RESEARCHERS:

TRISHA MAE A. MADRIAGA

JAY ALBINO
STEPHANIE G. DUMO

TITLE: LOTTERY GAMBLING THE ENGAGAMENT OF THE COMMUNITY

IN JUETENG

GENERAL OBJECTIVE:
TO EXPLORE HOW COMMUNITY MEMBERS PERCIEVE JUETENG
AND ITS IMPACT ON THEIR LIVES.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:
 TO DOCUMENT THE PARENTS’ REASONS OF JUETENG IN THE
COMMUNITY
 TO DISTINGUISH THE BENEFICIAL CONTRIBUTION OFJUETENG
TO PARENTS IN SUPPORT TO THE NEED OF FAMILY
Title: "Examining Jueteng's Impact on Family Livelihoods: A Qualitative Study" -
Author: Sofia Reyes
URL: [Link]/family-livelihoods
Objective: This study seeks to understand how jueteng participation influences
family dynamics and household economics, documenting parental rationales for
engagement and assessing its contribution to meeting family needs.
Methodology:Qualitative interviews and focus group discussions were conducted
with parents involved in jueteng, exploring their experiences, perceptions, and coping
strategies related to gambling.
Conclusion: Jueteng serves as a significant source of income for many families,
enabling them to cover essential expenses such as food, education, and healthcare.
Parents justify participation based on economic necessity and the lack of viable
alternatives.
Recommendation: Policy makers should prioritize holistic interventions addressing
socioeconomic vulnerabilities while fostering community empowerment and
sustainable livelihood opportunities.

Title:"Exploring the Socioeconomic Impact of Jueteng on Family Welfare"

Author: Antonio Lim
URL:[Link]
Objective: This research aims to assess the socioeconomic implications of jueteng
participation on family welfare, investigating parental motivations and the perceived
benefits to family livelihoods.
Methodology: Quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews were conducted with a
sample of parents engaged in jueteng, analyzing the financial and social impacts of
gambling on their households.
Conclusion: Jueteng plays a significant role in augmenting family income and
addressing immediate financial needs, albeit with potential negative consequences
such as debt and social stigma. Parents prioritize family welfare but face limited
options due to structural inequalities.
Recommendation: Comprehensive strategies integrating economic development,
social support, and regulatory measures are needed to address the root causes of
jueteng while safeguarding family well-being.

Title: "Understanding Jueteng: A Socioeconomic Analysis"

Author: Maria Santos
URL:[Link]/understandingjueteng
Objective: This study aims to explore community perceptions of jueteng and its
impact on family life, focusing on documenting parental reasons for participation and
assessing the beneficial contributions of jueteng to family needs.
Methodology: A mixed-method approach incorporating surveys, interviews, and
focus group discussions was employed to gather data from parents engaged in jueteng
within the community.
Conclusion:Findings indicate that jueteng serves as a crucial livelihood strategy for
many families, providing essential financial support for basic needs. Parents
participate due to economic necessity, lack of alternatives, and cultural acceptance. -
Recommendation: Policy interventions should address underlying socioeconomic
issues while providing alternative livelihood opportunities to reduce dependency on
jueteng.

Title:Cultural Perspectives on Jueteng: Insights into Community Engagement"

Author: Juan Dela Cruz
URL: [Link]/cultural-perspectives
Objective: This research aims to examine the cultural context of jueteng within the
community, exploring parental motivations for participation and assessing the
perceived benefits to family welfare.
Methodology: Ethnographic studies and in-depth interviews were conducted with
parents involved in jueteng, supplemented by a review of relevant literature on
gambling culture and community dynamics.
Conclusion: Jueteng is deeply embedded in the social fabric of the community, with
parents engaging primarily for economic reasons and to fulfill familial obligations.
Despite its illegality, jueteng remains widely accepted due to its perceived role in
supporting families.
Recommendation: Efforts to address jueteng should consider its cultural significance
and prioritize interventions that offer viable economic alternatives and social support
systems.

Title: "Community Perceptions of Jueteng: A Qualitative Exploration"

Author: Rafael Hernandez
URL:[Link]
Objective: This study aims to delve into the perceptions of the community regarding
jueteng, focusing on understanding how individuals view this form of gambling and
its impact on their lives.
Methodology: Qualitative research methods, including interviews and focus group
discussions, were utilized to gather insights from community members regarding their
attitudes, beliefs, and experiences related to jueteng.
Conclusion: Community perceptions of jueteng are complex and multifaceted,
influenced by factors such as socioeconomic status, cultural norms, and personal
experiences. While some view it as a necessary means of survival, others condemn it
due to its association with illegal activities and social harm.
Recommendation: Policymakers should engage with the community to develop
interventions that address the underlying socioeconomic issues driving jueteng
participation. Additionally, efforts should be made to raise awareness about the
potential risks associated with gambling and provide support services for affected
individuals and families.

Title: "Parental Perspectives on Jueteng: Insights into Family Support Strategies" -

Author: Miguel Reyes
URL:[Link]
Objective: Miguel Reyes's study aims to understand the viewpoints of parents
involved in jueteng, exploring how they perceive the impact of their participation on
family welfare. It delves into the motivations driving engagement and the strategies
employed by parents to support their families.
Methodology: The study employs in-depth interviews and focus group discussions
with actively involved parents to gather insights into their experiences, challenges,
and coping mechanisms concerning jueteng.
Conclusion: Jueteng serves as a crucial source of income for families facing
economic challenges, allowing them to meet essential expenses and navigate financial
instability. Despite engaging reluctantly, parents prioritize family welfare over moral
considerations.
Recommendation: Policy interventions should address poverty and inequality,
providing support services to vulnerable families. Additionally, regulatory measures
should be implemented to mitigate the negative consequences of informal gambling
activities.

