ONLINE MATHS ∑ 𝑩.

𝑴𝑨𝑵𝑯𝑨𝑰
1
MATRICES
Is the presentation of numbers in a rectangular array arranged in rows and columns and enclosed by the
brackets.
Numbers inside the matrices are called entries or elements.
The following is the definition of matrices in symbolic form.
Order of Entries
𝑎 𝑏 Row
𝐴=( ) First entry – 𝑎
𝑐 𝑑
Second entry − 𝑏
Colum Third entry – 𝑐
Fourth entry − 𝑑

ORDER OF MATRICES
The matrix is comprised of rows and columns so order of matrices is generated by counting number of
rows and columns.
EXAMPLE
State the order of matrices of the following
1
1. (𝑦𝑥 ) 4. (3) 7. (11)
𝑧
1 2
2. (0 −3) 5. (2 −1) 8. (2 𝑦 5)
3 5
3 3 2
2 1 1 5 3
3. ( ) 6. (0 2 3 ) 9. ( )
0 −4 1 3 4
0 0 −4
SOLUTIONS
1
1. (𝑦𝑥 ) 𝟐 𝒃𝒚 𝟏(2 R and 1 C) 4. (3) 𝟑 × 𝟏 matrix 7. (11) 𝟏 × 𝟏 matrix
𝑧
1 2
2. (0 −3) 𝟏 × 𝟐 matrix 5. (2 −1) 𝟑 × 𝟐 matrix 8. (2 𝑦 5) 𝟏 × 𝟑 matrix
3 5
3 3 2
2 1 1 5 3
3. ( ) 𝟐 × 𝟐 matrix 6. (0 2 3 ) 𝟑 × 𝟑 matrix 9. ( ) 𝟐 × 𝟑 matrix
0 −4 1 3 4
0 0 −4
TYPES OF MATRICES
There are many types of matrices which include:
1. Equal matrices (they have equal numbers on same entries)
2. Square matrices (like 1 × 1 matrix, 2 × 2 matrix, e.t.c)
3. Triangular matrices
4. Singular matrices
5. Non-singular matrices, e.t.c
DIAGONAL OF MATRICES
Diagonals of matrices are only identified on square matrices like 2 × 2 matrix and 3 × 3.
The matrices has got positive diagonal and negative diagonal.
𝑎 𝑏 Positive Diagonal
𝐴=( )
𝑐 𝑑
Negative Diagonal
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ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF MATRICES
It is only possible to add and subtract matrices with same order of matrices.
We add and subtract equal entries.
EXAMPLE 1
2 −3 4 6
It is given that 𝐴 = ( ) and 𝐵 = ( ), find
0 −4 3 −1
(i) 𝐴+𝐵
(ii) 𝐵−𝐴
SOLUTION
2 −3 4 6
(i) 𝐴+𝐵 =( )+( ) add equal entries
0 −4 3 −1
2+4 −3 + 6
=( )
0 + 3 −4 + (−1)
𝟔 𝟑
=( )
𝟑 −𝟓
4 6 2 −3
(ii) 𝐵−𝐴 =( )−( ) subtract equal entries
3 −1 0 −4
4 − 2 6 − (−3)
=( )
3 − 0 −1 − (−4
𝟐 𝟗
=( )
𝟑 𝟑
EXAMPLE 2
Simplify the following where possible
4 −3 9
a) ( ) + ( ) − ( )
7 −5 −1
1 −3 8
b) (2 3 1) + ( )
5 2 0
1 3 3 −1
c) (5 −3) − (−4 7 )
4 −1 3 8
SOLUTION
4 −3 9 4 + (−3) − 9
a) ( ) + ( ) − ( ) = ( )
7 −5 −1 7 + (−5) − (−1)
−𝟖
=( )
𝟑
1 −3 8
b) (2 3 1) + ( ) = 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 because entries in the 1st matrix does not match the 2nd
5 2 0
1 3 3 −1 1−3 3 − (−1)
c) (5 −3) − (−4 7 ) = (5 − (−4) −3 − 7 )
4 −1 3 8 4−3 −1 − 8
−𝟐 𝟒
= ( 𝟗 −𝟏𝟎)
𝟏 −𝟗
In general:
Addition and subtraction of matrices is only possible if the entries of 1st matrix match the 2nd
Addition and subtraction of matrices is impossible if the entries of 1st matrix does not match the 2nd
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎11 𝑎12
e.g. (𝑎 𝑎22 ) + ( 𝑎21 𝑎22 ) = 𝑷𝑶𝑺𝑺𝑰𝑩𝑳𝑬, 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝒂𝒊𝒋 + 𝒂𝒊𝒋 = 𝟐𝒂𝒊𝒋 but 𝒂𝒊𝒋 + 𝒂𝒌𝒎 = 𝒊𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆
21
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SCALAR MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES
Scalar is the number that multiplies the matrix e.g.
