existing 132KV - 66KV Lines:-

 132KV Mehsana - Patan Line-1

 132KV Mehsana - Patan Line-2
 66KV Patan- Kansa Line
 66KV Patan- Adiya Line
 66KV Patan Kamlivada Line
 66KV Patan- Tundav Line
 66KV Patan Sankhari- Anavada Line
 66KV Patan Sankhari- Rajpur Line

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  Existing Capacitor Bank In 132KV S/S Patan:-

 66KV Capacitor Bank-1 Installed Capacity 14.04MVAR

 11KV Capacitor Bank-1 Installed Capacity 5.4MVAR
 11KV Capacitor Bank-2 Installed Capacity 5.4MVAR

 Power Supply Feeding to Entire Patan City and Near by Village's Area through 19
Number of JGY (Jyoti Gram Yojna), Urban, and Agriculture Feeders.
1. 11KV Bagvada
2. 11KV Railway
3. 11KV Hansapur (Agriculture)
4. 11KV Polytechnic
5. 11KV Station
6. 11KV Court
7. 11KV Uma
8. 11KV Runi (Agriculture)
9. 11KV Suaij
10. 11KV Gugadipati
11. 11KV Padamath
12. 11KV Matarvadi (Agriculture)
13. 11KV Harihar
14. 11KV Dairy
15. 11KV Express
16. 11KV Kalika
17. 11KV Patan City
18. 11KV Punam
19. 11KV BSNL
 Existing Bus System:-

1. 132KV Main Bus-1 Moose(ACSR) Single Conductor

2. 66KV Main Bus-2 Moose(ACSR) Double Conductor

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 CHAPTER-6
TRANSFORMER

Transformer is a static machine, which transform the potential of alternating current at same
frequency. It means the transformer transforms the low voltage into high voltage and high
voltage into low voltage at same frequency. It works on the principle of static induction
principle. When the energy transformed into higher voltage, the transformer is called step up
transformer but in case of other is known as step down transformer. Fig: 132/66 KV 40MVA,
50MVA, 100 MVA Transformer at Patan sub-station

 TYPES OF TRANSFORMER:
1. Core Type
2. Shell Type

 Transformer can also divide into two categories looking to function of

Transformer
1. Step Up Transformer
2. Step Down Transformer
 Transformer can also divide in to two parts as per construction of Transformer
Winding.
1. Two Winding Transformer
2. Auto (One Winding) Transformer
 POWER TRANSFORMER:

1. Single phase transformer

2. Three phase transformer

FIG. 132/66KV 100MVA POWER TRANSFORMER

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  INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER:
 Current transformer

FIG. CURRENT TRANSFORMER

 Potential transformer

FIG. POTENSTIAL TRANSFORMER

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  AUTO TRANSFORMER:

FIG. AUTO TRANSFORMER

 On the basis of structure:
1. Core Type
2. Shell Type

[Link] TYPE AND SHELL TYPE TRANSFORMER

 Cooling Methods of A Transformer:

No transformer is truly an 'ideal transformer' and hence each will incur some losses, most of
which get converted into heat. If this heat is not dissipated properly, the excess temperature in
transformer may cause serious problems like insulation failure. It is obvious that transformer
needs a cooling system. Transformers can be divided in two types as (i) dry type transformers
and (ii) oil immersed transformers. Different cooling methods of transformers are -
For dry type transformers

 Air Natural (AN)

 Air Blast
For oil immersed transformers

 Oil Natural Air Natural (ONAN)

 Oil Natural Air Forced (ONAF)
 Oil Forced Air Forced (OFAF)
 Oil Forced Water Forced (OFWF)

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 FIG. 132/66KV 100MVA TRANSFORMER AT 132KV PATAN SUBSTATION

 In 132KV PATAN Substation 132/66KV Three transformer used. There are core type
transformer.

 In 132/66KV 100MVA TRANSFORMER NO.3 NIFPS system use for safety purpose of
Transformer. Nitrogen Injection Fire Prevention System (NIFPS) is the traditional
method of quenching the fire hazards. Occurring at transformer installation.