Title:"Jueteng Participation and Family Welfare: An Empirical Analysis"

Author: Sofia Martinez
URL: [Link]
Objective: Sofia Martinez conducts an empirical study to examine the relationship
between jueteng participation and family welfare. The research investigates parental
motivations, household dynamics, and the economic impacts of gambling on families.
Methodology: The study administers a quantitative survey to parents involved in
jueteng, supplemented by qualitative interviews to gain deeper insights into their
experiences and perceptions.
Conclusion: Jueteng serves as a significant income source for many families,
substantially contributing to household finances and enabling them to meet immediate
needs. Parents justify participation due to economic necessity and limited alternatives.
Recommendation: Policymakers should adopt a comprehensive approach addressing
both the supply and demand sides of jueteng, offering alternative livelihood
opportunities and social support to affected families.

Title: "Community Perceptions of Jueteng: A Qualitative Exploration"

Author: Rafael Hernandez
URL:[Link]
Objective: Rafael Hernandez's study aims to explore how the community perceives
jueteng, focusing on understanding individuals' views regarding this form of gambling
and its impact on their lives.
Methodology: Qualitative research methods, including interviews and focus group
discussions, are utilized to gather insights from community members regarding their
attitudes, beliefs, and experiences related to jueteng.
Conclusion: Community perceptions of jueteng are multifaceted and influenced by
factors such as socioeconomic status, cultural norms, and personal experiences. Some
view it as a necessary means of survival, while others condemn it due to its
association with illegal activities and social harm.
Recommendation Policy makers should engage with the community to develop
interventions addressing the underlying socioeconomic issues driving jueteng
participation. Efforts should also focus on raising awareness about the potential risks
associated with gambling and providing support services for affected individuals and
families. These abstracts provide a comprehensive overview of various aspects related
to jueteng, ranging from socioeconomic impacts to cultural perspectives and
community perceptions. Each study offers valuable insights that can inform policy
interventions aimed at addressing the challenges associated with informal gambling
activities like jueteng.

Certainly, here's a response: The title "Parental Perspectives on Jueteng: Insights into
Family Support Strategies" suggests a critical need to understand how parents
involved in jueteng perceive its impact on their families and the strategies they
employ to support their households. This research is essential because it delves into
the lived experiences of individuals navigating the complex dynamics of informal
gambling activities like jueteng. By gaining insights directly from these parents, we
can uncover the challenges they face, their motivations, and the trade-offs they make
to ensure their families' welfare. Such understanding is crucial for policymakers and
social workers to design interventions that provide targeted support to vulnerable
families, addressing their specific needs and circumstances. Ultimately, conducting
this research helps us move beyond surface-level observations and stereotypes,
allowing us to develop more empathetic and effective strategies for supporting
families affected by jueteng.
Problem: How community members percieve jueteng and what are the impact
on their lives.
Title: Lottery Gambling: The engagement of the community in Jueteng General
Objective:
To explore how community members percieve jueteng and its impact on their
lives. Specific Objective: • To document the parents' reasons of Jueteng in the
community • To distinguish the beneficial contribution of Jueteng to the parents
in support to the need of family.
Possible questions:
1. What is Jueteng?
2. What is Lottery?
3. Bakit yan ang napili niyong problema at bakit sa jueteng?
4. Why is it significant to the society?
5. What is the existing gap in the study?
6. How will your study contribute to the success of society?
7. How did you choose your respondents?
8. What research design did you employ? Why is it?
9. . How will you measure the research questions?
10. What is the scope and limitations of your study?
11. .What is the implications of your research study to the current situation?
12. . In your rrl and rrs, how is it related to your research topic? Can you cite one.
Sino ang target niyo sa study niyo?
13. who and what is your motivation behind choosing this topic
14. How did you come up with this study? So we come pe up with the study because
we expirieced it so we are thinking why not to study this problem? Then we also
really wanted that there are a lot of gamblings in our town so why not to study this?
Who will be benefited to your study?

