PERDEV

Ambivalent – having mixed feelings or

contradictory ideas about something or
someone

The Foundation of Human Experience is

formed by our personal relationship (Trask, 2011)
RELATIONSHIP SPECTRUM
in his book entitled Personal Relationships.
Healthy

Unhealthy
Personal Relationship – is the connection we
build with other people to make as close to them Abusive

~ The free dictionary (2012) – defines personal

relationship as a relation between persons
SOCIAL RELATIONSHIP IN MIDDLE AND LATE
~ Hamilton (2017) – also defines the term as ADOLESCENCE
“the ability to interact effectively with diverse
Sedra Spano – believes that adolescence is a
others in a variety of situations”
time of great change for young people when
~ Love – we are driven to find a mate, bond, and physical changes are happening at an
reproduce accelerated rate

~ Rychlak (1984) – personal relationship has a Great Leaders – find the balance between
teleological nature business foresight, performance, and character

3 STAGES OF FALLING IN LOVE

Lust - refers to and urge or desire that motivates CHARACTERISTICS OF GREAT LEADERS
a person to partake in sexual activity
1. Great leaders have a vision
Attraction – the stage when a person loses sleep 2. One of the more important qualities of a
and appetite over someone and becomes very good leader is courageous
excited while day dreaming of this person 3. The core of integrity is truthfulness
~ integrity requires that always tell the
• Attachment – when the couple
truth to all people
attachment stage, long lasting
4. Humility doesn’t mean that you’re weak
commitments are exchange and may lead
or unsure of yourself
to raising a family
5. Great leaders are outstanding at strategic
•
planning
3 DIFFERENT ATTACHMENT STYLES 6. Leaders always focus on the needs of the
company or any organization
Secure attachment
7. Leaders have the ability to get everyone
Avoidant attachment working together which is essential to
success
Anxious Ambivalent attachment
 LEADERSHIP THEORIES Wisconsin family impact seminar – the
definition of family are as diverse as families
Trait theory – emphasizes the traits or
themselves and in the context in which they are
qualities of leaders which lead to their
found
effectiveness

Behavioral theory – seeks to identify the

behaviors of leaders that lead to their DEFINITIONS CAN BE CATEGORIZED IN TWO
leadership success WAYS:

Charismatic leadership theory – 1. Structural definitions – specify who’s in

commands authority not by the virtue of a the family and who is out according to
formal position but by the virtue of certain characteristics of a family
charismatic personality member
2. Functional definition – specify the
Transactional leadership theory – bases
functions that family member perform
leadership on a system of rewards and
punishment that are contingent upon the
performance of the followers
Family – plays a vital role in our personal
Transformational leadership theory – development and in the society at large.
inspires followers with their vision and
Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article
personality to change expectations,
16 section –acknowledged that the family is the
perceptions, and motivations for working
natural and fundamental group unit of society
towards common goals
and is entitled to protection by the society and
FOLLOWERSHIP THEORY the state.

A make-it-happen attitude – expect results from ~further supported by 1987 Constitution,

their followers as they do not need excuses Article XV section 1. "The state recognizes the
Filipino family as the foundation of the nation.
A willingness to collaborate – collaboration is
Accordingly, it shall strengthen the solidarity and
important in the realizing of the common goal
actively promote its total development."
The passion to drive your own growth – seek for
followers who want to develop themselves
TPES OF FAMILY STRUCTURES (Julie Olsen
Edwards)
FAMILY STRUCTURE AND LEGACIES
1. Nuclear Family - A family consisting of a
Merriam-webster online dictionary – defines married man & woman and their biological
family has the basic unit in society traditionally children.
consisting of two parents rearing the children
2. Single parent family - this can be a father or
Cleofe (2016) – stated that family is our source mother who is singly responsible for the raising
of love and strength of a child.
3. Extended family - a family where 1. Respect, beginning with themselves and work
grandparents, or aunts and uncles play major for other people.
roles in the children's up bringing.
2. Responsibility, fostered be respect, is
cultivated by assigning children duties within the
family making them accountable for their
TYPES OF FAMILY STRUCTURES THAT ARE
actions and giving them room to make wrong
PREVALENT IN THE PHILIPPINES
choices once in a while.
1. Childless family - a childless family are
3. Expression of parent's unconditional love and
families with two parents who cannot have or
acceptance by positively and patiently correcting
don't want kids.
unbecoming behavior of their children.
2. Stepfamily - a stepfamily is when two
4. The setting of social boundaries concerning
separate families merge into one.
how to relate to God, authority, peers, the
3. Grandparent family - a grandparent family is environment and siblings.
when one or more grandparent is raising their
5. Rules that are given within a loving
grandchild or grandchildren.
relationship.

