Pomerantz, Clinical Psychology, 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2020
Chapter 2: Evolution of Clinical Psychology
Test Bank
Multiple Choice
1. The discipline of clinical psychology didn’t come into existence until ______.
A. around the turn of the 19th century
B. around the turn of the 20th century
C. the 1950s
D. the 1980s
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Origins of the Field
Difficulty Level: Easy
2. ______ was an early pioneer in the field of mental health who advocated for better
treatment of the mentally ill in England.
A. William Tuke
B. Philippe Pinel
C. Eli Todd
D. Henry Murray
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: William Tuke (1732–1822)
Difficulty Level: Easy
3. The ______, a residential treatment center for the mentally ill in England, served as a
model for humane treatment facilities that subsequently opened throughout Europe and
the United States.
A. Pinel Institute
B. Hartford Retreat
C. York Retreat
D. Todd Institute
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: William Tuke (1732–1822)
Difficulty Level: Medium
4. ______ was an early pioneer in the field of mental health who advocated for better
treatment of the mentally ill in France.
A. Eli Todd
B. Edward Lee Thorndike
C. Philippe Pinel
Pomerantz, Clinical Psychology, 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2020
D. Hermann Rorschach
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Philippe Pinel (1745–1826)
Difficulty Level: Easy
5. Which of the following is NOT true of Philippe Pinel?
A. Pinel helped to establish compassionate treatment of the mentally ill in England.
B. Pinel advocated for institution staff to record a patient’s case history and ongoing
treatment notes.
C. Pinel wrote Treatise on Insanity, in which he argued for empathy for the mentally ill.
D. Pinel created institutions where patients were given healthy food and kind treatment.
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Philippe Pinel (1745–1826)
Difficulty Level: Hard
6. Eli Todd is most notable for ______.
A. creating an inkblot personality test that is still used by many clinical psychologists
B. advocating for humane treatment of the mentally ill in the United States
C. coining the term clinical psychology
D. creating the first widely used test of intelligence
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Eli Todd (1769–1833)
Difficulty Level: Easy
7. ______’s work directly resulted in the establishment of more than 30 state institutions
for the mentally ill throughout the United States.
A. William Tuke
B. Philippe Pinel
C. Eli Todd
D. Dorothea Dix
Ans: D
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Dorothea Dix (1802–1887)
Difficulty Level: Medium
8. James receives his doctorate in psychology in the late 1800s. Upon graduation, he is
most likely to find employment as a ______.
A. clinician providing psychotherapy
B. clinician conducting psychological assessments
C. lecturer at a professional school of psychology that trains the next generation of
practitioners
D. researcher in an academic setting
Ans: D
Pomerantz, Clinical Psychology, 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2020
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Lightner Witmer and the Creation of Clinical Psychology
Difficulty Level: Medium
9. The first psychological clinic was founded by ______.
A. Lightner Witmer
B. Wilhelm Wundt
C. James McKeen Cattell
D. William Tuke
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Lightner Witmer and the Creation of Clinical Psychology
Difficulty Level: Easy
10. At the first psychological clinic, the patients were primarily ______.
A. children with school-related problems
B. adults with personality disorders
C. children and adults with depression
D. couples experiencing relationship problems
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Lightner Witmer and the Creation of Clinical Psychology
Difficulty Level: Easy
11. The journal founded by Lightner Witmer was titled ______.
A. Treatment of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders
B. The Psychological Clinic
C. Behavior Change
D. Psychology and Cognition
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Lightner Witmer and the Creation of Clinical Psychology
Difficulty Level: Easy
12. Lightner Witmer originally defined clinical psychology as related to the disciplines of
______.
A. philosophy and pathology
B. sociology, physiology, and communication sciences
C. medicine, education, and social work
D. psychiatry and anthropology
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Lightner Witmer and the Creation of Clinical Psychology
Difficulty Level: Medium
Pomerantz, Clinical Psychology, 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2020
13. ______ is credited with the first known publication in which the term clinical
psychology was used.
