imvqb 1g cÎ

3q Aa¨vq: ‡gŠ‡ji ch©vqe„Ë ag© I ivmvqwbK eÜb

‡R‡b ivL: Solve : MÖc
y IA Gi †gŠjmg~n ewnt¯’ B‡jKUªbxq KvVv‡gv ns1
Ges G †kÖwYfy³ avZz¸‡jv cvwbi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i Zxeª ÿvi
 †g‡Ûwj‡di ch©vq mviwY‡Z 8 wU †kÖwY Ges 7
Drcbœ K‡i| GRb¨ G‡`i‡K ÿvi avZz ejv nq|
wU ch©vq wQj| Avaywb‡K 18 †kÖwY ev MÖæc
7. †KvbwU g„r ÿviavZz? [g.‡ev-21]
 S eøK †gŠ‡ji msL¨v 14 wU , P eøK
K Na L Ca
†gŠ‡ji msL¨v 36 wU, d eøK †gŠ‡ji msL¨v
M Al N Zn DËi. L
41 wU, f eøK †gŠ‡ji msL¨v 27 wU
 MÖæc-1 †K ÿvi avZz ejv nq, MÖæc-2 †K 🔹 মৃৎ ক্ষার ধাতু র তালিকা:
1. বেলরলিযাম (Be) wewiqvwb
g„r ÿvi avZz ejv nq, MÖæc-15 †K 2. মযাগনেলিযাম (Mg) ‡gvMjvB
wbK‡Uv‡Rb ev k¦vm‡ivaKvix †gŠj ejv nq, 3. কযািলিযাম (Ca) Kveve

MÖæc-16 †K P¨vj‡Kv‡Rb ejv nq, MÖæc-17 4. স্ট্রেটিযাম (Sr) mvwR‡q

5. েযালরযাম (Ba) evwU‡Z
†K n¨v‡jv‡Rb ejv nq, MÖæc-18 †K 6. বরলিযাম (Ra) – ivL
‡bv‡ej M¨vm ev AwfRvZ M¨vm ejv nq| 8. wb‡Pi †KvbwU mycvi A·vBW? [h.‡ev-16 ]
 mvaviY ZvcgvÎvq †eªvwgb Zij Ges K KO2 L Pb3O4
Av‡qvwWb KwVb c`v_©| M MnO2 N Na2O2
ch©vq mviwY‡Z †gŠ‡ji Ae¯’vb wbY©q Solve : DËi. L ÿvi avZz
1. ch©vq mviwYi RbK †K? [wm.‡ev-17]  লিলিয়াম (Li) wj
K †jv_vi †gqvi L †g‡Ûwjd  স ়ালিয়াম (Na) bv
M †gvm&‡j N iv`vi‡dvW© DËi. L  পট়াল য়াম (K) ‡K
2. †g‡Ûwj‡di ch©vq mviwY‡Z KZwU ch©vq wQj?  রুলিলিয়াম (Rb) iæwe
K5 L7  স জিয়াম (Cs) ‡Q‡P
 ফ্র়াজিয়াম (Fr) ‡d‡j‡Q
M9 N 12 DËi. L
ÿvi avZzi evZv‡mi Aw·‡R‡bi cÖwZ Lye Avmw³ e‡j | ÿvi
3. †gŠjwUi ch©vq mviwY‡Z Ae¯’vbÑ
39Y [Xv †ev-15] avZz wZb ai‡Yi A·vBW MVb K‡i| K2O (mvaviY A·vBW),
K ch©vqÑ5 MÖyc-1 L ch©vqÑ5 MÖyc-2 K2O2 (cvi A·vBW), KO2 (mycvi A·vBW)|
M ch©vqÑ5 MÖcy -3 N ch©vqÑ5 MÖyc-13
p eøK †gŠj :
Solve : DËi. M 9. wb‡Pi †Kvb wbw®Œq M¨vmwU p -eøK †gŠj bq?
d-eøK †gŠ‡ji Ae¯’vb wbY©‡qi †ÿ‡Î m‡e©v”P cÖavb †Kvqv›Uvg K He L Ne
msL¨vB ch©vq msL¨v Ges (n1)d Ges ns AiweUv‡ji †gvU M Ar N Kr
B‡jKUªb msL¨vB MÖc y msL¨v wb‡`©k K‡i| Solve : DËi. K He e¨wZZ mKj wbw¯Œq M¨vm p-eøK †gŠj|
39Y = 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 5s
2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 1 2

Gi ch©vq 5; MÖyc 3 10. wb‡¤œi cvigvYweK msL¨vhy³ †gŠ‡ji †KvbwU p-eøKf~³?