FAMILY LEGACIES
Spiritual Legacy - the five things that would aid
Emotional Legacy – a nurturing environment children receive the spiritual legacy a Christian
with a continuing a sense of care and love would parent desires include the following;
make us feel secure and accepted.

A STRONG EMOTIONAL LEGACY INCLUDES

1. Acknowledge and reinforce spiritual
THE FOLLOWING
realities
1. Provides a safe environment in which deep 2. View God as a personal, caring being who
emotional roots can grow and foster confidence is to be loved and respected
through stability. 3. Make spiritual activities a routine part of
life
2. Conveys a tone of rusting support and
4. Clarify timeless truth - what is right and
nurtures a sense of positive identity.
wrong
3. Creates a "resting place" for the soul and the 5. Incorporate spiritual principles into
demonstrate unconditional love. everyday living.

Social Legacy - appropriate social interaction

and relationships are demonstrated more
effectively at home where parents play a key role
in passing on a strong social legacy. Key building
blocks of children's social legacy include the
following;
R&W
CRITICAL THINKER:

[Link] the relation of one idea to

another.
HYPERTEXT & INTERTEXT
[Link] the importance and relevance of
Hypertext – is a non-linear way to present ideas and arguments.
information and is usually accomplished using
[Link], builds, and appraises arguments.
“links”.
4. Identifies inconsistencies and errors in
- was coined by Ted Nelson in 1963.
reasoning.
- displayed on a computer display or other
electronic devices with references to [Link] problems in a consistent and
other text that the reader can immediately systematic way.
access.
[Link] on the justification of his own
Intertextuality – is one method of text assumptions, beliefs, and values
development that enables the author to make
Logical Fallacies – are errors in reasoning that
another text based on another text.
invalidate an argument.
- said to take place using four specific
False Dilemma/false dichotomy – Despite the
methods namely: retelling, pastiche,
presence of multiple possibilities an arguer
quotation, and allusion
presents his/her argument as one of only two
•Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913). Bulgarian- options
French philosopher and psychoanalyst Julia
Appeal to Ignorance – Despite the presence of
Kristeva (1960)
multiple possibilities an arguer presents his/her
3 MAIN TYPES OF INTERTEXT argument as one of only two options

Explicit intertextuality – is when one text is Appeal to Force – Instead of reasoning, a threat
explicitly replicated, either through a remake, is used to argue
reboot, or plagiarism.
Appeal to Pity – Pity is used instead of logical
Implicit intertextuality – is when one text is reasoning
implicitly replicated through parody or satire
Appeal to Consequences – To show that the
Allusory intertextuality – is when one text belief is false, there is an unpleasant
alludes to other texts. This can be done through consequence of believing something are pointed
just about anything, e.g., dialogue, action, plot, out
imagery, character names, etc
Ad Hominem – Instead of attacking the ideas of
Critical reading – involves scrutinizing any the argument, you attack the character of the
information that you read or hear. person

- not easily believing information offered to Hasty Generalization – The sample is not
significant or enough to support a generalization
you by a text.
about a population
CRITICAL READING STRATEGIES PARTS OF A MEMO