A. Wilhelm Wundt
B. Lightner Witmer
C. Emil Kraepelin
D. Edward Lee Thorndike
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Lightner Witmer and the Creation of Clinical Psychology
Difficulty Level: Easy
14. In 1800s Europe, mental illness was initially placed in one of two categories:
______, psychiatric symptoms, or ______, breaks from reality.
A. neuroses; psychoses
B. psychoses; neuroses
C. exogenous disorders; endogenous disorders
D. endogenous disorders; exogenous disorders
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Diagnostic Issues
Difficulty Level: Medium
15. Emil Kraepelin ______.
A. is considered a pioneer in the diagnosis of mental illness
B. authored an objective personality test that remains widely used among clinical
psychologists today
C. created the first Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
D. argued for humane treatment of the mentally ill in France
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Diagnostic Issues
Difficulty Level: Medium
16. Emil Kraepelin’s two-category system of mental illness included ______, disorders
caused by external factors, and ______, disorders caused by internal factors.
A. neuroses; psychoses
B. psychoses; neuroses
C. exogenous disorders; endogenous disorders
D. endogenous disorders; exogenous disorders
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Diagnostic Issues
Difficulty Level: Medium
17. ______, a term coined by Emil Kraepelin, described a cluster of symptoms similar to
what is now known as schizophrenia.
Pomerantz, Clinical Psychology, 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2020
A. Dementia praecox
B. Paranoia
C. Depressive psychosis
D. Cyclothymic personality
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Diagnostic Issues
Difficulty Level: Easy
18. The first edition of the DSM was published in ______.
A. 1896
B. 1926
C. 1952
D. 1980
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Diagnostic Issues
Difficulty Level: Easy
19. The DSM is published by the ______.
A. American Psychological Association
B. National Association of Social Workers
C. American Psychotherapy Association
D. American Psychiatric Association
Ans: D
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Diagnostic Issues
Difficulty Level: Easy
20. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A. Each edition of the DSM has included fewer pages and diagnoses than the previous
edition.
B. Specific diagnostic criteria have been a characteristic of the DSM since its first
edition.
C. DSM-II introduced a multiaxial diagnostic system.
D. DSM-5, published in May 2013, is the most recent version of the manual.
Ans: D
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Diagnostic Issues
Difficulty Level: Medium
21. The current edition of the DSM contains “proposed criteria sets.” These sets are
______.
A. descriptions of proposed disorders that may become official disorders in a future
DSM edition
B. list of disorders that will be eliminated in a future version of the DSM
Pomerantz, Clinical Psychology, 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2020
C. diagnostic aids to assist clinicians in distinguishing between disorders with similar
presentations
D. a new classification system for personality disorders
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Box 2.1: Is It a DSM Disorder? Decisions to Include or Exclude
Potential Disorders
Difficulty Level: Medium
22.______ is a proposed criteria set in the current DSM that involves cutting, burning, or
otherwise intentionally hurting one’s own body without the intent to kill oneself.
A. Internet gaming disorder
B. Attenuated psychosis syndrome
C. Persistent complex bereavement
D. Nonsuicidal self-injury
Ans: D
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Box 2.1: Is It a DSM Disorder? Decisions to Include or Exclude
Potential Disorders
Difficulty Level: Medium
23. June believes there is one general intelligence that overlaps with many abilities.
Which of the following theorists is most likely to agree with June?
A. Edward Lee Thorndike
B. Charles Spearman
C. Alfred Binet
D. Lewis Terman
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Assessment of Intelligence
Difficulty Level: Easy
24. In the early 1900s, ______ created a test of intelligence to help the French school
system determine if students should qualify for special services.
A. Lewis Terman
B. David Wechsler
C. Alfred Binet
D. Harland Stanford
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Assessment of Intelligence
Difficulty Level: Easy
25. David Wechsler created ______.
A. an inkblot test of personality
B. a popular objective questionnaire measuring symptoms of depression
Pomerantz, Clinical Psychology, 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2020
C. a test of intelligence
D. the MMPI
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Assessment of Intelligence
Difficulty Level: Easy
26. The Rorschach Inkblot Method is best identified as a(n)______.
A. projective intelligence test
B. objective intelligence test
C. projective personality test
D. objective personality test
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Assessment of Intelligence
Difficulty Level: Medium
27. ______ tests assume that people reveal their personalities by their responses to
ambiguous stimuli, while ______ tests offer straightforward scoring and interpretation
guidelines and are often in multiple-choice or true–false format.