s-eøK †gŠ‡ji Ae¯’vb wbY©‡qi †ÿ‡Î ns AiweUv‡ji †gvU K3 L 11
B‡jKUªb msL¨vB MÖc y msL¨v wb‡`©k K‡i| M 33 N 43
p-eøK †gŠ‡ji Ae¯’vb wbY©‡qi †ÿ‡Î (ns+np+10) Solve : DËi. M 33 = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p3
AiweUv‡ji †gvU B‡jKUªb msL¨vB MÖc y msL¨v wb‡`©k K‡i|
s eøK †gŠj 11. wb‡gœi †Kvb †hŠMwU Av`ª© we‡køwlZ nq bv? [wm. ‡ev-16]
K BCl3 L AlCl3
4. s- eøK †gŠ‡ji msL¨v KZ?
M SiCl4 N CCl4
K 14 L 27
M 30 N 40 DËi. K Solve: DËi. N Kve©‡bi B‡jKUªb web¨vm C = 1s2 2s2 2p2 |

5. 's' eøK †gŠj †KvbwU? [Kz.†ev-15] Gi ewnt¯Í‡i †Kvb d AweUvj †bB| d‡j cvwbi AYyi Aw·‡Rb
K Al LK cigvYy Kve©‡bi mv‡_ †Kvb mwbœ‡ek eÜb MVb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
ZvB Kve©b †UUªv †K¬vivBW (CCl4) Av`ª© we‡køwlZ nq bv| SiCl4 Av`ª©
M Mn N As DËi. L
we‡køwlZ nq |
Solve : ch©vq mviwYi MÖyc IA Ges MÖ”c IIA Gi †gŠjmg~n Ges 12. AlCl3 †hŠ‡Mi WvBgv‡i gy³ †Rvo B‡jKUªb KqwU?
k~b¨ MÖy‡ci He s eø‡Ki AšÍfz©³| s eøK †gŠ‡ji msL¨v 14wU| K6 L 10
6. ewnt¯’ B‡jKUªbxq KvVv‡gv ns1 wewkó †gŠj cvwbi mv‡_ hy³ M 12 N 16 DËi. N
n‡j †KvbwU ˆZwi nq? [w`.‡ev-16]
K GwmW L ÿvi
M jeY N ÿviK DËi. L
Solve:
1
 imvqb 1g cÎ
3q Aa¨vq: ‡gŠ‡ji ch©vqe„Ë ag© I ivmvqwbK eÜb
13. AlCl3 ‡hŠ‡Mi- [h.‡ev-19] 20. [Fe(CN)6]4– Gi †K›`ªxq cigvYyi Kx ai‡bi msKiY
i. WvBgv‡i 16 †Rvov B‡jKUªb Av‡Q N‡U? [Xv. †ev-17]
0
ii. DaŸ©cvZb ZvcgvÎv 180 C K d2sp3 L sp3d
0 M sp3d3 N d3sp3
iii. eÜb †KvY 120
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? Solve : DËi. K [Fe(CN)6]4– Gi †K›`ªxq cigvYyi d2sp3
K i I ii L ii I iii msKiY N‡U Ges AvK…wZ AóZjKxq|
M i I iii N i, ii I iii 21. d-eø‡Ki cÖ_g †gŠj †KvbwU? [Kz. †ev-15]
KV L Cr
Solve : DËi. N AlCl3 Aby WvBgvi (Al2Cl6) AvKv‡i
M Mn N Sc DËi. N
_v‡K| WvBgv‡i gy³ †Rvo B‡jKUª‡bi msL¨v 16wU| GwU
Solve : †h mKj d eøK †gŠ†ji †Kvb w¯’wZkxj Avq‡bi ewnt¯’
Da©cvwZZ †hŠM Ges DaŸ©cvZb ZvcgvÎv 180 0 C | eÜb