1. Annotating - Heading
2. Contextual Reading - Introduction
3. Outlining - Context
4. Summarizing - Call to Action
5. Paraphrasing - Discussion
6. Comparing and Contrasting - Summary
7. Evaluating and Argument - Closing Statements
8. Reflecting on Challenges to your Beliefs
Confirmation Memo
and Values
9. Looking for Patterns of Opposition Directive Memo
10. Judging the Writer’s Credibility
E-mail – functions in the workplace as a medium
11. Exploring the Figurative Language
to exchange information and share electronic
12. Recognizing Emotional Manipulation
files with colleagues, clients, and customers.
Claim – is an arguable statement (Del Gandio,
RULES OF NETIQUETTE
2008).
[Link] your organization's email policy.
- is an opinion, idea, or assertion
2. Stay professional in tone and content.
3 CLASSIFICATIONS OF CLAIM
3. Use clear and relevant subject lines.
Claim of Fact – This claim asserts some
empirical truth 4. Edit forwarded messages—update the subject
and cut extra text.
Claim of Value – are arguable statements
concerning the relative merits of something 5. Add a brief message when sending
which is measured subjectively attachments.

Claim of Policy – is a statement regarding the 6. Send a quick reply if your full response will be
merits of a course of action. delayed.

Memos – are internal correspondence. 7. Avoid ALL CAPS, all lowercase, and text
shortcuts (e.g., “BTW”).
- have a different format than the letter
essential components. 8. Don’t use emoticons in professional emails.

TIPS TO CONSIDER Position Paper – is a short paper describing the

issue at hand and your position on an issue.
• Memos are often brief.
(Miciano & Miciano, 2016)
• Memos should be fairly skimmable.
- This paper shows our views and
• Memos should only be addressed to the sentiments.
individuals who need to read it - usually one to one-and-a-half pages in
length.
NATURE OF POSITION PAPER

1. A position paper is also called as STRUCTURING APPLICATION LETTER

argumentative paper or manifesto. 1. Opening – Provide context by indicating how

you heard about the position and name the
2. Its goal is to convince the reader of the
specific job title or area
acceptability of the writer's position
2. Body – Show through examples that you are
qualified for the job.

PARTS OF POSITION PAPER 3. Closing – Request an interview.

Issue – is an idea or question over which people

are divided; it's also called a controversy.
Resume – This itemizes your qualifications and
Thesis – is also called as claim. This is basically serves as a foundation for your application letter.
your position/stand on an issue.
- Consider first an organization that
Reasons – are also called as arguments. This is highlights your strengths and fits your
the part where your position must be logical, goals.
acceptable, and believable. - Proofreading is essential.

Support – refers to evidences.

Four classifications: ORGANIZING YOUR RESUME

1. Facts 1. Heading – At the top of your résumé, include

2. Comparisons your name, address, telephone number (home or
3. Examples cell), and a professional e-mail address.
4. Opinions
2. Job Objective – An objective introduces the
Counterarguments – These are also known as material in a résumé and helps the reader
opposing viewpoints quickly understand your goal.

Application letter – is often referred to as 3. Qualifications Summary – Include a brief

summary of your qualifications to persuade
"cover letter".
hiring managers to select you for an interview
This accomplishes four tasks:
4. Education – List the school(s) you have
• It catches the reader’s attention. attended, the degree(s) you received and the
dates you received them, your major field(s) of
• it explains which particular job interests you .
study, and any academic honors you have
• it convinces the reader that you are qualified earned.
for the job. 5. Employment Experience – Organize your
• it requests an interview. employment experience in reverse chronological
order.
Highlighting your experiences: 3. Write the head of admission's name, the
college's name and the college's address
• Include jobs or internships.
4. Include a salutation
• Include extracurricular experiences.
5. State your purpose for applying to the school
• For each job or experience, list both the job and
company titles. 6. Explain why you want to attend their school