A. Projective intelligence; objective intelligence
B. Objective intelligence; projective intelligence
C. Projective personality; objective personality
D. Objective personality; projective personality
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Assessment of Intelligence
Difficulty Level: Medium
28. The ______ has patients tell stories in response to cards that depict interpersonal
scenes.
A. Rorschach Inkblot Method
B. Thematic Apperception Test
C. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
D. Wechsler Adult Story Scale
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Assessment of Intelligence
Difficulty Level: Easy
29. ______ are the authors of the TAT.
A. Christiana Morgan and Henry Murray
B. Lewis Terman and Alfred Binet
C. Edward Thorndike and Charles Spearman
D. Herman Rorschach and James Cattell
Ans: A
Pomerantz, Clinical Psychology, 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2020
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Assessment of Intelligence
Difficulty Level: Easy
30. The MMPI ______.
A. is an objective test of personality
B. was created prior to the Rorschach Inkblot test
C. is a projective test of personality
D. is modeled after the Thematic Apperception Test
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Assessment of Intelligence
Difficulty Level: Medium
31. Psychotherapy began to play a significant role in the history of clinical psychology
around ______.
A. 1900–1910
B. 1940–1950
C. 1970–1980
D. 1990–2000
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Psychotherapy
Difficulty Level: Medium
32. Which approach to psychotherapy that arose in the 20th century emphasized
empirical methodology and the study and treatment of measurable, observable
symptoms?
A. psychodynamic
B. behavioral
C. humanistic
D. cognitive
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Psychotherapy
Difficulty Level: Medium
33. Currently, the most popular singular psychotherapy orientation among clinical
psychologists is the ______ orientation.
A. behavioral
B. cognitive
C. psychodynamic
D. humanistic
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Psychotherapy
Pomerantz, Clinical Psychology, 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2020
Difficulty Level: Easy
34. Clinical psychology’s major contribution to World War I was ______.
A. the creation of tests to measure the intelligence of recruits
B. treatment for returning veterans with “shell shock”
C. development of effective interrogation techniques
D. coaching of newly trained fighter pilots
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Box 2.2: The Influence of War on Clinical Psychology
Difficulty Level: Easy
35. The historic Boulder conference took place in ______.
A. 1896
B. 1921
C. 1949
D. 1969
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Development of the Profession
Difficulty Level: Medium
36. The result of the Boulder conference was an agreement among clinical psychology
training directors that ______.
A. PhD clinical psychology training should focus on clinical practice
B. research was the most essential facet of PhD clinical psychology training
C. both practice and research were important parts of PhD clinical psychology training
D. PhD clinical psychology training standards should be revised at least every 10 years
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Development of the Profession
Difficulty Level: Medium
37. Which of the following assessment methods was created most recently?
A. MMPI
B. Thematic Apperception Test
C. NEO-PI-R
D. Rorschach Inkblot Method
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Assessment of Personality
Difficulty Level: Hard
38. At the 1896 convention of the American Psychological Association, when Lightner
Witmer encouraged his colleagues to “throw light upon the problems that confront
humanity,” he meant that they should ______.
Pomerantz, Clinical Psychology, 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2020
A. develop a diagnostic manual
B. open psychological clinics
C. convince local politicians to improve the conditions of inpatient facilities for the
seriously mentally ill
D. organize and lobby for the right to prescribe medication
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Lightner Witmer and the Creation of Clinical Psychology
Difficulty Level: Medium
39. ______, more than any other activity, characterized clinical psychology during the
earliest years of the profession.