d AiweUv‡ji B‡jKUªbxq KvVv‡gv AvswkK c~Y© A_©vr d1
†KvY 120 0 . †_‡K d9 KvVv‡gv _v‡K Zv‡`i‡K Ae¯’všÍi †gŠj e‡j| A_©vr
14. ‰`Z¨Kvi AYy †KvbwU? [w`.‡ev-16] Ae¯’všÍi †gŠ‡ji w¯’wZkxj Avq‡b d AiweUv‡j k~b¨ (d0) ev
K CO2 L SiO2
c~Y© (d10) n‡e bv|
M SO2 N NO2 22. †KvbwU Ae¯’všÍi †gŠj b‡n? [wm. ‡ev-19]
KV L Cr
Solve : DËi. L WvB‡cvj m„wói gva¨‡g SiO2 wÎgvwÎK
M Fe N Zn DËi. N
e„n`vKvi cwjgvi AYy [(SiO2)n] MVb K‡i| G‡K ‰`Z¨Kvi
AYy e‡j| Solve : Zn2+ = [Ar] 3d10
15. ch©vq mviwYi †Kvb †kªwYi †gŠj‡K P¨vj‡Kv‡Rb ejv nq? 23 wb‡Pi †KvbwU c¨vivg¨vM‡bwUK? ? [wm. †ev-15]
K 13 L 14
K Zn L Cu
M 15 N 16
M Ca N Mg DËi. L
Solve : DËi. N MÖc
y VIA / MÖc
y 16 Gi †gŠjmg~n‡K
Solve : †Kvb c`v_© evwn¨K †PŠ¤^K c`v_© Øviv AvK…ó n‡j H
P¨vj‡Kv‡Rb e‡j| Bnv AvKwiK Drcv`bKvix †gŠj|
me c`v_©‡K c¨vivg¨vM‡bwUK c`v_© e‡j| c`v‡_©i cigvYy
16. AóK Ac~Y© †hŠM¸‡jv n‡jv- [mKj †ev-18] ev Avq‡b we‡Rvo B‡jKUªb _vKvi Kvi‡Y H c`v‡_©i
i. NH3 c¨vivg¨vM‡bwUK ag© cÖKvk cvq|
ii. BF3 Cu2+ = (Ar) 3d9, Zn2+ = (Ar) 3d10,
iii. AlCl3 Ca2+ = (Ar) 3s0, Mg2+ = (Ne) 2s0
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
24. †Kvb †gŠjwU c¨vivg¨vM‡bwUK bq? [h.‡ev-19]
K i I ii L ii I iii K Cr L Mn
M i I iii N i, ii I iii M Ti N Zn DËi. N
DËi. L
17. wb‡¤œi †Kvb hyM‡ji `yBwU †gŠjB A÷K m¤úªmviY NUv‡Z cv‡i? 25. †KvbwU †d‡ivg¨vM‡bwUK †gŠj? [e. ‡ev -21]
[Kz. †ev-15] K Co L Ti
K Al I S L NI P M Cu N Zn DËi. K
M S I Si N P I Cl
Solve : †Kvb c`v_© evwn¨K †PŠ¤^K c`v_© Øviv AwaK AvK…ó
Solve : 3q ch©v‡qi †gŠj Ges hv‡`i ewn:¯Í‡i 4 wUi †ewk n‡j H me c`v_©‡K c¨vivg¨vM‡bwUK c`v_© e‡j| †hgb
B‡jKUªb _v‡K| Fe,Co,Ni c¨vivg¨vM‡bwUK c`v_©|
18. wb‡Pi †KvbwU AwfRvZ M¨vm? [e.†ev -21] 26. [Cr(H2O)4Cl2]Br G Cr-Gi RviY gvb KZ?
K H2 L N2 K +2 L +3
M F2 N Xe DËi. N M -2 N +6 DËi. L
 d eøK †gŠj
19. ch©vq mviwY‡Z d-eøK †gŠ‡ji msL¨v KZwU? 27. wb‡Pi †Kvb AvqbwU iw½b †hŠM MVY K‡i?