• Under each job or experience, provide a 7. Write a conclusion

concise description of your primary and
8. Include a sign-off
secondary duties.
College Application Essay – This is a personal
• Focus as much as possible on your
statement or statement of purpose, is a crucial
achievements in your work history.
component of many college applications. It's an
• Use action verbs (for example, “managed” opportunity for students to showcase their
rather than “as the manager”). unique personality

6. Related Skills and Abilities KEY ELEMENTS OF A STRONG ESSAY

7. Honors and Activities – Include items such as 1. Authentic

student or community activities, professional or
2. Compelling Composition
club memberships, awards received, and
published works. 3. Choosing a meaningful subject

8. References 4. Tailor the essay to each

University

College Application Cover Letter – refers to a

document that expresses your intent and interest
in applying for a collegiate program.

TIPS FOR WRITING CACL

• Research the school.

• Be concise.

• Be specific.

• Emphasize your uniqueness.

• Proofread your cover letter.

HOW TO WRITE CACL

1. Write your name and street address

2. Include the date

DRRR
Sinkhole – A geological hazard where the ground
collapses due to underground erosion.

- Common in flat areas with underground

Landslide – A geological hazard where the slope limestone or caves.
becomes unstable and materials move - Caused by underground erosion, often
downward. due to water dissolving limestone or other
soluble rock.
- Common in hillsides or mountains.
- Usually caused by rain, earthquakes,
volcanic activity, or human activities.
TYPES OF SINKHOLE

1. Cover-Collapse Sinkhole – Collapse of the

TYPES OF LANDSLIDE
overlying soil layer over an underground cavity.
1. Rock Fall – The rock on the slope loosens and
- Rapid, often within hours or days.
then suddenly slides down the slope.
- Catastrophic, can swallow structures.
2. Debris Flow – The slope becomes saturated
with water, triggering a landslide of rocks and
water.

3. Slumping – Mass of soil or rock suddenly

moves downslope as a unit along a curved
surface.

4. Soil Creep – Very slow, imperceptible

movement of soil unless observed over a long
period of time.
2. Cover-Subsidence Sinkhole – Surface is
covered by permeable materials like sand or
gravel.

- These materials gradually filter into

underground voids, causing the ground surface
to sink slowly over time.
3. Dissolution Sinkhole – Forms when water HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS
dissolves underlying soluble rock, like limestone
Thunderstorm – A small-scale storm with
or gypsum.
lightning and thunder
- Rainwater and surface water, often with a
Duration: 30 minutes to 1 hour
slightly acidic pH, seep through cracks and joints
in the bedrock, dissolving the rock over time. Scale: Around 24 kilometers in diameter

- typically forms more slowly and remains 1,800 thunderstorms occur at any moment
shallow. worldwide

16 million thunderstorms occur globally each

year

Lightning – electrostatic discharges occurring in

the atmosphere; also known as "Electrical
Storm" or "Lightning Storm"

Thunder – acoustic effect of lightning on the

earth’s atmosphere

Which is faster: lightning or thunder?

4. Artificial Sinkhole – Sinkhole caused by
human activities, rather than natural geological Light: 300,000,000 meters per second
processes. Sound: 340 meters per second
- Common causes: groundwater pumping, You see lightning before you hear thunder
construction, mining, or changes in water because light travels much faster than sound
diversion systems.
Safety During a Thunderstorm:

1. If outside: do the Lightning Safety Crouch

2. Squat close to the ground
3. Touch as little of the ground as possible
4. Do not lie down

Avoid:

1. Taking shelter under a tree – trees can act like

natural lightning rods

2. Using metal objects (e.g., umbrella) – metal

conducts lightning Storm Surge – An abnormal rise in sea level that
Lightning Strike Facts: occurs during tropical cyclones

Tall, pointy, isolated structures attract lightning - Also known as Daluyong ng Bagyo