𝑎11
3 (𝑎 ) ⟹ 3 is a scalar
21
EXAMPLE 1
7 4 −3
It is given that 𝑎 = ( ) , 𝑏 = ( ) and 𝑐 = ( ), find
−2 5 6
(i) 2𝑎
(ii) 2𝑎 + 𝑏
1
(iii) 𝑐
3
1
(iv) 3𝑏 − 𝑐
3

SOLUTION
7
(i) 2𝑎 = 2 ( ) 2 is the scalar
−2
𝟏𝟒
=( )
−𝟒
7 4
(ii) 2𝑎 + 𝑏 = 2 ( ) + ( )
−2 5
14 4
=( )+( )
−4 5
𝟏𝟖
=( )
𝟏
1 1 −3 1
(iii) 𝑐= ( ) is a scalar
3 3 6 3
−𝟏
=( )
𝟐
1 4 1 −3
(iv) 3𝑏 − 𝑐 = 3 ( ) − ( )
3 5 3 6
12 −1
=( )−( )
15 2
𝟏𝟑
=( )
𝟏𝟑
EXAMPLE 2
1 2 0 −4
It is given that 𝐴 = ( ), 𝐵 = ( ) and 𝑀 = 2𝐴 − 3𝐵, find the matrix 𝑀.
3 −1 5 1
SOLUTION
𝑀 = 2𝐴 − 3𝐵
1 2 0 −4
= 2( ) − 3( )
3 −1 5 1
2 4 0 12
=( )−( )
6 −2 15 3
2 − 0 4 − 12
=( )
6 − 15 −2 − 3
𝟐 −𝟖
=( )
−𝟗 −𝟓

In general:
A scalar multiplies all entries of a matrix which gives 2𝑎𝑖𝑗 , where 2 is a scalar.
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EXERCISE: 𝒎𝟏
1. Express the following as single matrix in its simplest form
−2 2 3 4 1 8 −12 1 −2
a) ( )+( ) d) ( ) + 2( )
3 0 1 6 2 10 4 4 7
18 −11 −4 2 1 16 −4
b) ( )−( ) e) − ( )
6 7 0 3 4 8 −24
2 3 −4 3
−1 −3 6 −4
c) 2 ( )−( ) f) (1 6) + ( 2 0)
4 5 5 1
3 5 −7 1
−5 8 0
2. It is given that 𝑥 = ( 2 ) , 𝑦 = (2) and 𝑧 = (−3), find
−1 4 6
a) 𝑥 + 𝑦
b) 𝑦 + 𝑧
c) 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧
𝑧
d) 𝑥 −
3
3. Simplify the following where possible
4 2 1 2 6 −1
a) (2 4) + (−6 2) e) (−3 5 8) − (4 5 1 )
1 2 1 3 2 4
2 3
0 3 2 1 2
b) ( )+( ) f) (2 7) + (𝑥 3 1)
1 4 6 1 3
8 5
1 0 7 4 (12 15)
c) ( )+( ) g) (4 −3) +
4 5 0 −3 3
3 7
d) (7) − ( ) h) ( ) + (2 1)
2 5
EQUATIONS INVOLVING MATRICES
This involves the use of equal matrices and equations are formulated by taking out equal entries.