K 28wU L 36wU K Sc3+ L Hg2+
M 41wU N 44wU DËi. M M Zn2+ N Ni2+ DËi. N
Solve : s-eøK †gŠ‡ji msL¨v 14 wU, p- eøK †gŠ‡ji msL¨v Solve : Ae¯’všÍi †gŠ‡ji Avq‡b duvKv d AiweUvj _vKvi
36 wU, d- eøK †gŠ‡ji msL¨v 41 wU, f-eøK †gŠ‡ji msL¨v 27 Kvi‡Y iw½b †hŠM MVb K‡i| Sc3+ = 3d0, Zn2+ = 3d10,
wU| Hg2+ = 5d10, Ni2+ = 3d8

2
 imvqb 1g cÎ
3q Aa¨vq: ‡gŠ‡ji ch©vqe„Ë ag© I ivmvqwbK eÜb
28. Cr cigvYy‡Z we`¨gvb we‡Rvo B‡jKUªb msL¨v- Solve : GKB MÖy‡c cvigvYweK msL¨v e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_
AvqwbKiY kw³, B‡jKUªb Avmw³ I Zwor FbvZœKZvi gvb
K4 L5
Kg‡Z _v‡K| Li, Na, K, Rb GKB MÖy‡ci †gŠj| Li Dc‡ii
M6 N7 DËi. M †gŠj ZvB Gi AvqwbKiY kw³ †ewk|
 f eøK †gŠj 38. wb‡Pi †Kvb †gŠ‡ji wØZxq AvqbxKiY kw³i gvb †ewk?
K Mg LK
29. f eøK †gŠj n‡jv [e.‡ev-16]
K La L Ce M Ca N Al DËi. L
M Ac N Th DËi. L Solve : K Gi ewn:¯Í‡i 1wU B‡jKUªb Av‡Q| ZvB cÖ_g
AvqwbKiY kw³ Kg n‡jI 2q AvqwbKiY kw³ †ewk|
Solve : La, Ac, Th d –eøK †gŠj| cÖK…wZ‡Z j¨vš’vbvBW
†gŠjmg~n Lye Kg cwigv‡Y †hŠMiƒ‡c cvIqv hvq e‡j 39. bvB‡Uªv‡Rb I Aw·‡R‡bi †ÿ‡Î †Kvb ch©vqe„Ë a‡g©i
G‡`i‡K weij g„wËKv †gŠj e‡j| e¨wZµg †`Lv hvq? [iv.‡ev-21]
K B‡jKUªb Avmw³ L AvqbxKiY kw³
30. ch©vq mviwY‡Z f-eøK †gŠ‡ji msL¨v KZwU?[e.‡ev-19]
K 27 L 30 M Zwor FYvZ¥KZv N cvigvYweK e¨vmva© DËi. L
M 36 N 41 DËi. K 40. AvqwbKiY wef‡ei †ÿ‡Î †Kvb µgwU mwVK?