The Empire State Building is struck by lightning

about 25 times a year

Lightning can strike the same place multiple

times Typhoon Yolanda (Haiyan) – Caused a record-
breaking storm surge

Typhoon – An intense circular storm that - Maximum inundation height: 7 meters in

originates over warm tropical oceans Tacloban
- 90% of Tacloban destroyed
- Characterized by low pressure, high winds, and - 6,190 people died
heavy rains
EL NIÑO and LA NIÑA – Natural climate patterns
caused by variations in ocean temperatures

- Significantly affect global weather and

climate
PAGASA – Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical
EL NIÑO – Means “Little Boy” or “Christ Child”
and Astronomical Services Administration
(peaks around December)

- Surface water in the equatorial Pacific

becomes warmer than average

LA NIÑA – Means “Little Girl”

- Also called “El Viejo” (Old Man) or “anti-El

Niño”
- Surface water in the equatorial Pacific
becomes cooler than average
Flood – Overflow of water onto land that is 6. Man-made Flood – Structural failure of a dam
usually dry. or levee. Sudden and devastating; similar to
flash floods
- Happens when land areas not normally
covered with water are submerged. Levee – A raised structure (natural or artificial)
along rivers/lakes to prevent flooding

Areas in the Philippines at Very High Risk to

Floods: TOOLS FOR MONITORING
HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS
1. Metro Manila – Dense population and
infrastructure

- Inadequate drainage system 1. Thermometer – Measures temperature using

thermal expansion of liquid
2. Pampanga & Bulacan – Located in flood plains

- Heavily affected by overflowing rivers like

Pampanga and Angat

Types of Floods (6 Types):

1. Coastal Flood – Storm surges, tsunamis,

orhigh tides combined with strong winds. Affects 2. Thermograph – Continuously records
coastal communities; worsened by sea level rise temperature over time as a graph

- Tidal Flood

2. River Flood – Overflowing rivers due to

prolonged rain or snowmelt

- Fluvial Flood

3. Urban Flood – Poor drainage systems, heavy

rain, clogged waterways

4. Pluvial Flood – Heavy rainfall that can't be

3. Barometer – Measures atmospheric pressure
absorbed by the ground
• Aneroid Barometer – Mercury-free, uses a
- Surface Water Flood
sealed metal chamber
5. Flash Flood – Intense rainfall, dam break,
sudden water release. Fast-moving, dangerous,
little/no warning
• Mercurial Barometer – Uses mercury; more 6. 8-inch Rain Gauge – Manual rain gauge; uses
accurate a collector funnel and measuring stick

• Digital Barometer – Uses sensors; portable

and used in smartphones

7. Tipping Bucket Rain Gauge – Automated;

counts how often a small bucket tips under
rainfall weight

4. Barograph – Records atmospheric pressure

over time as a graph

8. Pilot Balloon with Theodolite – Measures

wind speed and direction

Pibal: Pilot balloon filled with helium/hydrogen

Meteorological Theodolite: Tracks the pibal in

weather observations
5. Hygrometer – Measures moisture (humidity)
in the air
9. Doppler Radar – Uses the Doppler effect to • Relocating communities away from
detect motion and intensity of precipitation danger zones

- Essential in weather forecasting, storm and Mitigation – reducing the impact or severity of a
rainfall detection disaster when it happens

• Flood barriers, building codes

• Environmental protection (e.g.,
reforestation, mangrove planting)

Preparation – activities and planning done in

advance to ensure effective response to a
disaster

• Conducting earthquake and fire drills

ONLINE MONITORING TOOLS IN THE • Preparing emergency supply kits
PHILIPPINES • Creating family and community disaster
plans
• Training rescue teams and volunteers
1. NOAH (Nationwide Operational Assessment • Setting up evacuation routes and warning
of Hazards) – Launched by DOST in 2012 systems