FIG. NIFPS SYSTEM IN 132/66KV 100MVA TRANSFOREMER

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  In 132/66KV 100MVA TRANSFORMER NO.1 ONLINE DGA system used for safety,
purpose of Transformer. Online DGA (Dissolved Gas Analysis) for transformers is a
reasonable safety tool. Analysis of the gases solved in transformer oil has become a
common instrument for early detection and diagnosis of transformer malfunctions.

FIG. ONLINE DGA SYSTEM IN 132/66KV 100MVA TRANSFORMER

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 CHAPTER-7
INSULATORS

An electrical insulator is a material whose internal electric charges do not flow freely, and
therefore make it nearly impossible to conduct an electric current under the influence of an
electric field. This contrasts with other materials, semiconductors and conductors, which
conduct electric current more easily. The property that distinguishes an insulator is its
resistivity; insulators have higher resistivity than semiconductors or conductors.
A perfect insulator does not exist, because even insulators contain small numbers of mobile
charges (charge carriers) which can carry current. In addition, all insulators become electrically
conductive when a sufficiently large voltage is applied that the electric field tears electrons
away from the atoms. This is known as the breakdown voltage of an insulator. Some materials
such as glass, paper and Teflon, which have high resistivity, are very good electrical insulators. A
much larger class of materials, even though they may have lower bulk resistivity, are still good
enough to prevent significant current from flowing at normally used voltages, and thus are
employed as insulation for electrical wiring and cables. Examples include rubber-like polymers
and most plastics.
Insulators are used in electrical equipment to support and separate electrical conductors
without allowing current through themselves. An insulating material used in bulk to wrap
electrical cables or other equipment is called insulation. The term insulator is also used more
specifically to refer to insulating supports used to attach electric power distribution or
transmission lines to utility poles and transmission towers. They support the weight of the
suspended wires without allowing the current to flow through the tower to ground.

FIG. INSULATOR

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  INSULATING MATERIAL:
The main cause of failure of overhead line insulator, is the flash over, occurs in between line and
earth during abnormal over voltage in the system. During the flash over, the huge heat produced
by arching, causes puncher in insulator body.

 PROPERTIESOF INSULATING MATERIAL:

For successful utilization, this material should have some specific properties as listed below:

 It must be mechanically strong enough to carry tension and weight of conductors.

 It must have very high dielectric strength to withstand the voltage stresses in High
Voltage system.
 It must possessed high Insulation Resistance to prevent leakage current to the earth.
 The insulating material must be free from unwanted impurities.
 It should not be porous.
 There must not be any entrance on the surface of electrical insulator so that the
moisture or gases can enter in it.
 There physical as well as electrical properties must be less affected by changing
temperature.

 TYPES OF INSULATING MATERIALS:

Two types of insulating material are mainly used:

1. Porcelain insulator
2. Glass insulator

1. Porcelain insulator: Porcelain in most commonly used material for overhead insulator
in present days. The porcelain is aluminium silicate. The aluminium silicate is mixed with
plastic kaolin, feldspar and quartz to obtain final hard and glazed porcelain insulator
material. The surface of the insulator should be glazed enough so that water should not be
traced on it.

FIG. PORCELAIN ISULATOR

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 2. Glass insulator: Now day’s glass insulator has become popular in transmission and
distribution system. Annealed tough glass is used for insulating purpose.

FIG. GLASS INSULATOR

 TYPES OF INSULATORS:
There are five types of insulators:
1. Pin type insulator
2. Suspension type insulator
3. Strain type insulator
4. Shackle type insulator
5. Stay type insulator

1. Pin type insulator: Pin Insulator is earliest developed overhead insulator, but still
popularly used in power network up to 33 KV system. Pin type insulator can be one part, two
parts or three parts type, depending upon application voltage. In 11 KV system we generally use
one part type insulator where whole pin insulator is one piece of properly shaped porcelain or
glass. As the leakage path of insulator is through its surface, it is desirable to increase the
vertical length of the insulator surface area for lengthening leakage path.