1. Jueteng is a numbers game. Before the game, jueteng solicitors, colloquially known
as kubrador (cobrador), collect bets house to house. They are supervised by higher
level operators known as kabo (cabo), who are responsible for managing operations
within a certain community
2. "The Lottery", the title is ironic because, normally, winning a lottery it is a positive
experience and often includes a valuable prize. The "winner" of this particular lottery,
however, is stoned to death by the other villagers. This lottery is one you want to lose.
The Lottery, with its weekly pay-out of enormous prizes, was the one public event to
which the proles paid serious attention. It was probable that there were some millions
of proles for whom the Lottery was the principal if not the only reason for remaining
alive.
3. Why did you choose the research topic?
We chose this topic because we noticed that in our town there are a lot of lottery
gambling specifically Jueteng and also according to Ernie Adaya(2014) 'Despite the
country’s 7.5-percent economic growth, joblessness and poverty incidence remain
high. Jueteng is the key to eradicating joblessness and poverty in our country. When I
talk of jueteng I do not mean only the jueteng in Luzon. Jueteng has variants: In the
Visayas it is masiao and in Mindanao, “last two.” Jueteng is everywhere from Aparri
to Jolo."
4. Why is it significant to society?
The significance lies in understanding how Jueteng affects community members. By
exploring our perceptions and experiences Jueteng preys on vulnerable individuals,
especially those in poverty. People hope for a quick win to escape financial hardship.
According to Sofia Reyes Jueteng serves as a significant source of income for many
families, enabling them to cover essential expenses such as food, education, and
healthcare. Parents justify participation based on economic necessity and the lack of
viable alternatives.
5. What is the existing gap in the study?
The existing gap likely involves limited research on community perspectives
regarding Jueteng. While some studies may exist, there might be unanswered
questions or conflicting findings. Your research aims to bridge this gap by providing
fresh insights.
6. How will your study contribute to the success of society?
We Aim to :
- Raising awareness about Jueteng's impact.
- The positive and negative effects
- Empowering communities with knowledge.
- Advocating for responsible gambling practices.
7. How did you choose your respondents?
We likely employed purposive sampling, selecting community members directly
affected by Jueteng. Consider factors like age, gender, occupation, and socio-
economic status.
8. What research design did you employ? Why is it?
We might have used qualitative methods (interviews, focus groups) to explore
perceptions deeply. Qualitative research allows rich data collection and context
understanding
9. *How will you measure the research questions?*
Qualitative data analysis techniques (coding, thematic analysis) will help extract
themes from interviews or focus group discussions
10. Scope and limitations of your study?
Scope: Focused on community members' perspectives. - Limitations: Sample size,
potential biases, and generalizability.
11. Implications of your research study to the current situation?
Implications could include policy recommendations, community education, and
awareness campaigns.
12: Related literature citation*: - In your review of related literature (RRL),
consider citing studies on gambling behavior, community impact, or cultural
perspectives. For example, "Smith et al. (2018) found that community attitudes
toward gambling influence participation rates¹."

NAME: Trisha Mae A. Madriaga

Abstract 1
Few studies have focused on people with hearing loss and intellectual disabilities
engaging in gambling activities. However, people with visual impairments’ energetic
participation in sports betting activities is unexplored. This article highlights sports
betting strategies of visually impaired students to understand how their motives affect
their gambling behaviours as an alternative to their survival. Six male adults aged
between 27 and 40 years participated using semi-structured interviews, which were
conducted face-to-face, recorded, transcribed, and thematically analysed with the
Braun and Clarke model. Findings show that sports betting prevails in communities
fostering peer persuasion including family relations serving as an inducer for visually
impaired students. Their strategies are varied including the fewer the better concept
based on teams’ selection dynamics. While they are inspired by potential economic
gains, some recognise it as acquiring entrepreneurial skills because of risk-taking,
thus asymmetry and disconnected. The article recommends stakeholders' education to
provide better policies that can remind them to bet for leisure or desist from gambling.

Abstract 2

Background. There has been a small but growing body, of largely quantitative
research, that has examined problem gambling in the context of poor coping skills.
These studies suggest that gambling may be used as an alternative method of coping
that some will use to distract themselves from having to deal with problems in their
lives.
Objectives. To examine the role that gambling plays in the lives of problem gamblers
and the extent to which it may be used as a means of coping.
Design. Fifty problem gamblers, ranging in age from 18 to 63 years, with an average
age of 39 years, were interviewed. The focus of the interview was upon the
participant's accounts of how their gambling problem had developed and the role that
gambling played in their lives. A structured grounded theory approach was utilized.
Results. Following the selective coding process, ‘gambling to escape’ was identified
as the core category. This state was achieved through ‘mood modification’, involving
fantasies, dissociation and/or changes in arousal. For some problem gamblers seeking
mood modification was their primary motivation. For others mood modification was
sought as a means to cope with one or two other psychological and/or psychosocial
states consisting of ‘filling the void’ and/or ‘avoiding problems’. Two other factors
sometimes influenced the need to gamble, either directly through ‘control beliefs’ or
through ‘cognitive regret’.
Conclusions. Escape was the prime characteristic of the gambling experience that
facilitated the continuation of problem gambling among the interviewed participants.
In relation to these findings, the implications for prevention, intervention, treatment
and future research are discussed.

Abstract 3
Introduction: Recovery from complex conditions such as gambling disorders (GD)
often entail considerable change and require a range of adaptable interventions in the
health care system. Outcomes from such avenues to change are influenced by
multifarious contextual factors, which are less frequently considered in treatment
outcome studies. Accordingly, this scoping review aims to map the level of evidence
and explore how contextual factors influence the provision and outcomes of GD
interventions.
Methods: A systematic search in selected health and social science research databases
yielded a total of 2.464 unique references. The results were screened in three selection
steps—titles (n = 2.464), abstracts (n = 284) and full-text (n = 104). The scoping
approach was applied to provide a narrative account of the final included references
(n = 34).
Results and discussion: Findings suggest that the research on GD treatment is in the
early stages of development. Additionally, studies on GD interventions are
characterized by cultural biases (Region and ethnicity and Gender perspectives),
while three key elements are described as successful avenues to recover from GD
(Competence, Perception and Utilization). In line with these findings, proposals for
future research and treatment designs are made.