- Provides real-time weather data, hazard maps, BASIC EMERGENCY KIT

and early warning systems
Communication and Lighting
2. HazardHunterPH – Developed by PHIVOLCS
Clothing & Shelter
- Users input a location and get a hazard
First Aid Kit
assessment report for:
Tools & Miscellaneous
- Volcanic Hazards
- Flooding Cash
- Landslides Important Documents
- Ground Shaking
- Tsunami Hygiene Supplies
- Liquefaction and Fault Lines Non-perishable, read to eat foods

2-4 liters of water

PRE – EVENT

Prevention – stopping the disaster risk from DIY ORS (Oral Rehydration Solution)
existing
6 teaspoons of sugar
• Land use planning, hazard mapping
½ teaspoon salt
• Early disease surveillance systems
• Promoting proper sanitation and 4 cups or 1 liter of water
vaccination
POST – EVENT First Aid - an immediate help provided to a sick
or injured person until professional medical help
Rescue – to save lives by locating and extracting
arrives
individuals trapped or endangered by the
disaster Basic Life Support - an emergency procedure
that consists of recognizing respiratory or
Relief – to address immediate human needs and
cardiac arrest or both and the proper application
prevent further harm
of CPR
Psychological First Aid (PFA) - Humane,
LEGAL CONSENTS
supportive, and practical response to a person
who is suffering and may need help after 1. Consent - people have a basic right to decide
experiencing a crisis, trauma, or disaster what can and cannot be done to their bodies

- Trained teachers, volunteers, health • Implied consent - naaapply sa mga taong

workers, responders, and even peer unconscious and minor na di pa kayang
helpers can provide PFA magdecide para sa sarili
- Empathy, Compassion, Support, Respect,
• Express consent - pumapayag sa consent /
Active Listening
conscious
Rehabilitation – to restore basic services to
2. Duty to Act - this is the duty to respond to an
normalize daily life
emergency and to provide care
Reconstruction – to rebuild infrastructures,
3. Standard of Care - this is the public's
schools, homes
expectation that personnel summoned to an
Recovery – long-term healing and rebuilding, emergency will provide care with a certain
including mental health follow-up knowledge and skill

4. Negligence - pertains to the failure to follow a

reasonable standard of care

• article 12 no. 4 of Act No. 3815 of the

Philippines Revised Penal Code

5. Abandonment - this refers to discontinuing

care once it has begun

• article 275 no. 1 & 2 of Act No. 3815 of the

Philippine revised penal code book two

6. Confidentiality - is the principle that

information learned while providing care to a
victim is private and should not be shared with
anyone except to those healthcare professionals
Primary Assessment • Shock - if left untreated, shock can lead to
death. Always look for the signals of shock
I. Assessing Responsiveness - a patient's
whenever you are giving care.
response level can be summarized in the AVPU
mnemonic • Skin color, temperature and moisture -
assessment of skin temperature, color, and
A - Alert
condition can tell you more about the patient's
V - Responsive to Voice circulatory system

P - Responsive to Pain Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation -

combination of chest compressions and rescue
U - Unresponsive/Unconscious
breaths.

WHEN NOT TO START

II. Activate Medical Help - ask someone to call
DNAR “Do Not Attempt Resuscitation”
for a local emergency number and get an
Automated External Defribrillator (AED)

Foreign-body Airway Obstruction - /choking, a

common breathing emergency that occurs when
III. Airway - an open airway allows air to enter the
the person’s airway is partially or completely
lungs for the person to breathe
blocked by a foreign object
Maximum head Tilt:

adult - chin lift

child - neutral plus position

infant - neutral position

IV. Breathing - while maintaining an open airway,

quickly check an unconscious person for
breathing by doing the Look, Listen and Feel
(LLF) technique in between 5-10 seconds