EXAMPLE 1
Find the matrix of 𝑀 on the following expressions.
4 −3 7 2
a) ( )+𝑀 =( )
2 1 6 5
−9 18
b) 3𝑀 = ( )
12 0
1 0 𝑀 5 2
c) ( )− =( )
−3 4 2 1 7
SOLUTION
Remember to find matrix 𝑀 you make 𝑀 the subject of formulae on given expressions.
4 −3 7 2
a) ( )+𝑀 =( ) make 𝑀 the subject of the formulae by grouping like terms
2 1 6 5
7 2 4 −3
𝑀=( )−( )
6 5 2 1
𝟑 𝟓
𝑴=( )
𝟒 𝟒
−9 18 1
b) 3𝑀 = ( ) make 𝑀 the subject of formulae by multiplying both sides by
12 0 3
1 −9 18
𝑀= ( )
3 12 0
−𝟑 𝟔
𝑴=( )
𝟒 𝟎
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1 0 𝑀 5 2
c) ( )− =( ) make 𝑀 the subject of the formulae by expressing the expression as single
−3 4 2 1 7
matrix 1st
1 0 5 2 𝑀
( )−( )=
−3 4 1 7 2
−4 −2 𝑀
( )= multiply both sides by 2
−4 −3 2
−4 −2
𝑀 = 2( )
−4 −3
−𝟖 −𝟒
𝑴=( )
−𝟖 −𝟔
EXAMPLE 2
2𝑥 2 3 −1 11 1
If ( )+( )=( ), find the value of 𝑥 and 𝑦.
−3 1 0 𝑦 −3 4
SOLUTION
1st express LHS (left hand side) as a single matrix same as RHS (right hand side)
2nd formulate equations by taking same entry e.g. LHS entry = RHS entry
2𝑥 2 3 −1 11 1
( )+( )=( )
−3 1 0 𝑦 −3 4
2𝑥 + 3 2 − 1 11 1
( )=( )
−3 + 0 1 + 𝑦 −3 4
2𝑥 + 3 1 11 1
( )=( )
−3 1+𝑦 −3 4
By taking out same entries
∴ 2𝑥 + 3 = 11 ∴1+𝑦 =4
2𝑥 = 11 − 3 𝑦 = 4−1
2𝑥 8
= 𝒚=𝟑
2 2
𝒙=𝟒
MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES
The rule of multiplication is to find products by multiplying Row by Column.
𝑎11 𝑎12 2 𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎11 𝑎12
e.g. (𝑎 ) = ( ) × ( 𝑎21 𝑎22 )
21 𝑎22 𝑎21 𝑎22
𝑎 ×𝑎 +𝑎 ×𝑎 𝑎 ×𝑎 +𝑎 ×𝑎
= (𝑎11 × 𝑎11 + 𝑎12 × 𝑎21 𝑎11 × 𝑎12 + 𝑎12 × 𝑎22 )
21 11 22 21 21 12 22 22
Where 𝑎11 represents entry position that is 1st Row and 1st Column.
EXAMPLE 1
Find the products of the following matrices.
2 −1 4 3
1. ( )( )
1 3 1 2
5 2
2. (4 −3) ( )
1 0
2
3. (3 2 4) (−1)
1
SOLUTION
2 −1 4 3 2 × 4 + (−1) × 1 2 × 3 + (−1) × 2
1. ( )( )=( ) Row by Column
1 3 1 2 1×4+3×1 1×3+3×2
8−1 6−2
=( )
4+3 3+6
7 4
=( )
7 9
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52
2. (4 −3) ( ) = (4 × 5 + (−3) × 1 4 × 2 + (−3) × 0) 𝑅×𝐶
10
= (17 8)
2
3. (3 2 4) (−1) = (3 × 2 + 2 × (−1) + 4 × 1) 𝑅×𝐶
1
= (8)
EXAMPLE 2
3 −1 5 𝑚
Given that ( ) ( ) = ( ), find the value of 𝑚 and 𝑛.
