( Project: Design of a tube well )
Submitted by
Name: Sakhia Nur
ID: 2022-3-22-017
Course: CE331
Semester: Fall 2024
Group: 04
Dept. of CE, EWU
Submitted to
Name: Dr. Shakil Ahmed (DSKA)
Assistant Professor
Dept. of CE, EWU
Introduction
Groundwater is a vital resource for various purposes, including drinking water supply,
irrigation, and industrial use. A tube well is a type of water well in which a long, narrow
tube or pipe is bored into an underground aquifer. The tube well is used to extract
groundwater for various purposes such as irrigation, drinking water supply, and
industrial use etc. The design of a tube well involves understanding the
hydrogeological conditions of the area, conducting groundwater quality tests, and
performing detailed calculations to ensure the well's efficiency and longevity. In civil
engineering, designing a tube well involves determining the location, depth, diameter,
and type of pump based on various geological and hydrological factors. The objective
of this project is to design a tube well for a specified area to meet the water demand
while ensuring sustainable groundwater extraction.
Purpose
The primary objective of this project is to design a tube well that can efficiently extract
groundwater while ensuring its sustainability and quality. This involves determining the
optimal well depth, diameter, screen length, and other design parameters.
Project Area
The project area is located in Aftabnagar, which is known for its agricultural activities
and reliance on groundwater for irrigation. The area has a semi-arid climate with
limited surface water resources, making groundwater extraction crucial for sustaining
local agriculture and livelihoods. We visited the area, Here, had a deep tube-well for
normal use. We collected water for laborites test and collected different depth of soil
for our project.
Results on the Tests of Groundwater Quality
Here is all lab tests name and these tests based on tube well design for open ended
laboratory analysis.
1. Determination of PH in Water: Measuring the pH of water is crucial for assessing its
quality and determining its suitability for drinking, industrial applications, and
environmental health, ensuring it meets safety and regulatory standards.
2. Determination of Color in Water: Assessing water color helps identify impurities
such as organic materials, metals, or contaminants. Discolored water may indicate
pollution, making it unfit for consumption and less desirable for various uses, including
industrial applications.
3. Determination of Turbidity in Water: Turbidity analysis identifies the presence of
suspended particles like silt, clay, or microorganisms. High turbidity levels suggest
contamination, which can lower water quality and harm aquatic ecosystems. This test
ensures the water is safe for drinking, industrial use, and ecological health.
4. Determination of TS, TDS and TSS in Water: Examining total solids (TS), total
dissolved solids (TDS), and total suspended solids (TSS) determines the concentration
of dissolved and suspended particles. This information is vital for ensuring water
quality in domestic, industrial, and environmental applications.
5. Determination of Co2 in Water: Determining CO, in water helps assess its acidity,
impact on aquatic life, and suitability for industrial and environmental applications.
6. Determination of Chloride in Water: Determining chloride in water helps assess its
salinity, detect contamination, and ensure suitability for drinking, agricultural, and
industrial uses.
7. Determination of Total Iron in Water: Determining iron in water ensures it meets
quality standards, prevents staining, and avoids adverse effects on health, plumbing,
and industrial processes.
8. Determination of Alkalinity in Water: Determining alkalinity in water measures its
ability to neutralize acids, ensuring stability for aquatic life, suitability for industrial use,
and maintaining water quality standards.
9. Determination of Hardness in Water: Determining water hardness measures
calcium and magnesium levels to prevent scaling, protect equipment, and ensure
suitability for domestic, industrial, and agricultural use.
10. Determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand in Water: Determining chemical
oxygen demand (COD) measures the organic pollution in water, ensuring its quality
and suitability for environmental, industrial, and regulatory standards.
Groundwater quality check of tubewell
After collecting water, we checked the water quality by doing some laborites test. In
our laboratory experiments aimed at tube well design, we conducted some essential
analyses to evaluate water quality comprehensively.