V. Circulation

• Pulse - check for a definitive pulse at the

carotid area for adults or children, while brachial
for infant

• Bleeding - quickly look for severe bleeding by

looking over the person's body from head to toe
for signals such as blood-soaked clothing or
blood spurting out of a wound
First Aid Management for Choking (Abdominal For a Conscious Infant (Under 1 Year Old)
thrust, back slap, chest thrust)
1. Give 5 Back Blows
For a Conscious Adult or Child (Over 1 Year Old)
✓ Sit down and hold the infant face down
1. Check for signs of severe choking: along your forearm, supporting the head
and neck.
✓ Inability to speak, cough, or breathe
✓ Lower the infant's head below the chest.
✓ Clutching the throat (universal sign of
✓ Deliver 5 firm back blows between the
choking)
infant’s shoulder blades.
✓ Silent cough or high-pitched noise while
inhaling
✓ Bluish color of lips or skin
2. Give 5 Chest Thrusts

✓ Turn the infant face-up on your forearm,

2. Perform Back Blows keeping the head lower than the chest.
✓ Use two fingers to deliver 5 chest thrusts
✓ Stand behind and slightly to the side of
(similar to CPR), just below the nipple
the person.
line.
✓ Support their chest with one hand and
bend them forward at the waist so the 3. Alternate 5 back blows and 5 chest thrusts.
object may come out more easily. Continue until the object is expelled or the infant
✓ Deliver 5 sharp back blows between the becomes unresponsive.
shoulder blades using the heel of your
hand.
First Aid Management for Fainting

✓ Position the victim on his or her back

3. Perform Abdominal Thrusts (Heimlich
✓ Keep the victim in a lying position
Maneuver)
✓ Loosen any restrictive clothing, such as a
✓ Stand behind the person. tie or a buttoned-up collar.
✓ Place your arms around their waist. ✓ Check for any other life-threatening and
✓ Make a fist and place it just above the non-life-threatening conditions.
navel (belly button), but below the ✓ Do not give the victim anything to eat or
breastbone. drink.
✓ Grasp the fist with your other hand.
✓ Give 5 quick, upward abdominal thrusts.

4. Alternate 5 back blows and 5 abdominal

thrusts. Continue this cycle until the object is
expelled or the person becomes unconscious.
First Aid Management for Heat Cramps First Aid Management for Ingested Poison

✓ Remove the patient from the hot ✓ Remove the person from the toxic area if
environment. needed.
✓ Encourage the patient to drink a beverage ✓ Check consciousness and breathing.
containing salt. ✓ Check for life-threatening conditions.
✓ If ORS packets are not available, make an ✓ If conscious, ask questions about what
oral rehydration solution. was taken.
✓ Stretch the affected muscle and massage ✓ Look for containers and bring them when
the area once the spasm has passed. calling for help.
✓ Call the NPMCC or local poison center
and follow instructions.
First Aid Management for Open Wounds ✓ If no response, bring to the hospital
immediately.
Minor Open Wounds
✓ Do NOT give food, drinks, or induce
✓ Use a barrier between your hand and the vomiting unless told to.
wound. ✓ Save vomit samples if the poison is
✓ Apply direct pressure. unknown.
✓ Wash abrasions and other superficial ✓ Do NOT dilute acids like sulfuric acid with
wounds. water.
✓ Apply a Povidone-iodine (PVP-1) ✓ For watusi ingestion, DOH advises:
antiseptic solution or, if available, a triple Child: 6–8 egg whites
antibiotic ointment or cream Adult: 8–12 egg whites
✓ Cover the wound with a sterile dressing.
✓ Wash your hands immediately after giving
care. RICE

Major Open Wounds R – Rest

✓ Call the local emergency number. I – Ice

✓ Put on PPE (Personal Protective
C – Compression
Equipment)
✓ Control bleeding by applying direct E – Elevation
pressure or employing a pressure
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) -
bandage.
specialized clothing, equipment and supplies
✓ Monitor airway and breathing.
that keep you from directly contacting infected
✓ In cases where the injured party is in
materials
shock, keep him or her from experiencing
✓ chilis or feeling overheated. Have the
person rest comfortably and provide
reassurance.
✓ Wash your hands immediately after giving
care.