−1 𝑛 7 2
SOLUTION
1st express LHS as a single matrix
3 −1 5 𝑚
( )( ) = ( )
−1 𝑛 7 2
3 × 5 + (−1) × 7 𝑚
( )=( )
(−1) × 5 + 𝑛 × 7 2
8 𝑚
( )=( ) formulate equations by collecting equal entries
7𝑛 − 5 2
𝒎=𝟖 and 7𝑛 − 5 = 2
7𝑛 = 2 + 5
7𝑛 7
7
=
7
𝒏=𝟏
Therefore 𝒎 = 𝟖 and 𝒏 = 𝟏
EXAMPLE 3
2 3 𝑎 𝑏 8 5
Given that ( )( )=( ), find the value of 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 and 𝑑.
1 −4 𝑐 𝑑 −7 −3
SOLUTION
Find values by formulating simultaneous equations
2 3 𝑎 𝑏 8 5
( )( )=( ) express LHS as a single matrix
1 −4 𝑐 𝑑 −7 −3
2𝑎 + 3𝑐 2𝑏 + 3𝑑 8 5
( )=( ) formulate simultaneous equations by collecting equal entries
𝑎 − 4𝑐 𝑏 − 4𝑑 −7 −3
1st pair 2𝑎 + 3𝑐 = 8 … (1) 2nd pair 2𝑏 + 3𝑑 = 5 … (1)
𝑎 − 4𝑐 = −7 … (2) 𝑏 − 4𝑑 = −3 … (2)
by elimination form eq 3 through eq1−2×eq2 by elimination form eq 3 through eq1−2×eq2
11𝑐 = 22 11𝑑 = 11
𝒄=𝟐 𝒅=𝟏
∴ 𝑎 = −7 + 4(2) ∴ 𝑏 = −3 + 4(1)
𝒂=𝟏 𝒃=𝟏
Therefore 𝒂 = 𝟏, 𝒃 = 𝟏, 𝒄 = 𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒅 = 𝟏
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EXERCISE 𝒎𝟐
1. Find the matrix 𝑋 on the following
2 1 1 0 3 0
a) 𝑋 + ( )=( ) c) 3𝑋 = ( )
3 0 0 1 −27 9
4 5 1 −3 2 𝑋 2 3 −4
b) ( )+ 𝑋 =( ) d) =( )( )
1 2 2 0 1 2 1 2 3
2. Find the products of the following matrices
−1 3
4 1 2 2 0 3
a) ( ) e) (2 1 2) ( 4 2) i) ( )
3 −2 0 2
5 3
−2 3
5 −8 −2 3 3 12 4 1 0
b) ( )( ) f) ( 1 4) ( ) j) ( )( )
−3 7 3 5 4 6 9 0 1
−7 8
−4
1 2 7 3
c) ( )( ) g) (10 −8) ( ) k) (2 5 3) ( 8 )
−1 −1 9 6
2
3 1
−3 −1 −2 6 −2 1 4 3 2 1
d) (−6 7) ( ) h) ( )( ) m) (0 −4) ( )
2 0 4 1 4 2 −1 1 4 −5
6 2
0 4
3. Express (3 4) ( ), as a single matrix in its simplest form.
3 1
4. Find the 2 × 2 matrix 𝑀 such that
2 −3 2 −6
( )−( ) = 3𝑀
−1 6 5 0
3 2 14
5. Given that ℎ ( ) + 𝑘 ( ) = ( ), find the scalars ℎ and 𝑘.
5 1 6
1
6. a) Express as a single matrix (3 2) ( ).