 MjbvsK I ùzUbvsK K O < N < B < Be L N < O < Be < B
31. Kÿ ZvcgvÎvq †KvbwU Zij? [iv. †ev-15] M Be < B < O < N N B < Be < O < N
K F2 L Cl2 Solve : DËi. K 2q ch©v‡q Li †_‡K Ne ch©šÍ †gŠ‡ji
M Br2 N I2
AvqwbKiY ev‡o| Z‡e B‡jKUªb web¨vm w¯’wZkxjZvi Kvi‡Y B
Solve : DËi. M ch©vq mviwY‡Z gvÎ `ywU ‡gŠj Kÿ ZvcgvÎvq A‡ÿv Be Ges O A‡cÿv N AvqbxKiY kw³ †ewk|
Zij ‡gŠj: cvi` (GKwU avZy) Ges ‡e«vwgb (GKwU n¨v‡jv‡Rb)| 41. AvqwbKiY wef‡ei mwVK µg †KvbwU? [Xv.‡ev-21]
Kÿ ZvcgvÎvq ‡P‡q mvgvb¨ Dò ZvcgvÎvq AviI PviwU ‡gŠj Zij K N> O > F L O<N<F
c`v_© wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq| h_v- dª¨vwÝqvg, wmwRqvg, M¨vwjqvg Ges
iæwewWqvg (mg¯Í avZy)| M N<O<F N O>N>F DËi. L
 cigvYyi AvKvi  B‡jKUªb Avmw³
32. wb‡Pi Avqb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †KvbwU AvKvi me‡P‡q †QvU? 42. B‡jKUªb Avmw³ wbf©©i K‡i [h.†ev-21]
K Cl- L F- i. cigvYyi AvKv‡ii Ici
M O2- N N3- DËi. L ii. B‡jKUªb web¨v‡mi Ici
iii. Aa©c~Y© ev c~Y© AiweUv‡ji Ici
33. †KvbwUi AvqwbK AvKvi me‡P‡q †QvU? [w`. †ev-19]
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K Na+ L Mg2+ DËi. L K i I ii L i I iii
- 2-
MF NO M ii I iii N i, ii I iii DËi. N
34. †KvbwUi cvigvbweK e¨vmva© †ewk? [e.†ev -21]
43. B‡jKUªb Avmw³i †ÿ‡Î wb‡Pi †Kvb µgwU mwVK? [h. †ev-
K Na L Mg DËi. K 15, iv.‡ev-16, h.‡ev-16]
M Si NS K F > Cl > Br > I L Cl > F > Br > I
M I > Br > Cl > F N Cl > Br > I > F
 AvqwbKiY kw³
35. B‡jKUªb Z¨vM K‡i abvZ¥K Avq‡b cwiYZ n‡Z †h kw³i Solve : DËi. L ch©vq mviwY‡Z GKB MÖy‡c hZB wb‡Pi
cÖ‡qvRb nq Zv n‡”QÑ [Xv †ev-15] w`‡K hvIqv hvq, †gŠ‡ji B‡jKUªb Avmw³ ZZB Kg‡Z
K B‡jKUªb Avmw³ L Zwor FYvZ¥KZv _v‡K| Z‡e †d¬vwi‡bi B‡jKUªb Avmw³ †K¬vwi‡bi †P‡q Kg
M AvqwbK c‡Ubwmqvj N AvqbxKiY kw³ DËi. N | Gi KviY †d¬vwib cigvYyi AvKvi ÿy`ª Ges mvZwU
B‡jKUªb _vKvq Zv‡Z B‡jKUªb †g‡Ni NbZ¡ †ewk| ZvB
36. ch©vq mviwY‡Z GKB ch©v‡q evg n‡Z Wvb w`‡Ki
AvMZ B‡jKUªb weKwl©Z nq| G Kvi‡Y †K¬vwi‡bi †d¬vwi‡bi
†gŠj¸‡jvi †ÿ‡Î †Kvb Z_¨wU mwVK? Xv †ev-15 †P‡q Avmw³ ‡ewk|
K AvqwbKiY kw³ e„w× cvq
L B‡jKUªb Avmw³ n«vm cvq  Zwor FYvZ¥KZv
M Zwor FYvZ¥KZv AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K 44. ch©vq mviwY‡Z 3q ch©v‡qi cÖ_g PviwU †gŠ‡ji †Kvb ag©wU evg †_‡K
Wv‡b µgvMZ n«vm cvq? [w`.‡ev-16]
N cigvYyi AvKvi evo‡Z _v‡K DËi. K
K MjbvsK L avZe ag©
37. †Kvb †gŠ‡ji cÖ_g AvqbxKiY wefe me‡P‡q †ewk? M ewn¯’ ¯Í‡ii B‡jKwUªb msL¨v N AvqwbKiY wefe
K Na LK
Solve : DËi. L 3q ch©v‡qi †gŠ‡ji evg †_‡K Wv‡b avZe