Below the test results:
Parameter Result Standard Value Remarks
pH 6.82 6.5 - 8.5 Within acceptable limits
Color 2.417 Pt-Co ≤15 Pt-Co Safe for use
Turbidity 21.4 NTU ≤5 NTU Needs treatment for
clarity
Total Solids (TS) 38068 mg/L - High, requires filtration
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) 13138 mg/L ≤500 mg/L Exceeds limits
Total Suspended Solids (TSS) 24930 mg/L - High
CO₂ 16 mg/L - Normal
Chloride 15.517 mg/L ≤250 mg/L Within limits
Total Iron 60 mg/L 0.3 to 1.0 mg/L Exceeds permissible
limits
Alkalinity 61 mg/L - Suitable
Hardness 48 mg/L ≤200 mg/L Within acceptable range
Chemical Oxygen Demand 0.7 mg/L 4.0 mg/L Low, safe
(COD)
Based on these results, the water quality is poor. The high levels of TS, TDS, TSS, Iron,
and turbidity are of particular concern. This water may not be suitable for drinking
without proper treatment.
Data
Grain size distribution of different soil layers. Applying Sieve analysis and Calculating
FM ,
Table 1
Depth = 340+17 = 357 ft
Sieve Material % Standard
Cumulative
Sieve no Size Retained retaine % finer sieves FM
% retained
(mm) (gm) d Sum
No. 16 1.18 0 0.00 0.00 100.00
No.30 0.6 0.2 0.20 0.20 99.80
No.40 0.425 16.4 16.47 16.67 83.33
No.50 0.3 40.4 40.56 57.23 42.77 150.20 1.50
No.100 0.15 35.4 35.54 92.77 7.23
No.200 0.075 5.6 5.62 98.39 1.61
Pan 1.6 1.60 100.00 0.00
Total 99.6
Fm for depth 357 ft
∑ 𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 % 𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 (𝑠𝑖𝑒𝑣𝑒 𝑛𝑜 16,30,50,100) ∑ 0+0.20+7.23+92.77
FM = = = 1.5
100 100
From graph
D10 = 0.16 mm
D30 = 0.215 mm
D60 = 0.32 mm
Cu = 0.32/0.16 = 2.0 mm
Sieve Size Distribution Curve
120.00
100.00 0.6 , 99.80 1.18 , 100
80.00 0.425 , 83.33
60.00
40.00 0.3 , 42.77
20.00 0.075 , 1.61 0.15 , 7.23
0.00
0.01 0.1 1 10
Sieve Size (mm)
Table 2
Depth = 360+17 = 377 ft
Sieve Material Standard
% Cumulative
Sieve no Size Retained % finer sieves FM
retained % retained
(mm) (gm) Sum
No. 16 1.18 0 0.00 0.00 100.00
No.30 0.6 0.2 0.20 0.20 99.80
No.40 0.425 17.2 17.23 17.43 82.57
No.50 0.3 38.8 38.88 56.31 43.69
149.40 1.49
No.100 0.15 36.5 36.57 92.89 7.11
No.200 0.075 5.6 5.61 98.50 1.50
Pan 1.5 1.50 100.00 0.00
Total 99.8
Fm for depth 377 ft
∑ 𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 % 𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 (𝑠𝑖𝑒𝑣𝑒 𝑛𝑜 16,30,50,100) ∑ 0+0.21+56.31+92.88
FM = = = 1.49
100 100
From graph
D10 = 0.165 mm
D30 = 0.25 mm
D60 = 0.37 mm
Cu = 0.37/0.165 = 2.24 mm
Sieve Size Distribution Curve
120.00
100.00 0.6 , 99.80 1.18 , 100.00
80.00 0.425 , 82.57
60.00
0.3 , 43.69
40.00
20.00
0.075 , 1.50
0.15 , 7.11
0.00