4
3 4 3 2
b) Find matrix 𝐴 such that 3𝐴 + ( ) = 2( ).
7 2 2 −5
DETERMINANTS OF 𝟐 × 𝟐 MATRICES
It refers to the magnitude of matrices or in other words is modulus
i.e. Determinant of A = |A|
𝑎 𝑏
When matrix 𝐴 = ( ), therefore determinant 𝐴 is as follows
𝑐 𝑑
Det 𝐴 = |𝐴|
|𝐴| = 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐
Therefore determinant of A is the product of positive diagonal subtracted by product of negative
diagonal.
EXAMPLE
−2 4
If 𝐴 = ( ), find the determinant of 𝐴.
1 5
SOLUTION
Det of 𝐴 = (−2) × 5 − 4 × 1
= −10 − 4
= −14
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INVERSE OF 𝟐 × 𝟐 MATRICES
Refers to the fractions of matrices where the numerator is equal to one.
1
Remember inverse of 5 is equal to same as 5−1 .
5
Therefore inverse of matrix 𝐴 is same as 𝐴−1 using matrix symbols.
𝑎 𝑏
By given that 𝐴 = ( ), inverse of 𝐴 or 𝐴−1 is as follows;
𝑐 𝑑
Change signs
𝑎 𝑏
𝐴=( )
𝑐 𝑑
Exchange positions

1 𝑑 −𝑏
𝐴−1 = ( )
|𝐴| −𝑐 𝑎

EXAMPLE
−6 4
It is given that 𝑀 = ( ), find
5 −1
a) the determinant of the matrix 𝑀,
b) and inverse of the matrix 𝑀.
SOLUTION
a) det of 𝑀 = (−6)(−1) − 4(5) subtract products of positive diagonal and negative diagonal
= 6 − 20
= −14
1 −1 −4
b) inverse of 𝑀 = − ( )
14 −5 −6

3 2
Task: find 𝐴−1 , where 𝐴 = ( ). Send solution to the Tutor for verification.
−3 4
SINGULAR MATRICES
These are matrices with determinant which is equal to zero and has no inverse.
E.g. when matrix 𝐵 is singular matrix ⟹ |𝐵| = 0.
6 −3
( ), is singular therefore det is equal to zero
−2 1
EXAMPLE
3−𝑥 1
Find the value of 𝑥 for which the matrix ( ) is singular.
2 2
SOLUTION
3−𝑥 1
Let 𝐴 = ( )
2 2
|𝐴| = 0
2(3 − 𝑥) − 1(2) = 0 solve this equation
6 − 2𝑥 − 2 = 0
𝑥=2
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NON-SINGULAR MATRICES
Refers to matrices with a determinant which is not equal to zero (𝑑𝑒𝑡 ≠ 0).
TRIANGULAR MATRICES
These are matrices which are in triangular form in the distribution of entries with either 𝑎12 = 0 or
𝑎21 = 0 e.t.c.
𝑎 0
e.g. ( 11 ) where det is the product of positive diagonal
𝑎21 𝑎22
Therefore det = 𝒂𝟏𝟏 × 𝒂𝟐𝟐
EXAMPLE
3 0
Find the determinant matrix 𝐵, where 𝐵 = ( ), using triangular matrix method.
−1 4
SOLUTION
Det of B = |𝐵|
|𝐵| = 3 × 4
= 12
2 8
Task: Find |𝐴|, where 𝐴 = ( ).
0 −3
MATRIX IDENTITY OF 𝟐 × 𝟐
This is the matrix with number one throughout the positive diagonal and zero throughout the negative
diagonal.
It is represented by I using mathematical symbols.