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 FIG. PIN TYPE INSULATOR

2. Suspension type insulator: In higher voltage, beyond 33KV, it becomes

uneconomical to use pin insulator because size, weight of the insulator become more.
Handling and replacing bigger size single unit insulator are quite difficult task. For
overcoming these difficulties, suspension insulator was developed. In suspension
insulator numbers of insulators are connected in series to form a string and the line
conductor is carried by the bottom most insulator. Each insulator of a suspension string
is called disc insulator because of their disc like shape.

FIG. SUSPENSION TYPE INSULATOR

3. Strain type insulator: When suspension string is used to sustain extraordinary

tensile load of conductor it is referred as string insulator. When there is a dead end or
there is a sharp corner in transmission line, the line has to sustain a great tensile load of
conductor or strain. A strain insulator must have considerable mechanical strength as
well as the necessary electrical insulating properties.

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4. Shackle type insulator: The shackle insulator or spool insulator is usually used in low
voltage distribution network. It can be used both in horizontal and vertical position. The use of
such insulator has decreased recently after increasing the using of underground cable for
distribution purpose. The tapered hole of the spool insulator distributes the load more evenly
and minimizes the possibility of breakage when heavily loaded. The conductor in the groove of
shackle insulator is fixed with the help of soft binding wire.

FIG. SHACKLE TYPE INSULATOR

5. Stay type insulator: For low voltage lines, the stays are to be insulated from ground at a
height. The insulator used in the stay wire is called as the stay insulator, is usually of
porcelain, and is so designed that in case of breakage of the insulator the guy-wire will not
fall to the ground. Fig: stay type insulator.

FIG. STAY TYPE INSULATOR

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 CHAPTER-8
CIRCUIT BREAKER & ISOLATOR CIRCUIT BREAKER

A circuit breaker is the equipment, which can open or close a circuit under normal as well as
fault condition. These circuit breaker breaks for a fault, which can damage other instrument in
the station.
It is so designed that it can be operated manually (or by remote control) under normal
conditions and automatically under fault condition.
A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical
circuit from damage caused by over current or overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to
interrupt current flow after protective relays detect a fault. Fig: SF6 circuit breaker

FIG. 66KV SF6 TYPE CIRCUIT BREAKER

 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF CIRCUIT BREAKER:

The Circuit Breaker mainly consist of fixed contacts and moving contacts. In normal “no”
condition of circuit breaker, these two contacts are physically connected to each other due to
applied mechanical pressure on the moving contacts.
There is an arrangement stored potential energy in the operating mechanism of circuit breaker
which is realized if switching signal is given to the breaker. The potential energy can be stored
in the circuit breaker by different ways like by deforming metal spring, by compressed air or by
hydraulic pressure.

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  TYPES OF CIRCUIT BREAKER:
 According to different criteria, there are different type of circuit breaker:
 According to their arc quenching media the circuit breaker can be divided as:
 Oil circuit breaker
 Air blast circuit breaker
 SF6 circuit breaker
 Vacuum circuit breaker

 OIL CIRCUIT BREAKER:

A high-voltage circuit breaker in which the arc is drawn in oil to dissipate the heat and
extinguish the arc; the intense heat of arc decomposes the oil, generating a gas whose
high pressure produced a flow of fresh fluid through the arc that furnishes the necessary
insulation to prevent a re-strike of the arc.
The arc is then extinguished, both because of its elongation upon parting of contacts and
because of intensive cooling by the gases of oil vacuum.

FIG. OIL CIRCUIT BREAKER

 AIR BLAST CIRCUIT BREAKER:

Fast operations, suitability for repeated operation, auto re-closure, unit type multi break
constructions, simple assembly and modest maintenance are some of the main features
of air blast circuit breakers. The compressors plant necessary to maintain high air
pressure in the air receiver. The air blast circuit breakers are especially suitable for
railway and arc furnaces, where the breaker operates repeatedly. Air blast circuit
breaker is used for interconnected lines where rapid operation is desired.
High-pressure air at a pressure between 20 to 30 Kg/cm2 stored in the air reservoir. Air
is taken from the compressed air system. Three hollow insulator columns are mounted
on the reservoir with valves at their basis. The double arc extinguished chambers are

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 mounted on the top of the hollow insulator chambers. The current carrying parts
connect the three arc extinction chamber to each other in series and the pole to the
neighbouring equipment. Since there exist a very high voltage between the conductor
and the air reservoir, the entire arc extinction chambers assembly is mounted on
insulators.