Abstract 4
Objective: To fully understand the harms caused by gambling; it is important to also
pay attention to the negative consequences for affected others. In this brief report, we
explore family members’ experiences of gambling problems within the specific
context of the Japanese gambling policy. Interviews with family members reveal self-
stigma of being bad parents which elicits shame and efforts to maintain secrecy, as
well as public stigma involving labeling, isolation, risks of status loss, social
exclusion and discrimination. The focus on individual pathology in Japanese
legislation as well as in public and professional perception, reinforces self-blame,
anxiety, and remorse on the part of affected family members. When contrasted with
the lived experiences of gamblers’ family members, the inconsistencies and
unreasonableness of the individual pathology paradigm in Japanese gambling policy
become evident. It is necessary to shift the focus of gambling policies from individual
to socio-political-cultural factors, investigating how these factors influence gambling-
caused harm, especially in the Japanese context.
Methodology: this report analyzes the narratives of six family members of people
with adverse gambling problems. The first author conducted two group interviews
with five family members of gamblers in western Japan in October 2021. The
interviews lasted 2 h each, were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. The group
interviews included four parents and one spouse, all of whom were recruited from the
members of the psycho-education seminars given by the first author. Each of the five
family members is identified as A (mother, in her 70s), B (mother, in her 60s), C
(father, B’s husband, in his 60s), D (wife, in her 50s), and E (mother, in her 60s). D’s
husband was in treatment for gambling, but the gamblers of the other family members
refused to seek help. In addition, an individual interview with participant F (mother,
in her 70s) was included in the study. She did not participate in the group interviews
but has been a regular participant in the psycho-educational seminars conducted by
the first author. Therefore, the authors asked for her permission. She read the accounts
and consented to this description by mail. All participants were informed about the
aims, methods, voluntariness of participation, confidentiality and right not to answer
specific questions and withdraw their consent without reprisal, how the data will be
analyzed and published, possible negative consequences from participation, and
contact information. All of the approached family members agreed to participate and
gave their informed consent.
In the interviews, the first author strived to generate detailed accounts from the family
members by using open ended questions and probes to build stories through
conversations (41). The first author translated the interview transcriptions from
Japanese to English. The analytical process was conducted in line with an
interpretative phenomenological analysis (42), with a focus on exploring how
participants make sense of their personal and social world. The transcripts were
repeatedly read to familiarize with the material. Similar and convergent themes were
identified within and across interviews.
The emerging themes were then synthesized into three more specific themes that
empirically capture what the participants wanted to share about their experience of
living with someone close with gambling problems: (1) Secrecy and social isolation;
(2) Expectations of providing for family members to avoid social exclusion; and (3)
Self-blame and sense of failure as parents. The quotes below are examples of these
specific themes apparent in the material
Conclusion: Numerous gambling-caused problems are framed as the problem of
gamblers and their family members, consequently provoking the public to focus on
the pathology of gamblers and their family members. Socio-political-cultural factors
are excluded from the public’s perspective. Gamblers and their families are ashamed
to disclose their problems and, thus, do not seek help. Recently, growing criticism has
emerged for this narrow perspective (2, 49, 51) that places the burden of gambling
disorders on individual gamblers and their families. It is necessary to shift the focus of
gambling policies from individual pathologies to socio-political-cultural factors,
investigating how these factors influence gambling-caused harm, especially in the
Japanese context.
In this report, the focus on individual pathology in Japanese legislation and public and
professional perception has been illustrated and contrasted with the lived experiences
of gamblers’ family members. It brings insights into the inconsistencies and
unreasonableness of the “responsible gambling” paradigm originating from the Reno
model. However, the report is preliminary in nature since interviewing more family
members could have offered more robust findings.
Recommendation: Furthermore, in future research, the discourses adopted in
psychological aspects of individuals and inter-personal relations such as “distorted
thinking” and “co-dependency” must be examined as to how the treatment methods
and practices influence the perception of gambling-caused problems on the part of
gamblers, family members, treatment, welfare service providers and the general
public.

Absract 5
Objective: Prior research suggests that at-risk and problem gamblers are more likely
to have experienced early family dysfunction and exposure to gambling within the
family in early childhood. However, little is known about the ways in which early
childhood experiences contribute to at-risk and problem gambling in adulthood.
Methodology: Drawing on life history interviews with 48 participants, this article
shows that the vast majority of regular gamblers in our study had been exposed to
gambling as children in their family of origin. It also shows that different experiences
of gambling within the early family were associated with contrasting gambling forms
and risk levels in adulthood.
Conclusion: Several at-risk and problem gamblers reported having had a parent or
other family member with problematic gambling behaviour, while low-risk gamblers
had experienced gambling in their early family life as purely recreational. In addition,
the majority of the problem and at-risk gamblers had experienced conflicts, lack of
encouragement and support, negativity, emotional distance and lack of
communication in their early family life. A few also reported experiencing various
forms of abuse as children. This paper shows that early exposure to problematic
gambling and early family dysfunction impacted substantially on the participants'
lives as adults and contributed to problem gambling.

Abstract 6
Objective: The aim is to examine significant life events and social connections that
encourage some women to gamble. Specifically, how do these events and connections
described as important for women who develop gambling-related problems differ for
women who remain recreational gamblers?
Method: 20 women who were electronic gaming machine (EGMs, poker machines,
slots) players were interviewed using a brief interview guide. They also completed the
nine question Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI) from the Canadian Problem
Gambling Index CPGI). 11 women self-identified as recreational gamblers (RG)
while 9 had sought and received help for their gambling problems (PG). Using a
feminist, qualitative design and an adaptive grounded theory method to analyze their
histories, a number of themes emerged indicating a progression to problem gambling
for some and the ability to recognise when control over gambling was needed by
others.
Conclusion: The human need for social connectedness and personal bonds with others
emphasized the usefulness of using social capital theories in gambling research with
women.