If you multiply any matrix by matrix identity it will remain the same e.g. 𝑰 × 𝐴 = 𝐴
𝟏 𝟎
𝑴𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒙 𝑰𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒚 (𝑰) = ( )
𝟎 𝟏
EXERCISE 𝒎𝟑
1. Find the inverse of the following
3 −7 8 0
a) ( ) e) ( )
4 2 −6 2
−2 −3 −3 9
b) ( ) f) ( )
4 1 0 5
4 8 9 7
c) ( ) g) ( )
1 −1 6 4
3ℎ − 10 −9
2. The determinant of the matrix ( ) is −14. Find the value of ℎ and hence write down the
ℎ−1 2
3ℎ − 10 −9
inverse of ( ).
ℎ−1 2
1 −2
3. Given that 𝑁 = ( ), find the value of 𝑥 by taking out that 𝑁 has no inverse.
𝑥 6
2 3 1 3
4. Given that 𝐴 = (−1 1 ) and 𝐵 = ( ),
2 0 6
a) Calculate 𝐴𝐵.
b) Find inverse of 𝐴.
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SOLVING SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS BY MATRIX METHOD
This method take into consideration of inverse of square matrix.
EXAMPLE 1
Solve the simultaneous equation using the matrix method
𝑥+𝑦 =1
2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 2
SOLUTION
1st step is to formulate an expression in rectangular array of numbers i.e.
1 1 𝑥 1
( ) (𝑦) = ( ),
2 −1 2
1 1
Let 𝐴 = ( )
2 −1
|𝐴| = 1(−1) − 1(2) = −3
1 −1 −1
𝐴−1 = − ( )
3 −2 1
Therefore pre-multiply the matrix expression by 𝐴−1
1 −1 −1 1 1 𝑥 1 −1 −1 1
− ( )( ) (𝑦 ) = − 3 ( )( ) remember multiplication 𝑅 × 𝐶
3 −2 1 2 −1 −2 1 2
1 −3 0 𝑥 1 −3
− ( ) (𝑦 ) = − 3 ( )
3 0 −3 0
1 0 𝑥 1
( )( ) = ( )
0 1 𝑦 0
𝑥 1
(𝑦 ) = ( )
0
∴ 𝒙 = 𝟏 and 𝒚 = 𝟎
1 0
N.B when you multiply the matrix by its inverse it gives matrix identity that is ( )
0 1
In general: 𝑨 × 𝒂𝒊𝒋 = 𝑩
𝑨−𝟏 × 𝑨 × 𝒂𝒊𝒋 = 𝑨−𝟏 × 𝑩
𝒂𝒊𝒋 = 𝑨−𝟏 × 𝑩

EXAMPLE 2
3 2 𝑥 16
Given that ( ) (𝑦) = ( ), calculate the value of 𝑥 and 𝑦.
1 −1 7
SOLUTION
3 2
Let 𝐴 = ( )
1 −1
1 −1 −2
𝐴−1 = − ( )
5 −1 3
3 2 𝑥 16
( ) (𝑦 ) = ( ) pre-multiply by 𝐴−1
1 −1 7
𝑥 1 −1 −2 16
(𝑦 ) = − ( )( )
5 −1 3 7
𝑥 1 −30
(𝑦 ) = − 5 ( )
5
𝑥 6
(𝑦 ) = ( )
−1
Therefore 𝒙 = 𝟔 and 𝒚 = −𝟏
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EXERCISE 𝒎𝟒
1. Solve the following matrices by matrix method.
a) 2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 3 c) 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 3
3𝑥 + 𝑦 = 7 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 1
b) 5𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 6 d) 2𝑚 − 𝑛 = 5
4𝑥 + 2𝑥 = 8 3𝑚 − 2𝑛 = 2
8 3
2. 𝐴 is the matrix ( ),
−5 −2
(i) Find
(a) the determinant of 𝐴,
(b) the inverse of 𝐴,
(c) 𝐴2
(ii) Using your answers of (i) (a) and (b), or otherwise solve the simultaneous equations
8𝑒 + 3𝑓 + 3 = 0
−5𝑒 − 2𝑓 + 2 = 0
4 −3 𝑥 29
3. Given that ( ) (𝑦) = ( ), find the value of 𝑥 and the value of 𝑦.
3 2 9
SQUARE ROOTS OF 𝟐 × 𝟐 MATRICESBy B. Manhai
It is the reverse of square matrix.