0.01 0.1 1 10
Sieve Size (mm)
Table 3
Depth = 380+17 = 397 ft
Sieve Material Standard
% Cumulative
Sieve no Size Retained % finer sieves FM
retained % retained
(mm) (gm) Sum
No. 16 1.18 0 0.00 0.00 100.00
No.30 0.6 4.1 4.12 4.12 95.88
No.40 0.425 21.2 21.29 25.40 74.60
No.50 0.3 41.9 42.07 67.47 32.53
167.87 1.68
No.100 0.15 28.7 28.82 96.29 3.71
No.200 0.075 3.4 3.41 99.70 0.30
Pan 0.3 0.30 100.00 0.00
Total 99.6
Fm for depth 397 ft
∑ 𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 % 𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 (𝑠𝑖𝑒𝑣𝑒 𝑛𝑜 16,30,50,100) ∑ 0+4.11+67.39+96.19
FM = = = 1.68
100 100
From graph
D10 = 0.185 mm
D30 = 0.28mm
D60 = 0.37 mm
Cu = 0.37/0.185 = 2.0 mm
Sieve Size Distribution Curve
120.00
100.00 1.18 , 100.00
0.6 , 95.88
80.00
0.425 , 74.60
60.00
40.00
0.3 , 32.53
20.00
0.075 , 0.30
0.15 , 3.71
0.00
0.01 0.1 1 10
Sieve Size (mm)
Table 4
Depth = 400+17 = 417 ft
Sieve Material Standard
% Cumulative
Sieve no Size Retained % finer sieves FM
retained % retained
(mm) (gm) Sum
No. 16 1.18 0 0.00 0.00 100.00
No.30 0.6 12.5 12.15 12.15 87.85
No.40 0.425 16.8 16.33 28.47 71.53
No.50 0.3 29.2 28.38 56.85 43.15
159.77 1.59
No.100 0.15 34.9 33.92 90.77 9.23
No.200 0.075 8.5 8.26 99.03 0.97
Pan 1 0.97 100.00 0.00
Total 102.9
Fm for depth 417 ft
∑ 𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 % 𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 (𝑠𝑖𝑒𝑣𝑒 𝑛𝑜 16,30,50,100) ∑ 0+12.14+56.83+90.74
FM = = = 1.59
100 100
From graph
D10 = 0.16 mm
D30 = 0.245 mm
D60 = 0.4 mm
Cu = 0.4/0.16 = 2.50 mm
Sieve Size Distribution Curve
120.00
100.00 1.18, 100.00
0.6, 87.85
80.00
0.425, 71.53
60.00
40.00 0.3, 43.15
20.00
0.075, 0.97 0.15, 9.23
0.00
0.01 0.1 1 10
Sieve Size (mm)
Table 5
Depth = 420+17 = 437 ft
Sieve Material Standard
Cumulative
Sieve no Size Retained % retained % finer sieves FM
% retained
(mm) (gm) Sum
No. 16 1.18 0 0.00 0.00 100.00
No.30 0.6 2.4 2.40 2.40 97.60
No.40 0.425 19.5 19.54 21.94 78.06
No.50 0.3 34.9 34.97 56.91 43.09
155.91 1.56
No.100 0.15 39.6 39.68 96.59 3.41
No.200 0.075 3.3 3.31 99.90 0.10
Pan 0.1 0.10 100.00 0.00
Total 99.8
Fm for depth 437 ft
∑ 𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 % 𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 (𝑠𝑖𝑒𝑣𝑒 𝑛𝑜 16,30,50,100) ∑ 0+2.40+56.89+96.56
FM = = = 1.56
100 100
From graph
D10 = 0.17 mm
D30 = 0.24 mm
D60 = 0.36 mm
Cu = 0.36/0.17 = 2.12 mm
Sieve Size Distribution Curve
120.00
100.00 1.18, 100.00
0.6, 97.60
80.00 0.425, 78.06
60.00
40.00 0.3, 43.09
20.00
0.00 0.075, 0.10 0.15, 3.41
-20.00
0.01 0.1 1 10
Sieve Size (mm)
Table 6
Depth = 440+17 = 457 ft
Sieve Material Standard