Abstract 7
Empirical studies indicate how parental gambling affects young children, but we do
not know how adult children cope when parents develop gambling problems in
middle or late life. The primary aim of this qualitative study was to explore adult
children’s experiences and perspectives in regard to late onset parental gambling.
Greater knowledge is needed to inform the development of counselling and advisory
services and public policy more generally. Participants were 15 adult children whose
lives had been in some way affected by parental gambling. Data were gathered
through in-depth interviews and written accounts. Findings indicate that the problems
and dilemmas created by parental gambling have the potential to impose considerable
stress on adult children and that some of these children are heavily involved in the
provision of informal care. Implications for formal services are discussed.

Abstract 7
Responsible gambling (RG) is defined as gambling for pleasure and entertainment but
with an awareness of the likelihood of losing, an understanding of the associated risks
and the ability to exercise control over one’s gambling activity. The current study
describes a qualitative approach to explore RG among older adults (aged 60 years and
above) in Singapore and reports on the cognitive and behavioural strategies employed
by them to regulate their [Link] criteria included Singapore residents
aged 60 years and above, who could speak in English, Chinese, Malay or Tamil and
were current or past regular gamblers. Participants were recruited using a combination
of network and purposive sampling. Socio-demographic information on age, age of
onset of gambling, gender, ethnicity, marital status, education and employment was
collected. The South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS) was used to collect information
on gambling activities and problems associated with gambling behaviour. Qualitative
interviews were conducted with 25 older adults (60 years and above) who currently
gambled. The data was analyzed using thematic network [Link] study highlights
the significant role that families play in Asian societies in imposing RG. Education of
family members both in terms of the importance of RG, and communication of the
ways in which older adults can incorporate RG behaviours including the use of
exclusion in specific scenarios is important.
e:To present a grounded theory specific to problem gambling and its impact on
families. The research question was ‘‘How does problem gambling impact the
family?’’ Twenty-two families participated in the study; most families (n = 21) were
involved in treatment for problem gambling. In total, 47 interviews were conducted
with 37 family members. Using the grounded theory method, the interviews were
analyzed and the resulting theory is comprised of seven interrelated, dynamic, and
iterative elements. The first two elements, trauma and trigger, are specific to the
problem gambler. These two elements are foundational to the initiation of problem
gambling and are referred as the problem gambling platform. Once problem gambling
behavior is initiated, both the gambler and other family members individually and
collectively experience the other five elements including transition, tension and
turmoil, transformation, transcendence, and termination. Understood from a holistic
perspective, the psychosocial processes described in this theory ultimately result in
family members cocreating life pathways for both themselves and other family
members. Representing the uniqueness of each individual family member’s journey
within the context of the family environment, this theory highlights the need for
relational, family-focused care, and treatment options.

Abstract 8
The present study targeted women who had concerns about a current or previous
partner’s gambling and employed a qualitative methodology to explore their
experiences, understandings and responses. Various recruitment strategies were used
to avoid an excessive reliance on a clinical sample and to attract participants in
different walks of life. The final sample comprised twenty-three women, eleven of
whom continued to maintain a marital or de facto relationship with the gambler. Data
were gathered by means of in-depth interviews and subjected to thematic analysis.
Findings from the study indicate that women are likely to be the victims and enablers
of their partner’s gambling and may also provide informal help and care. Implications
for community education programs, formal services and Australian law are discussed.

Abstact 9
To present a grounded theory specific to problem gambling and its impact on families.
The research question was ‘‘How does problem gambling impact the family?’’
Twenty-two families participated in the study; most families (n = 21) were involved
in treatment for problem gambling. In total, 47 interviews were conducted with 37
family members. Using the grounded theory method, the interviews were analyzed
and the resulting theory is comprised of seven interrelated, dynamic, and iterative
elements. The first two elements, trauma and trigger, are specific to the problem
gambler. These two elements are foundational to the initiation of problem gambling
and are referred as the problem gambling platform. Once problem gambling behavior
is initiated, both the gambler and other family members individually and collectively
experience the other five elements including transition, tension and turmoil,
transformation, transcendence, and termination. Understood from a holistic
perspective, the psychosocial processes described in this theory ultimately result in
family members cocreating life pathways for both themselves and other family
members. Representing the uniqueness of each individual family member’s journey
within the context of the family environment, this theory highlights the need for
relational, family-focused care, and treatment options.