A. Cognitive psychotherapy
B. Behavioral psychotherapy
C. Motivational interviewing
D. Assessment of intelligence
Ans: D
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Assessment of Intelligence
Difficulty Level: Medium
40. From roughly 1900 to 1950, the treatment of mental illness ______.
A. did not exist
B. was conducted primarily by clinical psychologists
C. was conducted primarily by physicians
D. was conducted primarily by counseling psychologists
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Psychotherapy
Difficulty Level: Medium
Short Answer
1. Who founded the first psychological clinic?
Ans: Lightner Whitmer
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Lightner Witmer and the Creation of Clinical Psychology
Difficulty Level: Easy
2. What population and what problems were addressed in the first psychological clinic?
Ans: School children; problems in the school setting related to learning or behavior.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Lightner Witmer and the Creation of Clinical Psychology
Difficulty Level: Easy
3. Who is considered the “father of descriptive psychiatry?”
Pomerantz, Clinical Psychology, 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2020
Ans: Emil Kraepelin
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Assessment
Difficulty Level: Easy
4. What organization is the author of the DSM-5?
Ans: American Psychiatric Association
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Assessment
Difficulty Level: Easy
5. David Wechsler is most famous for creating ______.
Ans: an intelligence test designed specifically for adults or the Wechsler-Bellevue test
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Assessment
Difficulty Level: Easy
6. The Rorschach Inkblot Method and the Thematic Apperception Test are both
examples of ______.
Ans: projective personality tests
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Assessment
Difficulty Level: Easy
7. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is an example of an ______
personality test.
Ans: objective
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Assessment
Difficulty Level: Medium
8. What historical event elevated psychotherapy to become one of the most common
activities of clinical psychologists?
Ans: World War II
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Psychotherapy
Difficulty Level: Medium
9. What historical event led psychologists to create the Army Alpha and Beta
intelligence tests?
Ans: World War I
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Psychotherapy
Difficulty Level: Medium
Pomerantz, Clinical Psychology, 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2020
Essay
1. Briefly explain how the size and scope of the DSM has changed since its original
edition.
Ans: It has expanded in size and scope with every new edition. The largest increase
took place from DSM-II to DSM-III. In the time between the original DSM (in 1952) and
DSM-IV (in 1994), the number of disorders increased by more than 300% to a total of
368 distinct diagnoses.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Assessment
Difficulty Level: Medium
2. Internet gaming disorder, attenuated psychosis syndrome, persistent complex
bereavement, and nonsuicidal self-injury are discussed in the text as “proposed criteria
sets” in DSM-5. First, explain what is meant by proposed criteria sets. Second, select
one of the disorders and briefly describe its symptoms.
Ans: “Proposed criteria sets” are descriptions of proposed disorders that are included in
the DSM-5 to encourage additional research that may contribute to a disorder’s
inclusion as an official disorder in a future version of the manual. In Internet gaming
disorder, a person’s Internet game-playing behavior causes clinically significant
impairment or distress. In attenuated psychosis syndrome, a person experiences mild or
brief delusions, hallucinations, or other psychotic phenomena. In persistent complex
bereavement, a person experiences intense sorrow and continues to be preoccupied
with the death of a loved one for over 12 months. In nonsuicidal self-injury, a person
intentionally hurts his own body without the intent to kill himself.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Assessment
Difficulty Level: Medium
3. Briefly explain the fundamental differences between projective personality tests (e.g.,
Rorschach, TAT) and objective personality tests (e.g., MMPI, MMPI-2, and NEO-PI-R).
Ans: Projective tests involve presenting the client with ambiguous stimuli. They assume
that the way an individual perceives and makes sense of the blots corresponds to the
way they perceive and make sense of the world around them. Objective tests are
typically pencil-and-paper self-report instruments with more restricted ranges of
responding (e.g., multiple-choice or true–false rather than free response). Objective
tests have generally had less questionable reliability and validity than projective tests.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Assessment
Difficulty Level: Medium
4. Briefly summarize three of the ways in which war has influenced the history of clinical
psychology.
Ans: Army Alpha and Beta intelligence tests during World War I, used to measure the
intelligence of recruits and soldiers, were precursors to today’s intelligence tests.
Wechsler’s clinical experiences during World War I aided his creation of the Wechsler-
Bellevue. Following World War II, veterans returned with “shell shock” and other
Pomerantz, Clinical Psychology, 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2020
psychological symptoms; the U.S. government provided significant funding to train
additional clinical psychologists to treat these veterans. The Nazi presence in Europe
during the 1930s forced many influential figures in clinical psychology to flee their home
countries, facilitating the spread of their theories to England and, ultimately, the United
States. Clinical psychologists play a critical role in treating veterans from recent military
conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan; the VA is one of the country's largest providers of
mental health services.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Psychotherapy
Difficulty Level: Hard