V/F CONTROL OF THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR USINGDSPIC

MICRO CONTROLLER

AIM:
To obtain speed control of three phase induction motor using dsPIC controller MICRO-4011.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Apparatus Name Specifications / Range Qty

Auto Transformer 440 V, 15A,50 Hz, 3 phase 1
Intelligent power module PEC16DSMO1TRAINER KIT 1
dsPIC controller - trainer kit MICRO 4011 1
415V Delta connected, 3.7 KW, 7A KW, 1
Three phase induction Motor
1440 RPM, power factor -0.8.
QEP sensor interface chord 1
PC -PC serial port cable 2
Power Patch Chords 1 phase 3 pin chord 4
26 Pin FRC cable 1
34 Pin FRC cable 1
Personal Computer 1
Connecting wires Required

THEORY:

Theoretical Details of Induction Motor

The three phase induction motor is the most widely used electrical motor. Almost 80% of the
mechanical power used by industries is provided by three phase induction motors because of its simple
and rugged construction, low cost, good operating characteristics, absence of commutator and good
speed regulation. In three phase induction motor the power is transferred from stator to rotor winding
through induction. The Induction motor is also called asynchronous motor as it runs at a speed other
than the synchronous speed.
Basic construction of Squirrel cage three phase induction motor:

The rotor of the squirrel cage three phase inductions motor is cylindrical in shape and have slots on its
periphery. The slots are not made parallel to each other but are bit skewed (skewing is not shown
 in the figure of squirrel cadge rotor beside) as the skewing prevents magnetic locking of stator and
rotor teeth and makes the working of motor more smooth and quieter. The squirrel cage rotor consists
of aluminum, brass or copper bars (copper bras rotor is shown in the figure beside). This aluminum,
brass or copper bars are called rotor conductors and are placed in the slots on the periphery of the rotor.
The rotor conductors are permanently shorted by the copper or aluminum rings called the end rings. In
order to provide mechanical strength these rotor conductor are braced to the end ring and hence form
a complete closed circuit resembling like a cage and hence got its name as "squirrel cage induction
motor". The squirrel cage rotor winding is made symmetrical. As the bars are permanently shorted by
end rings, the rotor resistance is very small and it is not possible to add external resistance as the bars
are permanently shorted. The absence of slip ring and brushes make the construction of Squirrel cage
three phase induction motor very simple and robust and hence widely used three phase induction motor.
These motors have the advantage of adapting any number of pole pairs. The below diagram shows
squirrel cage induction rotor having aluminum bars short circuit by aluminum end rings.

Construction Squirrel cage induction motor

Working of Squirrel cage induction motor

The stator of the motor consists of overlapping winding offset by an electrical angle of 120°. When
the primary winding or the stator is connected to a 3 phase AC source, it establishes a rotating
magnetic field which rotates at the synchronous speed. According to Faraday’s law an emf
induced in any circuit is due to the rate of change of magnetic flux linkage through the
 circuit. As the rotor winding in an induction motor are either closed through an external resistance
or directly shorted by end ring, and cut the stator rotating magnetic field, an emf is induced in the
rotor copper bar and due to this emf a current flows through the rotor conductor. Here the relative
speed between the rotating flux and static rotor conductor is the cause of current generation; hence
as per Lenz's law the rotor will rotate in the same direction to reduce the cause i.e. the relative
velocity.
Thus from the working principle of three phase induction motor it may observed that the
rotor speed should not reach the synchronous speed produced by the stator. If the speeds equals,
there would be no such relative speed, so no emf induced in the rotor, & no current would be
flowing, and therefore no torque would be generated. Consequently the rotor cannot reach the
synchronous speed. The difference between the stator (synchronous speed) and rotor speeds is
called the slip. The rotation of the magnetic field in an induction motor has the advantage that no
electrical connections need to be made to the rotor.

Advantages of squirrel cage induction rotor-

 Its construction is very simple and rugged.
 As there are no brushes and slip ring, these motors requires less maintenance.
Disadvantages
 Doubly salient structure causes vibration and acoustic noise.
 High torque-ripple.
TABULATION:
OPEN LOOP

Actual Speed Current

Input voltage Frequency (HZ)
(rpm) (A)

CLOSED LOOP

Input voltage Set Speed Actual Speed Error speed

KP KI
(V) (rpm) (rpm) (rpm)
INTELLIGENT POWER MODULE:
Features of PEC16DSMO1
 Various test points to check waveforms at different stages of operation.
 Flexibility to work with different controller modules developed by us.
 Necessary protections are provided through fuses and MCBs. A separate protection
circuit for input over current faults.
 Power supply to the Eddy Current load coil is also provided from the module.
 Required connectors are provided for motor input supply connection and feedback signal
connection.
Front Panel View

Description
 R,Y,B = Applied to 3 phase AC input supply.
 U,V,W = Three phase R, Y, B output terminals.
 BR1 & BR2 = Breaking Rheostat (470S - 2A).
 +HV = Rectifier with filter DC output voltage (DC link voltage).
 Voltmeter = Read the DC link voltage.
 V/2 = Voltage across V/2 is half of the DC link voltage.
Feed back signals (Isolated current/voltage/speed sensor output)