M Rb N Li DËi. N
ag© n«vm cvq Ges AavZe ag© e„w× cvq|
3
 imvqb 1g cÎ
3q Aa¨vq: ‡gŠ‡ji ch©vqe„Ë ag© I ivmvqwbK eÜb
45.†KvbwU me©vwaK Zwor FYvZ¥K †gŠj? [P.‡ev-21] H Gi gvb 2 3 4 5 6 7
K Cl LO msKwiKiY sp sp2 sp3 sp3d sp3d2 sp3d3
MN NF DËi. N msKiY AvK…wZ eÜb †KvY
sp mij ˆiwLK 1800
mg‡hvRx eÜb
sp2 wÎfzR AvK…wZ 1200
46.AóK AcyY© †hŠMÑ
sp3 PZz¯ÍjKxq 109.50
i. NH3 ii. BeCl2 iii. BF3
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? sp3(1wU lp) w·KvYxq wcivwgW 1070 , NH3
K. i L. i I ii sp3(2wU lp) ‡KŠwYK 104.50, H2O,
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii sp3d w·KvYxq wØ-wcivwgW 900, 1200
sp3d2 AóZjKxq 900
DËi. M Solve : AóK bxwZ = †K›`ªxq cigvYyi me©ewnt¯’
sp3d3 cÂfzRxq wØ-wcivwgWxq 720, 900
kw³¯Í‡ii B‡jKUªb msL¨v + (Aci †gŠ‡ji †hvRbx × sp2d mgZjxq eM©vKvi
Zvi cigvYyi msL¨v)
NH3 = 5 + (1 × 3) = 8 48. C2H2 †hŠ‡Mi Kve©b civgvYy msKiY †Kvb ai‡bi?
BeCl2 = 2 + (1 × 2) = 4 (K) dsp2 (L) sp3
BF3 = 3 + (1 × 3) = 6
(M) sp2 (N) sp
AóK AcyY© †hŠ‡MiÑ BeCl2 , BF3, BCl3, AlCl3
DËi. N Solve : ‰Re †hŠ‡M-
wmMgv I cvB eÜb Kve©b Kve©b C-C eÜb n‡j sp3 msKiY| (A¨vj‡Kb)
47. C2H2 AYy‡Z wmMgv I cvB e܇bi AbycvZ KZ? Kve©b Kve©b C=C eÜb n‡j sp2 msKiY| (A¨vjwKb)
wm.‡ev-21 Kve©b Kve©b C  C eÜb n‡j sp msKiY| (A¨vjKvBb)
(K) 1 : 2 (L) 3 : 1 MÖvdvB‡U sp2 Ges wni‡K sp3 msKiY N‡U|
(M) 3 : 2 (N) 4 : 3 49. PH4+ Avq‡b P cigvYyi msKiY †KvbwU?
DËi. M Solve : B_vBb ev A¨vwmwUwj‡b (C2H2) (K) sp2d (L) sp3d
†gvU cigvYyi msL¨v 4 wU| myZivs wmMgv e܇bi msL¨v (M) sp2 (N) sp3
= 4 – 1 = 3 wU| A¨vwmwUwj‡bi (CH  CH) GKwU DËi. N Solve : H = ½[5+4-1+0]=4;
wÎ-e܇b 2 wU cvB | wmMgv I cvB e܇bi AbycvZ PH4+ G sp3 msKiY N‡U| Abyiƒc. CH4, CCl4, NH3,
3 : 2| NCl3, NH4+, PH3, PCl3, PH4+, H2O, H3O+, OCl2,
 wmMgv eÜb msL¨v ‡ei Kivi mnR Dcvq t H2O, BH–4 , BF–4 G‡`i †K›`ªxq cigvYyi sp3 msKiY
1. mg‡hvRx †hŠ‡Mi †ÿ‡Î, N‡U|
wmMgv eÜb = †gvU cigvYy - 1| 50. SO2 Gi †K›`ªxq cigvYyi msKiY Ae¯’v- h. †ev-17
2. Z‡e A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠ‡Mi †ÿ‡Î, 3
(K) sp d (L) sp3
wmMgv eÜb = †gvU cigvYy | 2
(M) sp (N) sp
(i) †ebwRb (C6H6) †gvU cigvYyi msL¨v 12 wU|
myZivs wmMgv e܇bi msL¨v 12 wU| DËi. M Solve : H = ½[6+0-0+0]=3;
 cvB eÜb msL¨v ‡ei Kivi mnR Dcvq t SO2 G sp2 msKiY N‡U| Abyiƒc. BCl3, BF3, C2H4,
g‡b ivL‡e, GKwU wØ-e܇b GKwU cvB Ges C6H6, MÖvdvB‡U sp2 msKiY N‡U|
GKwU wÎ-e܇b `ywU cvB eÜb Av‡Q| †hgb 51. sp3 msKwiZ †hŠM bq †KvbwU?