FIG. AIR BLAST CIRCUIT BREAKER

 SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER:

In such circuit breaker, sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) gas is used as the arc quenching
medium. The SF6 is an electronegative gas and has a strong tendency to absorb free
electrons.
The SF6 circuit breakers have been found to a very effective for high power and high
voltage service. SF6 circuit breakers have been developed for voltage 115 KV to 230 KV,
power rating 10MVA.
It consists of fixed and moving contacts. It has chamber, contains SF6 gas. When the
contacts are opened, the mechanism permits a high pressure SF6 gas from reservoir to
flow towards the arc interruption chamber. The moving contact permits the SF6 gas to
let through these holes.
A typical SF6 circuit breaker consists of interrupter units. Each unit is capable of
interrupting currents up to 60 KA and voltage in the range 50-80 KV. A number of units
are connected in series according to system voltage. SF6 breakers are developed for
voltages range from 115 to 500 KV and power of 10MVA rating and with interrupting
time of 3 cycles and less.

The use of SF6 circuit breaker is mainly in the substations which are having high input
kv input, say above 220kv and more. The gas is put inside the circuit breaker by force i.e.
under high pressure. When if the gas gets decreases there is a motor connected to the
circuit breaker. The motor starts operating if the gas went lower than 20.8 bar. There is
a meter connected to the breaker so that it can be manually seen if the gas goes low. The
circuit breaker uses the SF6 gas to reduce the torque produce in it due to any fault in the
line. The circuit breaker has a direct link with the instruments in the station, when any
fault occur alarm bell rings. The spring type of circuit breakers is used for small kv

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 stations. The spring here reduces the torque produced so that the breaker can function
again. The spring type is used for step down side of 132kv to 33kv also in 33kv to 11kv
and so on. They are only used in low distribution side.

At 132KV Patan Substation 132KV & 66KV side SF6 type circuit breaker are used

FIG. SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER

 VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKER:

Vacuum circuit breakers are the breakers which are used to protect medium and high
voltage circuit from dangerous electrical situations. Like other types of circuit breakers,
vacuum circuit breakers are literally break the circuit so that energy cannot continue
flowing through it, thereby preventing fires, power surge and other problems which
may emerge. These devices have been utilized since the 1920s and several companies
have introduced refinements to make them even safer and more effective.

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 ISOLATORS:

Isolator is used to ensure that an electrical circuit is completely de-energized for service or
maintenance.
In Sub-Station, it is often desired to disconnect a part of the system for general maintenance and
repairs. This is accomplished by an isolating switch or isolator.
An isolator is essentially a knife Switch and is design to often open a circuit under no load, in
other words, isolator Switches are operate only when the line is which they are connected
carry no load. For example, consider that the isolator are connected on both side of a circuit
breaker, if the isolators are to be opened, the C.B. must be opened first.
“An Isolator or a disconnector is a mechanical switch device, which provides in the open
position, an isolating distance in accordance with special requirements. An isolator is capable of
opening and closing a circuit when either negligible current is broken/made or when no
significant change in the voltage across the terminals of each of the poles of isolator occurs. It is
also capable of carrying current under normal circuit conditions and carrying for a specified
time, current under abnormal conditions such as those of short circuit.

FIG. ISOLATOR

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  OPERATION OF ELECTRICAL ISOLATOR:

An isolator is a mechanical switch that is manually operated. Depending on the requirement of a

