NON-MENDELIAN
INHERITANCE
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Genetics Inheritance Variation
A branch of biology A process by which
concerned with the Any difference between
genetic information cells, individual
study of genes, genetics,
is passed on from organisms or group of
variation and heredity
in organism. parents to child. organisms of any
species.
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Gene Genotype Phenotype
It is a unit of A genetic make
heredity; a section of A physical feature
DNA that codes for a
up of an or trait of an
specific traits. organism. organism.
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Homozygous Heterozygous
Two identical alleles Two different
for a particular alleles of a
gene. particular gene.
PP, pp Pp
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Punnett Square
A graphical presentation
of the possible
genotypes of an
offspring arising from a
particular cross or
breeding event.
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Gregor Mendel
Responsible for the
Laws governing
Inheritance of Traits.
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Dominant and Recessive Alleles Example Phenotype
One allele is DOMINANT Genotype: PP Genotype: Pp
over the other. (the Phenotype: purple Phenotype: purple
dominant allele can
“mask” the RECESSIVE Genotype: pp
allele.
Phenotype: white
Sample Problem
The gene for hair color in rabbits has two alleles Q and q. Q is
dominant and codes for brown hair, q is recessive and codes for
white hair.
[Link] out all the possible genotypes and
phenotypes.
[Link] the above example, fill in the Punnett's
Square of offspring genotypes if one parent is
heterozygous and the other is white haired.
LEARNING At the end of this lesson, you will learn to:
OUTCOMES
Explain the different
patterns of non-
Mendellian
inheritance (S9LT-Id-
29)
Non-
Mendelian
Inheritance
nucleus
The inheritance of
characteristics is not always
simple as it is for the
characteristics that Mendel
studied in pea plants.
Each characteristic Mendel
investigated was controlled by onenucleoid
Non- gene that had two possible alleles,
and one of these was completely
Mendelian dominant to the other.
This resulted in just two possible
Inheritance phenotypes for each characteristic.
But how will you explain when
you see these?
But how will you explain when
you see these?
Four o’clock
flower
Incomplete Dominance
A form of intermediate inheritance in which one allele does
not completely dominate another allele, resulting in a new
phenotype.
1 2 3
When a black chicken and white
reproduce and neither allele is
dominant.
Examples of
Incomplete
Dominance Produces a chicken
with blue feather
Short-furred Rex
rabbit.
Angora rabbit.
Examples of
Incomplete
Dominance A result is a rabbit with fur longer
than a Rex but shorter than Angora
Black horse White horse
Examples of
Incomplete
Dominance
Cream horse
• A German scientist who
bred red and white
Joseph carnation expecting to
urge offspring with the
Kolreuter dominant red
coloration.
• He found that neither
allele was fully
dominant in his flowers
and identified the
concept of incomplete
dominance.
Four
o’clock
Flower
Snap
Dragon
Sample Problem
Incomplete Dominance
• In snapdragons, flower color is controlled by
incomplete dominance. The two alleles are red (R) and
white (r). The heterozygous genotype is expressed as
pink.
a. What is the phenotype of a plant with the genotype
RR?
b. What is the phenotype of a plant with the genotype
rr?
c. What is the phenotype of a plant with the genotype
Rr?
Sample Problem
Incomplete Dominance
• A pink-flowered plant is crossed
with a white-flowered plant.
• Describe the genotype and
phenotype of the off springs?
• What is the probability of
producing a pink-flowered
plant?
Sample Problem
What is the result of a cross between
a red (R) petunia and a white(r)
petunia?
a. List all the phenotypes and
genotypes result.
b. Give the probability of each
phenotype and genotypes.
Try On Your Own:
1. In horses, some of the genes for hair
color are incompletely dominant.
Genotypes are as follows:
Brown horses are BB, white horses are bb
and a Bb genotypes create a yellow-
tarnish colored horse with a white mane
and tail.
Show the genetic crosses between the
following horses and record the
genotypic and phenotypic
percentages
a. Brown X White
b. Brown X Yellow Tarnish
c. Yellow Tarnish x Yellow Tarnish
SEX RELATED
INHERITANCE
Sex chromosome and Sex determination
• In each cell, humans have 46 chromosomes or 23
pair of chromosomes for both males and females.