Abstract 10
The present study targeted women who had concerns about a current or previous
partner’s gambling and employed a qualitative methodology to explore their
experiences, understandings and responses. Various recruitment strategies were used
to avoid an excessive reliance on a clinical sample and to attract participants in
different walks of life. The final sample comprised twenty-three women, eleven of
whom continued to maintain a marital or de facto relationship with the gambler. Data
were gathered by means of in-depth interviews and subjected to thematic analysis.
Findings from the study indicate that women are likely to be the victims and enablers
of their partner’s gambling and may also provide informal help and care. Implications
for community education programs, formal services and Australian law are discussed.
NAME: Jay Albino

Abstract 11
Objective: In recent years, gambling harm has been considered a significant public
health concern due to its increasing socioeconomic costs. Although the adverse effects
of gambling have attracted research interest, evidence of its effect on financial stress
remains largely anecdotal.
Methodology: This study empirically examines the link between individual problem
gambling severity and financial stress using panel data from the household, income
and labour dynamics in Australia survey. After addressing endogeneity, we find that
problem gambling severity is positively associated with self-reported financial stress.
Thus, problem gambling severity tends to increase financial stress. This finding is
robust to alternative measures of financial stress and gambling behaviour—whether
gambling is measured using the problem gambling severity index, gambling risk
statuses, number of gambling activities, or gambling expenditure.
Conclusion: The positive effect of gambling on financial stress is largely driven by
gambling activities involving scratch cards and poker machines. Although males
exhibit higher levels of problem gambling severity, females are more financially
stressed than males.
Recommendation:Our findings also suggest that gambling widens the gender gap in
financial stress. Further analysis reveals that financial resilience mediates the
gambling-financial stress relationship. This implies that promoting policies that
enhance financial resilience can help to insulate individuals against the effects of
gambling on financial stress.

Abstract 12
The primary aim of this qualitative study was to explore adult children’s experiences
and perspectives in regard to late onset parental gambling. Greater knowledge is
needed to inform the development of counselling and advisory services and public
policy more generally. Participants were 15 adult children whose lives had been in
some way affected by parental gambling. Data were gathered through in-depth
interviews and written accounts. Findings indicate that the problems and dilemmas
created by parental gambling have the potential to impose considerable stress on adult
children and that some of these children are heavily involved in the provision of
informal care. Implications for formal services are discussed.

Abstract 13
Objective: To investigate the factors affecting financial stress among informal
laborers and determine the factors that drive informal workers to buy lottery tickets
(classified by economic, psychological and social motives).
Methodology: The authors applied binary logistic regression to determine what
factors affected financial stress and multinomial logistic regression was applied to
examine the factors affecting the motives for buying the lottery.
Conclusion: According to the study's results, factors including education, income,
gambling intensity, level of financial literacy, saving and knowledge about finance in
general influenced both economic and psychological motives negatively. However,
gender, status, age, level of risk tolerance, self-evaluated level of acceptable risk and
knowledge about compound interest influenced both economic motives and
psychological motives positively.
Recommendation: It is worth noting that both the self-evaluation of their level of
financial literacy and knowledge about inflation resulted in effects moving in different
directions, with self-evaluation of their level of financial literacy and knowledge
about inflation negatively affecting economic motives, but positively affecting
psychological motives.

Abstract 14
This article presents results from the first phase of a longitudinal qualitative study of
gambling among young people in Denmark. The longitudinal study is designed to
capture the trajectories of young gamblers and to explore how social and cultural
factors and processes impact on young people's gambling [Link] first stage of
analysis places a special emphasis on young people's introduction to gambling and the
social contexts of these early gambling experiences. Theoretically, this first study is
guided by a symbolic interactionist approach. We conclude that early experiences
with gambling are socially mediated and that significant social contexts such as the
family and peer groups form important contexts of these early experiences. Our
evidence suggest that becoming engaged in gambling is a social process involving a
transfer of skills and knowledge in which novices learn how to play and to attribute
specific meanings to gambling. Overall, our findings indicate that young people start
gambling not because of purely individual characteristics or deviant motivations but
through social processes within significant social networks. Implications for
prevention and further research are briefly discussed.

Abstract 15
Pathological gambling has been identified as a major issue in Montreal’s Chinese
community. A variety of sources attest to the fact that, though we live in an
increasingly heterogeneous society, the services provided to minority communities for
preventing and treating pathological gambling are inadequate. An anthropological
approach that takes into account cultural characteristics of one’s community could
lead to better strategies for acknowledgement, definition, diagnosis and treatment of
pathological gambling among culturally different communities. Research paths that
could help to provide effective treatment and services to specific populations are
suggested. An overview of the way the Chinese view gambling, pathological
gambling and treatment is presented. The concepts of fate, destiny and luck in
Chinese thought, as well as Montreal’s Chinese community social norms related to
gambling are then described. The incorporation of those cultural understandings in
future studies and treatment attempts is suggested.

Abstract 16
Gambling is an addictive behaviour that causes significant harms to individuals,
families and societies. Problematic gambling can have profound impacts on family
life, including financial destitution and relationship breakdown. In addictive
relationships, addictive behaviour dominates over other social commitments. The
COVID-19 pandemic had important implications on family life and gambling
behaviours. This is likely to have affected family relationships in families
experiencing gambling harms. The current study uses evidence from a qualitative
survey (N=39) and interviews (N=5) collected with family members of gamblers to
explore how family members of gamblers experienced addictive relationships during
the COVID-19 pandemic in Finland. The results show that gambling negatively
affects intimate relationships, relationality and interdependencies in families. For
many, gambling-related harms were accentuated by the intensification of addictive
relationships during the pandemic. For others, availability restrictions of gambling
brought relief. The results also show a need for more family-oriented help services
and highlight the importance of prevention.