Size Retained Cumulative sieves
Sieve no % retained % finer FM
(mm) (gm) % retained Sum
No. 16 1.18 0 0.00 0.00 100.00
No.30 0.6 9.3 9.32 9.32 90.68
No.40 0.425 22.3 22.34 31.66 68.34
No.50 0.3 31.1 31.16 62.83 37.17 167.24 1.67
No.100 0.15 32.2 32.26 95.09 4.91
No.200 0.075 4.6 4.60 99.70 0.30
Pan 0.3 0.30 100.00 0.00
Total 99.8
Fm for depth 457 ft
∑ 𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 % 𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 (𝑠𝑖𝑒𝑣𝑒 𝑛𝑜 16,30,50,100) ∑ 0+9.32+62.83+95.09
FM = = = 1.67
100 100
From graph
D10 = 0.18 mm
D30 = 0.28 mm
D60 = 0.39 mm
Cc = 0.39/0.18 = 2.17 mm
Sieve Size Distribution Curve
120.00
100.00 1.18, 100.00
0.6, 90.68
80.00
0.425, 68.34
60.00
40.00
0.3, 37.17
20.00
0.075, 0.30 0.15, 4.91
0.00
0.01 0.1 1 10
Sieve Size (mm)
Table 7
Depth = 490+17 = 507 ft
Sieve Material Standard
% Cumulative
Sieve no Size Retained % finer sieves FM
retained % retained
(mm) (gm) Sum
No. 16 1.18 0 0.00 0.00 100.00
No.30 0.6 1.4 1.41 1.41 98.59
No.40 0.425 12.5 12.55 13.96 86.04
No.50 0.3 33.1 33.23 47.19 52.81
138.25 1.38
No.100 0.15 42.3 42.47 89.66 10.34
No.200 0.075 9.5 9.54 99.20 0.80
Pan 0.8 0.80 100.00 0.00
Total 99.6
Fm for depth 507 ft
∑ 𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 % 𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 (𝑠𝑖𝑒𝑣𝑒 𝑛𝑜 16,30,50,100) ∑ 0+1.40+47.18+89.64
FM = = = 1.38
100 100
From graph
D10 = 0.145 mm
D30 = 0.29 mm
D60 = 0.34 mm
Cc = 0.34/0.145 = 2.34 mm
Sieve Size Distribution Curve
120.00
100.00 0.6, 98.59 1.18, 100.00
0.425, 86.04
80.00
60.00
0.3, 52.81
40.00
20.00
0.15, 10.34
0.075, 0.80
0.00
0.01 0.1 1 10
Sieve Size (mm)
Table 8
Depth = 510+17 = 527 ft
Sieve Material Standard
% Cumulative
Sieve no Size Retained % finer sieves FM
retained % retained
(mm) (gm) Sum
No. 16 1.18 0 0.00 0.00 100.00
No.30 0.6 0.4 0.40 0.40 99.60
No.40 0.425 5.1 5.12 5.52 94.48
No.50 0.3 32.3 32.40 37.91 62.09
130.19 1.30
No.100 0.15 53.8 53.96 91.88 8.12
No.200 0.075 7.5 7.52 99.40 0.60
Pan 0.6 0.60 100.00 0.00
Total 99.7
Fm for depth 517 ft
∑ 𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 % 𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 (𝑠𝑖𝑒𝑣𝑒 𝑛𝑜 16,30,50,100) ∑ 0+0.40+37.9+91.38
FM = = = 1.30
100 100
From graph
D10 = 0.16 mm
D30 = 0.215 mm
D60 = 0.29 mm
Cc = 0.29/0.16 = 1.81 mm
Sieve Size Distribution Curve
120.00
0.6, 99.60
100.00 1.18, 100.00
0.425, 94.48
80.00
0.3, 62.09
60.00
40.00
20.00
0.15, 8.12
0.075, 0.60
0.00
0.01 0.1 1 10
Sieve Size (mm)
Analysis and calculation of tube-well design
MIT Sand Classification
Fine Sand → Particle size – 0.06 mm to 0.2 mm
Medium Sand → Particle size – 0.2 mm to 0.6 mm