• Twenty-two (22) pairs are somatic chromosomes
(any chromosomes that is not a sex chromosome).
• The 23 pair consists of sex chromosomes or
rd
gametes (determine our sex)
Sex chromosome and Sex determination
•Male Chromosome- XY
(non-identical sex chromosomes)
•Female Chromosome - XX
(identical sex chromosomes)
How is sex determined and inherited?
•When an egg is fertilized by a sperm
with Y chromosome, the offspring is
male.
•When an egg is fertilized by a sperm
with X chromosome, the offspring is
female.
Kinds of Sex Related Inheritance
•Sex-Linked Traits
•Inherited through the X chromosomes
•Sex-Influenced Traits
•Occur when phenotypes are different between males and females with
the same genotypes
•Sex-Limited Traits
•Traits that can only be expressed in one sex. The traits are not found
on X and Y, meaning they are generally autosomal.
Sex-Linked Traits
✓Gene is attached to the X chromosome
only, not found on the Y chromosome at
all. (women have XX, men have XY
chromosomes).
✓These disorders are more common in boys.
✓examples: red-green colorblindness
Sex-Linked Traits ✓in males, there is no
second X chromosome
to “mask” a recessive
gene. If they get an X
with the disorder, they
have it.
✓Girls must inherit
defective X’s from both
parents.
Sex-Linked Traits
GENOTYPE PHENOTYPE
XX Normal female
XXC Normal female, carrier of the gene
C
XX C Color-blind female
XY Normal male
c
XY Color-blind male
Genotypes and phenotypes of color blindness in
humans
Sample Problem
X-linked Traits
In fruit flies, eye color is a sex-linked trait. Red
(R) is dominant to white (r).
1. What are the sexes and eye colors of flies with the
following genotypes:
a.X XR R _________________
R r
b.X X _________________
R
c. X Y _________________
r r
d.X X _________________
r
e. X Y _________________
Problem solving:
Hemophilia is a disease caused by gene found
on the X chromosome. The recessive allele causes
the disease. A man with hemophilia marries a
woman that is homozygous dominant for the
trait.
Illustrate using a Punnett square the
probability that their children will have the
disease.
Sex-Limited Traits
✓ Sex-limited traits are generally autosomal,
which means that they are not found on the
X and Y chromosomes.
✓ The genes for these traits behave exactly the
same way that any autosomal gene behaves.
✓ The difference comes in the expression of
genes in the phenotype of the individual.
Sex-Limited Traits
✓Sex-limited traits are expressed
in only one gender.
✓Example: the gene for
lactation in cattle
FEMALE GENOTYPE FEMALE PHENOTYPE
XXLL Female lactating
XXLl Female lactating
XXll Female not lactating
MALE GENOTYPE MALE PHENOTYPE
XYLL Male not lactating
XYLl Male not lactating
XYll Male not lactating
Expression of Lactation in Cattle
Sex-Influenced Traits
✓Sex-influenced traits are also
autosomal.
✓The difference is in the ways
the two genders expressed the
genes.
Sex-Influenced Traits
✓ Example: Pattern baldness in human
✓ The condition is not restricted to
male but the behavior of these genes
are highly influenced by the
hormones testosterone.
FEMALE GENOTYPE FEMALE PHENOTYPE
XXBB Female bald
XXBb Female nonbald
XXbb Female nonbald
MALE GENOTYPE MALE PHENOTYPE
XYBB Male bald
XYBb Male bald
XYbb Male nonbald
Expression of Pattern Baldness in Human
Problem Solving:
1. A male who have a sickle-cell anemia and female is
carrier of sickle-cell anemia (x-linked) got married.
What are the probabilities that their child will have
sickle-cell disease?
2. A woman is heterozygous for Tay-Sachs (a recessive
disorder). What are the probabilities of her giving
birth to a toddler with Tay-Sachs if the father is
normal (homozygous dominant)? What are the
chances of giving birth to a carrier?