3 −4 2
The founder noticed that if possible to find ( ) and it is also possible to find the square root of
−1 2
the answer.
𝑎11 𝑎12
In general : √(𝑎 )
21 𝑎22
𝑎11 𝑎12
Let 𝐴 = √(𝑎 ), square both sides as to remove the square root
21 𝑎22
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎 𝑏
Then 𝐴2 = (𝑎 ), where 𝐴 = ( )
12 𝑎22 𝑐 𝑑
𝑎 𝑏 2 𝑎11 𝑎12
( ) = (𝑎 )
𝑐 𝑑 12 𝑎22

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎11 𝑎12

2 𝑎11 𝑎12
(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑐 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑑 2 ) = (𝑎12 𝑎22 )
𝑎𝑐 + 𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑑
Formulate equations by collecting equal entries
𝑎2 + 𝑏𝑐 = 𝑎11 … (1)
𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑑 = 𝑎12 … (2)
𝑎𝑐 + 𝑐𝑑 = 𝑎21 … (3)
𝑏𝑐 + 𝑑2 = 𝑎22 … (4)
EXAMPLE 1
5 1
Given that 𝐴 = ( ), find √𝐴 giving your answer as 2 × 2 matrix.
1 10
SOLUTION
𝑎 𝑏
Let ( ) = √𝐴 multiply both sides by power of 2
𝑐 𝑑
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2
𝑎 𝑏
( ) =𝐴
𝑐 𝑑
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏 5 1
( )( )=( ) express LHS as a single matrix
𝑐 𝑑 𝑐 𝑑 1 10
2 5 1
(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑐 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑑 2 ) = (1 10) Formulate equations by collecting equal entries
𝑎𝑐 + 𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑑

𝑎2 + 𝑏𝑐 = 5 … (1)
𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑑 = 1 … (2)
𝑎𝑐 + 𝑐𝑑 = 1 … (3)
𝑏𝑐 + 𝑑2 = 10 … (4)
First find the value of 𝑏 and 𝑐 by diving equation 2 and 3
𝑏(𝑎+𝑑) 1
=
𝑐(𝑎+𝑑) 1

𝒃 = 𝟏 and 𝒄 = 𝟏
Substitute value of 𝑏 and 𝑐 to find value of 𝑎 and 𝑑
𝑎2 + (1)(1) = 5 (1)(1) + 𝑑2 = 10
𝑎2 = 4 𝑑2 = 9
𝑎 = ±2 𝑑 = ±3
Verify exact value of 𝑎 and 𝑑 using equation number 2 [𝑏(𝑎 + 𝑑) = 1]
1(2 + 3) ≠ 1, 1(2 − 3) ≠ 1, 𝟏(−𝟐 + 𝟑) = 𝟏, 1(−2 − 3) ≠ 1
Then 𝒂 = −𝟐 and 𝒅 = 𝟑
−𝟐 𝟏
Therefore √𝑨 = ( )
𝟏 𝟑
EXERCISE: 𝒎𝟓
1. Find the square roots of the following 2 × 2 matrices
5 8 17 −12
a) ( ) e) ( )
−8 −3 −36 44
7 8 7 −1
b) ( ) f) ( )
12 15 2 2
12 2 2 0
c) ( ) g) ( )
−1 7 0 4
6 −3 −8 20
d) ( ) h) ( )