Course Sand → Particle size – 0.6 mm to 2.0 mm
Now, calculate MIT Sand classification from each graph for each depth-
1) Depth = 357 ft
i) Fine Sand = 24 %
ii) Medium Sand = (99.8 − 24) = 75.8%
iii) Course Sand = (100 − 99.8) = 0.2%
2) Depth = 377 ft
i) Fine Sand = 18 %
ii) Medium Sand = (99.8 − 18) = 81%
iii) Course Sand = (100 − 99.8) = 0.2%
3) Depth = 397 ft
i) Fine Sand = 14 %
ii) Medium Sand = (95.88 − 14) = 75.8%
iii) Course Sand = (100 – 95.88) = 4.12%
4) Depth = 417 ft
i) Fine Sand = 20 %
ii) Medium Sand = (87.5 − 20) = 67.5%
iii) Course Sand = (100 – 87.5) = 12.5%
5) Depth = 437 ft
i) Fine Sand = 20 %
ii) Medium Sand = (97.6 − 20) = 77.6%
iii) Course Sand = (100 – 97.6) = 2.4%
6) Depth = 457 ft
i) Fine Sand = 16 %
ii) Medium Sand = (90.68 − 16) = 74.63%
iii) Course Sand = (100 – 90.68) = 9.32%
7) Depth = 507 ft
i) Fine Sand = 14 %
ii) Medium Sand = (98.59 − 14) = 84.59%
iii) Course Sand = (100 − 98.59) = 1.41%
8) Depth = 527 ft
i) Fine Sand = 23 %
ii) Medium Sand = (99.60 − 23) = 76.60%
iii) Course Sand = (100 − 99.60) = 0.40%
Location of the aquifer and water-bearing strata
Summary of the grain size distribution
Depth (ft) D10 D30 D60
𝑫𝟔𝟎
Cu= 𝑫𝟏𝟎
357 0.16 0.215 0.32 2.00
377 0.165 0.25 0.37 2.24
397 0.185 0.28 0.37 2.00
417 0.16 0.245 0.4 2.50
437 0.17 0.24 0.36 2.12
457 0.18 0.27 0.39 2.17
507 0.145 0.29 0.34 2.34
527 0.16 0.215 0.29 1.81
FM Depth (ft) % course Sand % medium % fine sand
sand
1.50 357 0.2 75.8 24
1.49 377 0.2 81 18
1.68 397 4.12 81.88 14
1.6 417 12.5 67.5 20
1.56 437 2.4 77.6 20
1.58 457 9.21 74.63 16
1.38 507 1.41 84.59 14
1.30 527 0.40 76.60 23
Location of water-bearing soil layer = 397 ft to 457 ft
Governing formation size at 437 ft depth (Lowest FM)
Determination of strainer length and position
Length of casing pipe = present static level + 6 ft drawdown + average rate of
declination per year × design life
= 397 + 6 + 0.15 × 20
= 406 ft
Here, aquifer thickness = 457 – 397 = 60 ft > 50 ft
So, strainer length = 60 x 0.8 (80% of aquifer thickness)
= 48 ft
Gravel pack material
The grain size distribution curve of the finest sand layer is drawn on a semi-log
paper. D30 of the finest sand is multiplied by a factor between (4 to 6). We multiplied
6 for our project with D30 value and plotted a smooth parallel curve for each depth.
For depth = 437 ft
D30 at grain size analysis of the finest soil in the water bearing soil layer = 0.24 mm
So, D30 of gravel pack material = 0.24 × 6 = 1.41 mm
From grain size analysis curve of gravel pack material, D 10 = 1.02 mm and D60 = 2.01 mm
So, uniformity coefficient, Cu = D60/ D10
= 2.01/1.02 = 1.97 < 2.5 okay.