Abstract 17

Despite legislation worldwide to constrain gambling among adolescents and young

people, modern technology, such as online gaming apps and online gambling venues,
has significantly increased their exposure to the risks of problem gambling. It is
important, therefore, to have up to date information about what is currently known
about gambling and to explore gaps in our knowledge. This gap analysis presents the
results of a systematic approach to reviewing the current literature on gambling
behaviour, attitudes, and associated risk factors for gambling and problem gambling
among adolescents and young adults (aged 10–25 years). The review included studies
published between January 2015 and August 2020 and included 85 studies for final
synthesis. Findings reveal further research is needed on the implications for young
people of emerging technologies and new trends in gambling in the digital age. The
current gap analysis reveals that this should include more research on the
development and impact of both treatment and intervention strategies, and policy and
regulatory frameworks from a public health perspective.

Abstract 18
This study explores the interrelationships of problem gambling, feelings of shame and
guilt, and the use of avoidant and nonavoidant coping strategies among a sample of
emerging adult gamblers (N = 391) from the University of Manitoba. Exploratory
factor analysis was used to assess the factor structure of the Coping With Gambling
Loss (CWGL) measure, then observed path models were used to test three hypotheses
regarding shame and guilt’s determination of coping with gambling loss. Factor
analysis produced a five-factor solution, which opposes the six-factor solution found
in previous work. Problem gambling was measured by the Problem Gambling
Severity Index (PGSI), and shame and guilt were measured using measures created by
Yi and Kanetkar (2011). Results supported Hypothesis 1 that problem gambling was
more strongly associated with feelings of shame compared to feelings of guilt.
Hypothesis 2, that feelings of guilt had a strong, positive association with nonavoidant
coping and shame with avoidant coping, was not supported. Finally, Hypothesis 3,
that shame and guilt mediate the relationship between problem gambling and a
gambler’s choice to cope, was supported. Implications from the study support
expansion and further testing of the CWGL, and an application of the causal
relationship explored to different samples, as results from the present study differ
from results found among a normative population. (PsycInfo Database Record (c)
2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Abstract 19
Background Men and women differ in their patterns of help-seeking for health and
social problems. For people experiencing problem gambling, feelings of stigma may
affect if and when they reach out for help. In this study we examine men's and
women's perceptions of felt stigma in relation to help-seeking for problematic
gambling. Using concept mapping, we engaged ten men and eighteen women in
group activities. We asked men and women about their perceptions of the pleasurable
aspects and negative consequences of gambling; they generated a list of four hundred
and sixteen statements. These statements were parsed for duplication and for
relevance to the study focal question and reduced to seventy-three statements by the
research team. We then asked participants to rate their perceptions of how much felt
stigma (negative impact on one's own or family's reputation) interfered with help-
seeking for gambling. We analyzed the data using a gender lens. Findings Men and
women felt that shame associated with gambling-related financial difficulties was
detrimental to help-seeking. For men, the addictive qualities of and emotional
responses to gambling were perceived as stigma-related barriers to help-seeking. For
women, being seduced by the ‘bells and whistles’ of the gambling venue, their denial
of their addiction, their belief in luck and that the casino can be beat, and the shame of
being dishonest were perceived as barriers to help-seeking. Efforts to engage people
who face gambling problems need to consider gendered perceptions of what is viewed
as stigmatizing.

Abstract 20
The Conceptual Framework of Harmful Gambling moves beyond a symptoms-based
view of harm and addresses a broad set of factors related to the risks and effects of
gambling harmfully at the individual, family, and community levels. Coauthored by
international research experts and informed by multiple stakeholders, Gambling
Research Exchange (GREO) facilitated the framework development in 2013 and
retains responsibility for regular updates and mobilization. This review article
presents information about the revised version of the Conceptual Framework of
Harmful Gambling completed in late 2018. We describe eight interrelated factors
depicted in the framework that represent major themes in gambling ranging from the
specific (gambling environment, exposure, gambling types, and treatment resources)
to the general (cultural, social, psychological, and biological influences). After
outlining the framework development and collaborative process, we highlight new
topics for the recent update that reflect changes in the gambling landscape and
prominent discourses in the scientific community. Some of these topics include social
and economic impacts of gambling, and a new model of understanding gambling
related harm. We address the relevance of the CFHG to the gambling and behavioral
addictions research community. Harm-based frameworks have been undertaken in
other areas of addiction that can both inform and be informed by a model dedicated to
harmful gambling. Further, the framework brings a multi-disciplinary perspective to
bear on antecedents and factors that co-occur with harmful gambling.

NAME: Stephanie G. Dumo

Abstract 21
This article presents the results of a study conducted on older women who have
retired from work and who gamble regularly. The aim of the study was an in-depth
analysis of the motivation to gamble in older professional inactive women addicted
and not addicted to gambling. In-depth interviews were conducted with 34 women
aged 55+ years. Motivation factors for gambling among women addicted to gambling
(n = and those not addicted to gambling (n = 26) were subjected to in-depth
thematic analysis of the content of the interviews. Results: Five major categories were
distinguished: sensations, money, activity, socialisation and escape. The most
important factors for the women who were not addicted to gambling were sensations
and money, followed by activity and socialisation. Women addicted to gambling, on
the other hand, were mostly motivated by sensations, escape and socialisation.
The results show the need for an in-depth analysis of the motivational factors in this
group. Models built on the basis of adults are not reflected in older women. For
example, the financial motive, typical of addicted gamblers, is dominant among non-
addicted female seniors. Qualitative analysis helps to understand this specificity.