Bw_‡b (CH2 = CH2) GKwU cvB Ges B_vB‡b (K) BF3 (L) NH3
(CH ≡ CH) 2 wU cvB eÜb Av‡Q| (M) H2O (N) CH4
DËi. K Solve :
AiweUv‡ji msKiY ev nvBweªWvB‡Rkb
BF3G , H = ½[3+3-0+0]=3, (sp2)
Abyiƒc. BCl3, BF3, C2H4, C6H6, MÖvdvB‡U sp2 msKiY N‡U|
 msKi AiweUvj msL¨v ‡ei Kivi weKí wbqg
NH3,G , H = ½[5+3-0+0]=4 (sp3)
H = ½[V+X-C+A]
H = msKi AiweUv‡ji msL¨v
Abyiƒc. NCl3,PH3,PCl3 MÖvdvB‡U sp3 msKiY N‡U|
V = ‡K›`ªxq cigvYyi †hvR¨Zv †m‡j B‡jKUªb msL¨v H2O,G , H = ½[6+2-0+0]=4 (sp3)
X = GK‡hvRx †gŠ‡ji msL¨v CH4,G , H = ½[4+4-0+0]=4 (sp3)
C = K¨vUvq‡bii PvR© msL¨v 52. wb‡Pi †Kvb †hŠ‡Mi AvK…wZ mij ‰iwLK? Kz. †ev-17,
A = A¨vbvq‡bi PvR© msL¨v Kz.‡ev.'17
gy³‡Rvo B‡jKUªb: L=H-X-D (K) Kve©b WvBA·vBW (L) †Rbb †Uƪv †d¬vivBW
D = w؇hvRx cigvYyi msL¨v (M) dmdivm †c›Uv A·vBW (N) †evib UªvB †d¬vivBW
4
 imvqb 1g cÎ
3q Aa¨vq: ‡gŠ‡ji ch©vqe„Ë ag© I ivmvqwbK eÜb
DËi. K Solve : Kve©b WvBA·vBW †hŠ‡M sp msKiY57. wb‡Pi †Kvb †hŠ‡Mi eÜb †KvY me‡P‡q ÿz`ª?
N‡U|
(K) NH3 (L) H2O
ZvB Gi AvK…wZ mij‰iwLK| BeCl2, C2H2 Gi AYyi AvK…wZ
mij‰iwLK| (M) PH3 (N) BH3 DËi. M
53. NCl3 AYyi AvK…wZ wKiƒc? mwbœ‡ek mg‡hvRx eÜb
K. wÎfzRvKvi L. wcivwgWxq 13. NH4Cl †hŠMwU‡Z
M. PZz¯ÍjKxq N. †KŠwYK i. AvqwbK eÜb we`¨gvb
DËi. L Solve : ii. mg‡hvRx eÜb we`¨gvb
NCl3,G , H = ½[5+3-0+0]=4 (sp3) iii. mwbœ‡ek eÜb we`¨gvb
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
gy³‡Rvo B‡jKUªb L=X-M-D
(K) i (L) ii
D = w؇hvRx cigvYyi msL¨v
(M) i I iii (N) i, ii I iii
L= H-X-D = 4-3-0 =1 wU gy³‡Rvo B‡jKUªb
sp3 I 1 wU gy³‡Rvo B‡jKUªb n‡j AvK…wZ n‡e DËi. N Solve :
+
wcivwgWxq| Abyiƒc. NH3, PH3, PCl3, H3O AYyi
AvK…wZ wcivwgWxq|

54. PZz¯ÍjKxq AvK…wZi Avqb njÑ

iv.‡ev-21
i. BF4– ii. NH4+ iii. H3O+ dvRv‡bi bxwZ
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? [Link]‡Pi †Kvb AvqwbK †hŠMwUi me‡P‡q †ewk †cvjvivqb N‡U?
