كلية سيتي للعلوم والتكنولوجيا
Energy Conversion for Motor and Generator Drives
Dr. Giddani Kalcon
Lecture (1)
Introduction of Electrical Drive
• Most of production equipment used in industrial
consist of three components: the prime mover, energy
transmitting device and actuator.
• The most common used prime mover is the electric
motor.
• In many application the motor is provide with control
equipment to adjust motor operation characteristics
with respect the mechanical load to suit specific
condition .
• The most common control adjustment is motor
speed.
• Motion control is required in large number of
industrial and domestic applications.
• The control equipment usually consists of relays,
contactors, rheostat or solids state device
• his drive system is widely used in large number of
industrial and domestic applications like factories,
transportation systems, textile mills, fans, pumps,
motors, robots etc.
• An Electric Drive can be defined as an
electromechanical device for converting electrical
energy to mechanical energy to impart motion to
different machines and mechanisms for various kinds
of process control.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AN ELECTRICAL DRIVES
1. The Load
usually a machinery to accomplish a given task such as
fans, pumps, washing machine.
2. Power modulators:
usually regulate the power flow from source to the
motor to enable the motor to develop the torque speed
characteristics required by the load.
The common function of the power modulator is:
Control source and motor currents within permissible
limits during the transient operations (starting, braking,
speed reversal etc.
Converts the input electrical energy into the form as
required by the motors.
Adjusts mode of operation of the motor (motoring,
braking).
Types of Power Modulators
a) POWER ELECTRONIC CONVERTER
b) VARAIABLE IMPEDANCE
c) SWITCHING CIRCUITS
a) VARAIABLE IMPEDANCE
Variable resistance is commonly used for control of
low cost drives and also for dynamic braking of
drives.
May has two (full and zero) or more steps and can be
controlled manually or automatically with the help of
contactors
B) POWER ELECTRONIC CONVERTER
1. AC to DC converters: convert single phase/Poly-
phase AC supply into fixed or variable DC supply
using either simple rectifier circuits or controlled
rectifiers with devices like thyristors, IGBTs
2. AC voltage controllers: Used to get a variable AC
voltage of the same frequency from a single phase
or three phase supply.
3. DC to AC Inverters: to get variable voltage /variable
frequency from DC supply
4. DC to DC converters: They are used to get variable
DC voltage from a fixed DC voltage source using
Power electronics devices
5. Cycloconverters (Frequency changer): They convert
fixed voltage fixed frequency AC supply into variable
voltage variable frequency supply to control AC drives.
C) Switching Circuits
Are required to achieve one of the following:
1. Change motor connection to change its quadrant of
operation
2. Change motor parameters for starting or braking of the
motor
3. To operate the motor and drive according predetermined
sequence
4. Disconnect the motor at abnormal conditions
Switching operation of motors is achieved using
electromagnet contactors
Electrical Motors
Most commonly used electrical motor for speed
control applications are the following:
1. DC Machines Shunt, series, compound, separately
excited DC motors and switched reluctance
machines. Electric Drive Systems
2. AC Machines Induction, wound rotor,
synchronous, PM synchronous and synchronous
reluctance machines.
3. Special Machines Brush less DC motors, stepper
motors, switched reluctance motors are used.
Electrical Sources (Input power)
Very low power drives are generally fed from single -
phase sources (230 V).
Medium and large power motors of the drives is
powered from a 3- phase source (415 V).
For higher ratings, motors may be rated at 3.3kV,
6.6kV and 11 kV.
Some drives are powered from battery.
Sensing Unit
1. Speed Sensing (From Motor)
2. Torque Sensing
3. Position Sensing
4. Current sensing and Voltage Sensing from Lines or
from motor terminals.
Controller
The control unit is used to generate the switching
signals to the power switches of power converter.
The switching signals are generated depending on the
control system adopted.
Controls signals adjusting based on the Input
command and the feedback signal continuously obtained
from a suitable point at the load end.
1. MICRO-CONTROLLER
2. MICROPROCESSOR
3. Fuzzy logic control
4. Artificial intelligent control
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE CHOICE OF ELECTRICAL
DRIVES
(i) Nature of electric supply (AC or DC supply is to be
used for supply)
(ii) Nature of the drive (Whether the motor is going to
drive individual machine or a group of machines
(iii) Capital and running cost
(iv) Maintenance requirement
(v) Space ad weight restrictions
(vi) Environment and location
(vii)Size, rating and duty cycle of motors (the motor is
going to the operator for a short time or whether it
has to run continuously intermittently or on a
variable load cycle)
(viii) Nature of load
Whether the load requires light or heavy starting
torque
Whether load torque increases with speed remain
constant
Whether the load has heavy inertia which may require
longer straight time
(ix) Electrical characteristics of motor
Starting characteristics,
running characteristics
speed control and Braking characteristics
Quadrant Operation of a Drive System
The Quadrant Operation of a Drive System is defined by
the speed and torque of the motor
there are 4 mode of operation base on direction of
speed and torque.
Most motor can operate in all quadrant (in forward and
reserved direction).
On the other hand not all power converter are capable
in all quadrant.
Quadrant – I
Both torque and speed are positive. The power of motor
is the product of speed and torque, therefore its positive.
The power is converted from mechanical to electrical
form.
The mode is known as forward motoring
Quadrant – II
The speed is in forward direction but the torque in
opposite direction or negative value.
The produced torque is used to brake the forward motor
rotation.
The power flow is from mechanical to electrical system.
The mode is known as forward Braking
Quadrant – III
The speed and torque of the motor are in same direction
but are both negative.
The motor will rotate in opposite direction.
The power is positive (motoring mode) ,The power flow
from electrical to mechanical system.
The mode is known as reversing motoring
Quadrant – IV
The speed is in reserve direction but the torque is
positive.
The produced torque is used to brake the reserved motor
rotation.
The power flow is from mechanical to electrical system.
The mode is known as reverse Braking
Advantages of Electrical Drives
1. These drives are available in wide range torque,
speed and power.
2. The control characteristics of these drives are
flexible. According to load requirements these can
be shaped to steady state and dynamic
characteristics. As well as speed control, electric
braking, gearing, starting many things can be
accomplished.
3. The are adaptable to any type of operating
conditions.
4. They can operate in all the four quadrants of speed
torque plane, which is not applicable for other prime
movers.
5. They do not pollute the environment.
6. They do not need refueling or preheating, they can
be started instantly and can be loaded immediately.
7. They are powered by electrical energy which is
atmosphere friendly and cheap source of power.
Because of the above mentioned advantages of
electrical drives, they are getting more and more
popular and are used in a wider range of
applications.
Applications of Electrical Drives
1. Paper mills
2. Cement Mills
3. Textile mills
4. Sugar Mills
5. Steel Mills
6. Electric Traction
7. Petrochemical Industries
8. Electric Vehicles
9. Aircraft Drive Systems
End of the Lecture