 I1, I2, I3 = 3 phase R,Y,B current transducer output currents are I1, I2,
 I3 respectively and measure this current across the
 terminals U, V and W.
 VDC = DC link voltage (voltage transducer output).
 IDC = DC link current ( current transducer output).
 N(Speed) = Analog voltage ( 0 - 5V).
 F = Fault output signal comes from IPM, when over
 temperature/current occurs.
 MCB = Power ON/OFF the 3 phase AC supply.
 Power = Power ON/OFF the control circuits.
IGBT - PWM Inputs (from controller)
 PWM1..... PWM6 = PWM pulses are coming from controller.
 PWM output
 High - 5V = IGBT ON.
 Low - 0V = IGBT OFF.
 CAP1 ....... CAP6 = Capture input to processor.
Protection Circuit
 RST = Reset the protection circuit, then 'SD' LED will be off.
 SD = Shut down LED will glow, when over voltage/current occurs in power circuit.

Power Converter for Squirrel Cage Induction motor

Theoretical Details of dsPIC controller MICRO-4011
Features:

High Performance Modified RISC CPU:

• Modified Harvard architecture
• C compiler optimized instruction set architecture with flexible addressing modes
• 84 base instructions
• 24-bit wide instructions, 16-bit wide data path
• 48 Kbytes on-chip Flash program space (16K Instruction words)
• 2 Kbytes of on-chip data RAM
• 1 Kbytes of non-volatile data EEPROM
• Up to 30 MIPs operation:
- DC to 40 MHz external clock input
- 4 MHz-10 MHz oscillator input with PLL active (4x, 8x, 16x)
• 30 interrupt sources
- 3 external interrupt sources
- 8 user selectable priority levels for each interrupt source
- 4 processor trap sources
• 16 x 16-bit working register array
DSP Engine Features:
• Dual data fetch
• Accumulator write back for DSP operations
• Modulo and Bit-Reversed Addressing modes
• Two, 40-bit wide accumulators with optional saturation logic
• 17-bit x 17-bit single cycle hardware fractional/ integer multiplier
• All DSP instructions single cycle
• ± 16-bit single cycle shift
Peripheral Features:
• High current sink/source I/O pins: 25 mA/25 mA
• Timer module with programmable prescaler:
Five 16-bit timers/counters; optionally pair 16-bit timers into 32-bit timer modules
• 16-bit Capture input functions
• 16-bit Compare/PWM output functions
• 3-wire SPI™ modules (supports 4 Frame modes)
• I2C™ module supports Multi-Master/Slave mode and 7-bit/10-bit addressing
 • 2 UART modules with FIFO Buffers
• 1 CAN modules, 2.0B compliant
Motor Control PWM Module Features:
• 6 PWM output channels - Complementary or Independent Output modes - Edge and
CenterAligned modes • 3 duty cycle generators
• Dedicated time base
• Programmable output polarity
• Dead-time control for Complementary mode
• Manual output control
• Trigger for A/D conversions
Quadrature Encoder Interface Module Features:
• Phase A, Phase B and Index Pulse input
• 16-bit up/down position counter
• Count direction status
• Position Measurement (x2 and x4) mode

Connection Procedure
 Connect the 3-pin power chord of the Micro-4011 trainer to the supply.
 Connect the power module to the 1N power supply.
 Connect the 26 pin FRC cable one end to P2 connector in Micro-4011 trainer and the other
endto “FEEDBACK SIGNALS” of the PEC16DSMO1.
 Connect the 34 pin FRC cable one end to 34 pin FRC connector in Micro-4011 trainer and the
other end to QEP sensor interface chord.
 Connect the 34 pin FRC cable one end to QEP sensor interface chord and the other end
to“IGBT- PWM INPUTS” of the PEC16DSMO1.
 Connect the output power terminal of PEC16DSMO1 to the power input terminal of
inductionmotor.
 Connect the PC with dsPIC micro controller.
Experiment Procedure

1. Verify the connections as per the connection procedure and connection diagram.
2. Switch ON the Micro-4011 trainer kit.
3. Switch ON the power ON/OFF switch in the Intelligent Power Module
4. Check whether shut down LED "SD" glows or not. If 'SD' LED glows press the Reset
switch, the LED gets OFF.

5. Switch on the MCB and gradually increase the voltage upto 415 V using 3 ph variac.

6. Switch ON the PC (personal computer) and then press Reset switch of the Micro-4011
trainer.

7. Download and execute the program which is in the personal computer.

8. Select the open loop mode in the Micro -4011 trainer kit.

9. Set the supply voltage and control the speed of motor by varying duty cycle.

10. Repeat the step 9 for different supply voltages.

11. Select the closed loop mode in the Micro -4011 trainer kit.

12. Set the input voltage and give the reference speed by varying the set speed in the Micro
-4011 trainer kit.

13. Note down the actual speed and calculate the error.

14. Repeat the steps 12 and 13 for different reference speed.

RESULT:
Thus the speed control of induction motor using dsPIC controller for open loop & closed loop was
verified and corresponding readings were tabulated.
POST-LAB QUESTIONS:

1. What is meant by stator voltage control?

2. What is meant by regenerative braking?
3. Compare FPGA with micro controller?
4. What is need of PI and PID controller?
5. What are the registers used in dsPIC controller?