given system, there are different types of isolators. With isolators, one is able to see any open
circuit physically as compared to circuit breakers where no physical observation can be made.
Since no technique for arc quenching exists in isolators, the operation of electrical isolators
should only be carried out when no possible current is flowing through a circuit. An isolator
should not be used to open a completely closed live circuit. Additionally, live circuits should not
be completed and closed using an isolator. This is to avoid large amounts of arcing from taking
place at the isolator contacts. Hence isolators should only be opened after a circuit breaker is
open and should be closed before closing a circuit breaker.
Electrical isolators can be operated using a motorized mechanism as well as by hand. Hand
operation happens to be cheaper, compared to a motorized arrangement.
As no arc quenching technique is provided in isolator it must be operated when there is no
chance of current flowing through the circuit. No live circuit should be closed or opened by
isolator operation. A complete live closed circuit must not be opened by isolator operation and
also a live circuit must not be closed and completed by isolator to avoid huge arcing in between
isolator contacts. That is why isolator must be open after circuit breaker is open and these must
be closed before circuit breaker is closed. Isolator can be operated by hand locally as well as by
motorized mechanism from remote position. Motorized operation arrangement costs more
compared to hand operation; hence, decision must be taken before choosing an isolator for the
system whether hand operated or motor operated economically optimum for the system. For
voltage up to 145 KV system hand operated isolators are used whereas for higher voltage
systems like 245 KV or 420 KV and above motorized isolator are used.

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 CHAPTER-9
CONTROL & RELAY ROOM
The control room has various control panels which shows the information like incoming
power, outgoing power, frequency, time common to all sub-stations, status of various
lines(healthy, faulted, under outage or maintenance), status of various protective
instruments like isolators, circuit breaker, temperature of various instruments, working
tap of transformer etc.
The DAS (Data Acquisition System) is used to accumulate the data received from various
sources.
The relay room is separate from the control room. All relay used here are numerical and
are either from Siemens® or ABB® . The protection system is so fast that it can detect a
fault within 30 ms and hence the circuit breaker can be operated within as less as 80 ms.
For 400KV side C.B., one time auto re closure is allowed in order to clear the faults
automatically.

 BATTERYROOM:

 The control panels and relays of the sub-station required DC supply of 110 V.
 The DC supply is made with the help of battery bank reserve normally kept in a
separate room called battery room.
 The batteries used in this sub-station are Nickel-Cadmium (NI-Cd) batteries.
 These batteries are used due to their advantages like low maintenance, longer
life (15-20 years) etc.
 Each cell is of 2 V and 300 Ah Capacity.

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 FIG. BATTERIES AT SUB STATION

Used of battery in sub-station:

 Storage battery system is used in emergency situation for the working of electrical
equipment:
 To open and close the switch gear
 For indication and control
 Emergency lighting
 Relay and interlocking equipment
 For working of alarm circuit.
At 132KV Patan Substation 2 Battery set (110V DC + 110V DC) used & other 48V DC
battery set used for Power line carrier communication purpose.

Protective Relay:
Protective relays are used to detect defective lines or apparatus and to initiate the
operation of circuit interrupting devices to isolate the defective equipment. Relays are
also used to detect abnormal or undesirable operating conditions other than those
caused by defective equipment and either operate an alarm or initiate operation of
circuit interrupting devices. Protective relays protect the electrical system by causing
the defective apparatus or lines to be disconnected to minimize damage and maintain
service continuity to the rest of the system.

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 There are different types of relays:
1. Over current relay
2. Distance relay
3. Differential relay
4. Directional over current relay
5. Buchholz Relay

1. Over Current Relay:

The over current relay responds to a magnitude of current above a specified
value. There are four basic types of construction: They are plunger, rotating
disc, static, and microprocessor type. In the plunger type, a plunger is moved by
magnetic attraction when the current exceeds a specified value. In the rotating
induction-disc type, which is a motor, the disc rotates by electromagnetic
induction when the current exceeds a specified value.
Static types convert the current to a proportional D.C mill volt signal and apply
it to a level detector with voltage or contact output. Such relays can be designed
to have various current-l type of rotating induction-disc relay, called the voltage
restrained over current relay. The magnitude of voltage restrains the operation
of the disc until the magnitude of the voltage drops below a threshold value.
Static over current relays are equipped with multiple curve characteristics and
can duplicate almost any shape of electromechanical relay curve.
Microprocessor relays convert the current to a digital signal. The digital signal
can then be compared to the setting values input into the relay. With the
microprocessor relay, various curves or multiple time-delay settings can be
input to set the relay operation. Some relays allow the user to define the curve
with points or calculations to determine the output characteristics.