(K) i (L) ii K. LiCl L. BeCl2
(M) i I ii (N) i, ii I iii M. NaCl N. MgCl2
DËi. M Solve : DËi. L Solve : K¨vUvq‡bi AvKvi hZ ÿz`ª n‡e Ges
3
G , H = ½[3+4-0+1]=4 (sp )
BF4– , PvR hZ †ewk n‡e †cvjvivqb ZZ †ewk N‡U| Zwor†hvRx
L=H-X-D = 4-4-0 =0 gy³‡Rvo B‡jKUªb †bB| e܇bi mg‡hvRx ˆewkó¨ I e„w× cvq| d‡j †hŠMwUi
NH4+ ,G , H = ½[5+4-1+0]=4 (sp3) Mjbv¼ ,ùzUbv‡¼i I `ªve¨Zvi gvb ZZ Kg nq| GLv‡b Be2+
L=H-X-D = 4-4-0 =0 gy³‡Rvo B‡jKUªb †bB| K¨vUvq‡bi AvKvi me‡P‡q †QvU| ZvB BeCl2 G AwaK
sp3 I gy³‡Rvo B‡jKUªb bv _vK‡j AvK…wZ n‡e †cvjvivqb N‡U|
PZz¯ÍjKxq |
H3O+,G , H = ½[6+3-1+0]=4 (sp3) nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eÜb
L=H-X-D = 4-3-0 =1 wU gy³‡Rvo B‡jKUªb 59. Aw·‡Rb I mvjdvi †gŠj Øviv MwVZ nvBWªvBW †hŠM؇qi
sp3 I 1 wU †fŠZ Ae¯’vq wfbœZvi KviY-
gy³‡Rvo B‡jKUªb _vK‡j Abyi AvK…wZ n‡e (K) AvqwbK eÜb (L)mg‡hvRx eÜb
wcivwgWxq| (M) mwbœ‡ek eÜb (N)nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eÜb
55. H2O AYyi AvK…wZ V nIqvi KviY Ñ DËi. N Solve : Aw·‡Rb Gi nvBWªvBW cvwb hv
(i) `yBwU O – H eÜb _v‡K
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb e܇bi gva¨‡g ¸”Q AvKv‡i _v‡K e‡j Zv
(ii) Aw·‡R‡bi `yBwU gy³‡Rvo B‡jKUªb _v‡K
Zij| mvjdv‡ii nvBWªvBW H2S hv f¨vÛviIqvjm
(iii) wZbwU eÜb †Rvo B‡jKUªb _v‡K
AvKl©Y ej we`¨gvb| ZvB H2S mvaviY ZvcgvÎvq
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
M¨vm|
(K) i I ii (L) ii I iii
(M) i I iii (N) i, ii I iii
‡hŠM msKiY AvK…wZ eÜb †KvY
DËi. K Solve : H2O AYy‡Z `ywU gy³ †Rvo (lp)
H2O sp3 ‡KŠwYK 104.5°
B‡jKUªb I `ywU eÜb (O – H) †Rvo (bp) B‡jKUªb H2S sp3 ‡KŠwYK 92.1°
_v‡K | lp-lp B‡jKUªb weKl©Y > lp-bp B‡jKUªb NH3 sp3 wcivwgW 107°
weKl©Y > bp-bp B‡jKUªb weKl©Y nIqvq H2O AYy NCl3 sp3 wcivwgW 102.5°
PZz¯ÍjKxq bv n‡q †KŠwYK (D‡ëv V) AvK…wZi Ges PH3 sp3 wcivwgW 93.5°
eÜb †KvY Gi gvb 109.5o bv n‡q 104.5o nq| BH3 Sp2 wÎfzR 120°
Abyiæc ‡hŠ‡Mi D`vniY: H2S, OF2 C2H4 Sp2 wÎfzR 120°
BeCl2 sp mij‰iwLK 180°
56. ‡Kvb ‡Rvovi g‡a¨ AvK…wZ ‰emv`„k¨ we`¨gvb? [w`.‡ev.'23] C2H2 sp mij‰iwLK 180°
(K) BF3 I SO3 (L) H2O I H2S
–
(M) POCl3 I BF4 (N) SO2 I CO2 DËi. N