THE UNIVERSE:
1. Big Bang
Is how astronomers explain the way the universe began.
It began nearly 13.8 billion years ago with a MASSIVE EXPANSION
It started from a single point.
GEORGE LEMAITRE
Said that the universe started as just a single point.
He said that the universe keeps on stretching and expanding.
EDWIN HUBBLE - supporter of Lemaitre’s idea
Noticed that other galaxies were moving away from each other as seen on
Earth.
THE BEGINNING…….
Universe is composed of HOT, TINY PARTICLES mixed with LIGHT and
ENERGY.
- As the universe expanded, it cooled down.
- Effect: Particles slow down and grouped together forming light elements
(Hydrogen and Helium)
- Atoms grouped together forming stars, and with the presence of gravity,
galaxies were formed.
2. Oscillating Theory
Agrees with Big Bang theory
There is a period of expansion and contraction
Big Bang= Big Crunch
3. Steady State Theory - Everything is the same.
Galaxies are not moving away from each other.
Stars are being made in the center of the galaxies that spiral out of center,
Galaxies reabsorb energy given off by stars throughout their life cycle.
Energy is reused to produce new stars.
No expansion / No contraction
Failed to explain COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND (remnants).
THE SOLAR SYSTEM
Is the gravitational bound system of the sun and the objects that orbit it.
Composed of sun, 8 major planets, dwarf planets, asteroids, comets, meteors, and many
more.
Mnemonics: Mang Victor Espinosa Mag Jogging Sa Umaga Nang lumakas.
(MARS, VENUS, EARTH, MARS, JUPITER, SATURN, URANUS, NEPTUNE)
Hypothesis that Explains the Origin of the Solar System
1. Encounter
Rogue star passed by the sun; gas, and matter were removed from both stars and
become planets.
2. Nebular
Gas and dust contract due to gravity forming a disk that began to rotate forming
within its center the protosun, within the disk: formed the planets.
3. Protoplanet
Massive cloud of gas and dust rotated slowly in space, the cloud shrunk under the
pull of its own gravitation.
Most materials gathered around its own center. Temperature become so high that
fuel a powerful reaction (fusion of hydrogen): giving birth to the sun.
FACTORS THAT MAKE A PLANET HABITABLE
FACTORS Not enough of Just right Too much of Situation in the
the factor the factor Solar System
TEMPERATURE Low -15oC to 115oC At 125oC, Only Earth’s
temperature= life thrives and proteins, surface is in the
slow chemical liquid water carbohydrates, temperature
reaction exists. genetic materials range.
Low (DNA, RNA) start
temperature= to break apart.
frozen water,
thus no liquid
water
ATMOSPHERE Small planets or Earth and Venus Venus’ Earth, Venus,
moons have are the right size atmosphere is and Titan (moon)
insufficient to hold sufficient 100x thicker that have significant
gravity to hold atmosphere. Earth. atmospheres.
an atmosphere. Mar’s
atmosphere is
just 1%
compared to
Earth.
ENERGY Too little sunlight Steady input of Too much light Inner planets
and chemicals, light and energy means receive light than
organisms die. chemical energy, high temperature outer planets
cell function. and harmful (Gas Giant
radiation, UV Planets: Jupiter,
rays. Saturn, Uranus
and Neptune)
NUTRIENTS Planets without Solid planets Too much Earth has water
systems to have nutrients in activity prevents cycle,
deliver nutrients them. Those with organisms’ atmosphere, and
to its organisms water cycle and ability to get volcanoes to
cannot support geologic enough circulate
life. activities can nutrients. nutrients.
transport and
replenish
chemical needed
by organisms.
EARTH IS HABITABLE because
1. It has the right distance from the sun. (Habitable zone/ Goldilocks zone)
2. It is protected from harmful solar radiation by its magnetic field.
Magnetic field: Outer core (molten nickel and iron) creates magnetic shield that
protect us from harmful radiation.
3. It is kept warm by an insulating atmosphere.
4. It has the right amount of ingredients for life, including water and carbon.