2. Distance Relay:
Distance Relay has the overall effect of measuring impedance. The relay
operates instantaneously (within a few cycles) on a 60-cycle basis for values of
impedance below the set value. When time delay is required, the relays
energizes a separate time-delay relay or function with the contacts or output of
this time-delay relay or function performing the desired output Functions. The
relay operates on the magnitude of impedance measured by the combination of
restraint voltage and the operating current passing through it according to the
settings applied to the relay. When the impedance is such that the impedance
point is within the impedance characteristic circle, the relay will trip. The relay
is inherently directional. The line impedance typically corresponds to the
diameter of the circle with the reach of the relay being the diameter of the circle.

3. Differential Relay:
The differential relay is a current-operated relay that responds to the difference
between two or more device currents above a set value. The relay works on the
basis of the differential principle that what goes into the device has to come out
.If the current does not add to zero, the error current flows to cause the relay to
operate and trip the circuit.
The differential relay is used to provide internal fault protection to equipment
such as transformers, generators, and buses. Relays are designed to permit
differences in the input currents as a result of current transformer mismatch

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 and applications where the input currents come from different system voltages,
such as transformers. A current differential relay provides restraint coils on the
incoming current circuits. The restraint coils in combination with the operating
coil provide an operation curve, above which the relay will operate. Differential
relays are often used with a lockout relay to trip all power sources to the device
and prevent the device from being automatically or remotely reenergized. These
relays are very sensitive. The operation of the device usually means major
problems with the protected equipment and the likely failure in re-energizing
the equipment.

4. Directional Over current Relay:

A directional over current relay operates only for excessive current flow in a
given direction. Directional over current relays are available in
electromechanical, static, and microprocessor constructions. An
electromechanical overcorrect relay is made directional by adding a directional
unit that prevents the over current relay from operating until the directional
unit has operated. The directional unit responds to the product of the
magnitude of current, voltage, and the phase angle between them or to the
product of two currents and the phase angle between them. The value of this
product necessary to provide operation of the directional unit is small, so that it
will not limit the sensitivity of the relay (such as an over current relay that it
controls). In most cases, the directional element is mounted inside the same
case as the relay it controls. For example, an over current relay and a directional
element are mounted in the same case, and the combination is called a
directional over current relay. Microprocessor relays often provide a choice as
to the polarizing method that can be used in providing the direction of fault,
such as applying residual current or voltage or negative sequence current or
voltage polarizing functions to the relay.

5. Buchholz Relay:
In electric power distribution and transmission, a Buchholz relay is a safety
device mounted on some oil-filled power transformers and reactors, equipped
with an external overhead oil reservoir called a "conservator".
The Buchholz relay is used as a protective device sensitive to the effects of
dielectric failure inside the equipment. A generic designation for this type of
device is "gas detector relay".

FIG. BUCHHOLZ RELAY

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 CHAPTER-10
WAVE TRAP

 Line trap is also known as wave trap. What it does is trapping the high frequency
communication signals sent on the line from the remote sub-station and diverting them
to the telecom/tele protection panel in the substation control room (through coupling
capacitor and LMU).

 This is relevant in power line carrier communication (PLCC) systems for communication
among various substations without dependence on the telecom company network. The
signals are primarily tele protection signals and in addition, voice and data
communication signals.

 The line trap offers high impedance to high frequency communication signals thus
obstructs the flow of these signals in to the substations bus-bars. If there were not to
there, then signal loss in more and communication will be ineffective/probably
impossible.

 Wave trap is an instrument using for tripping of the wave. The function of this trap is
that it traps the unwanted waves. Its function is of trapping wave. Its shape is like a
drum. It is connected to the main incoming feeder so that it can trap the waves which
may be dangerous to the instruments here in the substation.

FIG. WAVE TRAP OR LINE TRAP

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 CHAPTER-11
CONCLUSION

 Now from this report we can conclude that electricity plays an important role in our life.
We are made aware of how the transmission the transmission of electricity is done. We
too came to know about the various parts of the substation system. The three wings of
electrical system viz. generation, transmission and distribution are connected to each
other and that too very perfectly. Thus for effective transmission and distribution.

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