−2 7 −15 −3
7 18
2. Find √( ), giving your answer as 2 × 2 matrix.
6 19
2 6 2 2
3. Show that √( )=( ).
−3 −1 −1 1
1 0
4. Given that 𝑀 = ( ), find √𝑀giving your answer as 2 × 2 matrix.
−3 4
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MIXED QUESTIONS OF MATRICES
3 −1 3 2
1. Given that 𝐴 = ( ) and 𝐵 = ( ), find
4 2 0 5
(i) the determinant of 𝐴,
(ii) 𝐴−1
(iii) 𝐵2 − 𝐴
𝑟 24
2. Find the value of 𝑟 for which the matrix ( ) is singular.
−4 3
5 3 −2 2 2
3. It is given that 𝑃 = ( ), 𝑄 = ( ) and 𝑅 = ( )
−1 2 4 −3 −1
a) Write down the order of matrix 𝑅
b) Find
(i) 𝑃+𝑄
(ii) QR
6 0 −2
4. Given that 𝐴 = (2 5), 𝐵 = ( ) and 𝐶 = ( ), find
2 1 5
a) 𝐶 2
b) 𝐵𝐴
1
5. Express as single matrix (3 2) ( )
4
3 4 2 3
6. Find the matrix 𝐴 such that 3𝐴 + ( ) = 2( )
7 2 2 −5
4 −3 7 3
7. It is given that 𝑃 = ( ) and 𝑄 = ( )
5 2 4 6
a) the inverse of 𝑄.
b) the matrix 𝑅 such that 𝑃 + 𝑅 = 𝑄.
3 −2 2 −1 5
8. Given that 𝐴 = ( ), 𝐵 = ( ) and 𝐶 = ( ), find
4 −5 3 3 0
(i) 2𝐴 + 𝐶
(ii) 𝐴𝐵
(iii) 𝐴−1
−2
9. a) Find the value of 𝑦 for which (𝑦 4) ( ) = (−2).
3
3 −4 1 0
b) Find the matrix 𝑃 such that 𝑃 ( )=( ).
2 0 0 1
𝑎−1 9
10. The determinant of matrix ( ) is 9, find the value of 𝑎.
6 3
3 −4 2
11. Given that 𝑃 = ( ) and 𝑄 = ( ), find
5 1 8
4𝑛
(i) the value of 𝑛 if 𝑃𝑄 = ( ),
18
(ii) 𝑃−1
(𝑥 + 2) 4
12. The matrix ( ) is singular. Find the possible values of 𝑥.
6 𝑥
𝑥−2 2
13. Given that 𝐴 = ( ) and 𝐵 = (3 4), find in terms of 𝑥.
𝑥 + 1 −1
a) the determinant of 𝐴 in its simplest form,
b) 𝐵𝐴 in its simplest form.
2 3 𝑥+1 2 4 3 −2 7
14. It is given that 𝐴 = ( ), 𝐵 = ( ),𝐶 = ( ) and 𝐷 = ( )
−4 −1 2𝑥 − 3 3 −1 −2 0 −3
a) Write down the order of matrix 𝐶.
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b) Express 𝐴𝐷 as a single matrix.
c) Find 𝑥 such that 𝐵 has no inverse.
15. State the matrix identity of 2 × 2 matrix.
2 −2 4 −2
16. 𝑀 and 𝑁 are 2 × 2 matrices such that 𝑀 = ( ) and 𝑀𝑁 = ( ), find
−1 3 0 7
a) 𝑀−1 ,
b) N.
𝑝 −1 7 𝑞 1 16 8
17. It is given that 3 ( )−( )= ( ), find the value of
0 4 −2 2𝑟 2 4 −12
(i) 𝑝,
(ii) 𝑞,
(iii) 𝑟.
3 0 −2 0
18. 𝑷 is a 2 × 2 matrix such that ( )𝑷 − 𝑷 = ( ). Find the matrix 𝑷.
0 2 2 4
2𝑥 5 𝑥−3 5
19. Find the value of 𝑥 and 𝑦 such that ( )𝑰 = ( ), 𝑰 is the identity matrix.
−1 2 + 𝑦 −1 6
20. Solve the simultaneous equations by matrix method
𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 4
3𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 1

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