Sieve size % finer from Cumulative
Sieve no % retained
(mm) graph % retained
4 4.75 100 0 0
8 2.36 72 28 28
16 1.18 18 82 54
30 0.6 1 99 17
40 0.425 0.5 99.5 0.5
50 0.3 0 100 0.5
100 0.15 0 100 0
200 0.075 0 100 0
Selection of strainer size
Size of opening corresponding to 10% finer (D10) of gravel pack material = 1.02 mm
So, slot size = × 1000 = 40.16
Selecting No. 40 slot steel strainer of 6-inch dia.
Yield of wall
For No. 40 slot steel strainer, assuming opening area of strainer is 20% of strain surface
area.
Now, Opening area = 0.2 × 𝜋 × × 48 sqf
= 15.31 sqf
Yield of well = Area of strainer X flow velocity
= 0.6124 ft3/s
=0.6124 X (0.3048)3 X 103 X 3600 lph
= 62428.5 lph
Considering, 8 hours pumping for one pump in one day
So, yield = 62428.5 X 8 = 499428 lpd
Number of required tube well
Present water demand = 1.5 x 106 L/day
After 20 years water demand = (5 - 4) x 1.5 x 106 x 1.4 [peak factor = 1.4]
= 2100000 lpd
Total amount after 20 years = (1.5 x 106 + 140000) lpd
= 3600000 lpd
No of tube well,
Present = 1.5 × 106 / 499428
= 3 nos
After 20 years = 2100000 / 499428
= 4 nos
So, 4 deep tube well serve up-to 20 years.
Observations and Remarks
Summary of well design
1. Strainer position: 397 ft to 457 ft
2. Slot size: maximum 40 slots within 20% opening
3. Yield/ Transmission capacity:
Yield of one well = 499428 lpd
No of tube well = 4
4. Sieve no Sieve size % Finer from Cumulative % % retained
(mm) graph Retained
4 4.75 100 0 0
8 2.36 72 28 28
16 1.18 18 82 54
30 0.6 1 99 17
40 0.425 0.5 99.5 0.5
50 0.3 0 100 0.5
100 0.15 0 100 0
200 0.075 0 100 0
5. Length of casing pipe = 406 ft
More about -
• The hydrogeological conditions in the project area are favorable for tube well
construction, with a sufficient aquifer depth and permeability.
• The groundwater quality is generally good, but some areas may require
treatment for iron and nitrate levels.
• The selected well design and pump specifications are appropriate for the
expected yield and operational requirements.
• Proper well development and maintenance are essential to ensure the long-
term performance and sustainability of the tube well.
• High TSS levels (24,930 mg/L) indicate the presence of significant suspended
particles, possibly due to fine sediment in the aquifer. This necessitates the use
of an effective strainer and gravel pack for the tube well.
• The tube well design must include a high-quality gravel pack to reduce the
inflow of suspended solids and improve filtration efficiency.
Details of tubewell and design
Well Construction
• Borehole Drilling: The borehole will be drilled using a rotary drilling method to a
depth.
• Casing: PVC casing with a diameter of 150 mm will be used to prevent borehole
collapse.
• Screen Installation: A slotted PVC screen will be installed in the aquifer zone to
allow water inflow while preventing sand entry.
• Gravel Pack: A gravel pack will be placed around the screen to enhance well
efficiency and prevent fine particles from entering the well.
Pump Installation
• Submersible Pump: The selected submersible pump will be installed at a depth.
• Riser Pipe: PVC riser pipes will be used to connect the pump to the surface.
• Control Panel: A control panel will be installed to manage pump operation and
protect against electrical faults.
Well Development
• Surging and Pumping: The well will be developed by surging and pumping to
remove fine particles and improve well efficiency.
Conclusion
After laboratory test, we selected the aquifer for drinking water but before that we have
to remove some particle from water. After that we collected soil from different depth.
After calculating, sieve calculation, we found least FM, which is located 437 ft depth.
We selected the depth for deep tube well. Also calculated the strainer position and slot
size (40 slot). We used gravel pack. We found out 4 nos deep tube well as needed.