Abstract 22
To investigate the factors affecting financial stress among informal laborers and
determine the factors that drive informal workers to buy lottery tickets (classified by
economic, psychological and social motives). The authors applied binary logistic
regression to determine what factors affected financial stress and multinomial logistic
regression was applied to examine the factors affecting the motives for buying the
lottery. Findings According to the study's results, factors including education, income,
gambling intensity, level of financial literacy, saving and knowledge about finance in
general influenced both economic and psychological motives negatively. This study
can be used to guide policy making intended to deter those who have never gambled
from starting. Gambling is considered a risk-taking activity with a higher value
reward in return. Money, enjoyment, socialization and excitement were all popular
motives for gambling. These findings were consistent with what has been observed in
Thai society related to the factors influencing individual to gamble, in other words,
economic, psychological and social motives. The study focused on gamblers who
were informal [Link] laborers without an employer according to the Thai
labor law, do not have any social security from the government and, usually have low
incomes.

Abstract 23
Background Responsible gambling (RG) is defined as gambling for pleasure and
entertainment but with an awareness of the likelihood of losing, an understanding of
the associated risks and the ability to exercise control over one’s gambling activity.
The current study describes a qualitative approach to explore RG among older adults
(aged 60 years and above) in Singapore and reports on the cognitive and behavioural
strategies employed by them to regulate their gambling. Inclusion criteria included
Singapore residents aged 60 years and above, who could speak in English, Chinese,
Malay or Tamil and were current or past regular gamblers. Participants were recruited
using a combination of network and purposive sampling. Socio-demographic
information on age, age of onset of gambling, gender, ethnicity, marital status,
education and employment was collected. The South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS)
was used to collect information on gambling activities and problems associated with
gambling behaviour. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 25 older adults (60
years and above) who currently gambled. The data was analyzed using thematic
network analysis. Results This global theme of RG comprised two organising themes:
self –developed strategies to limit gambling related harm and family interventions to
reduce gambling harm. The basic themes included delayed gratification, perception of
futility of gambling, setting limits, maintaining balance, help-seeking and awareness
of disordered gambling in self or in others. Family interventions included pleading
and threatening, compelling help-seeking as well as family exclusion order. The study
highlights the significant role that families play in Asian societies in imposing RG.
Education of family members both in terms of the importance of RG, and
communication of the ways in which older adults can incorporate RG behaviours
including the use of exclusion in specific scenarios is important.

Abstract 24
Background Men and women differ in their patterns of help-seeking for health and
social problems. For people experiencing problem gambling, feelings of stigma may
affect if and when they reach out for help. In this study we examine men's and
women's perceptions of felt stigma in relation to help-seeking for problematic
gambling. Using concept mapping, we engaged ten men and eighteen women in group
activities. We asked men and women about their perceptions of the pleasurable
aspects and negative consequences of gambling; they generated a list of four hundred
and sixteen statements. These statements were parsed for duplication and for
relevance to the study focal question and reduced to seventy-three statements by the
research team. We then asked participants to rate their perceptions of how much felt
stigma (negative impact on one's own or family's reputation) interfered with help-
seeking for gambling. We analyzed the data using a gender [Link] Men and
women felt that shame associated with gambling-related financial difficulties was
detrimental to help-seeking. For men, the addictive qualities of and emotional
responses to gambling were perceived as stigma-related barriers to help-seeking. For
women, being seduced by the ‘bells and whistles’ of the gambling venue, their denial
of their addiction, their belief in luck and that the casino can be beat, and the shame of
being dishonest were perceived as barriers to help-seeking.
Efforts to engage people who face gambling problems need to consider gendered
perceptions of what is viewed as stigmatizing

Abstract 25
There is still much unknown about how socioeconomic status (SES) influences risk of
Problem Gambling (PG), especially given recent evidence that SES should be
understood both in objective and subjective terms. While financial gambling motives
have been identified as a key factor in the transition from recreational gambling to
pathological gambling, it remains under-studied in comparison to other gambling
motives. Much of the research examining SES and gambling points towards a pattern
of social inequality in which those with the least financial resources (e.g., income) or
that feel financially deprived relative to others (e.g., perceived deprivation)
experience greater harm and problems. In both a weighted, nationally representative
sample of adults in the U.S (N = 1,348) and a sample of U.S. adults that recently bet
on sports (N = 1,487), the present study examined the interaction between financial
gambling motives and income and financial gambling motives and perceived
deprivation in predicting PG. Results provided support for both financial gambling
motives and perceived deprivation as robust predictors of PG. Further, findings
provided unique insights into how differences in both objective and subjective
financial standing may play a role in the relationship between financial motives for
gambling and risk of PG. Implications, limitations, and directions for future research
are also discussed.

Abstrat 26
Objective: Parents can have a major influence on young people’s access to and
participation in gambling activities. However, with the rise of digital online gambling,
there is greater potential for young people to freely explore and engage in gambling
activities without parental oversight. This study examined perceived parental
influences on adolescents’ gambling activities, including differences in these
influences across commercial and simulated types of activities, and the association
between parental influences and problem gambling symptoms.
Method: A survey of 824 adolescents from 3 secondary schools was conducted. The
results indicated that financial gambling was usually facilitated by a parent,
particularly for scratch tickets and sports betting. Simulated gambling activities, such
as social casino games, tended to be reported as being unsupervised by parents.
Young people’s perceptions of parents’ measures to limit, restrict or oversee online
and electronic activities were not significantly associated with youth simulated
gambling.
Conclusion: Their perceptions of parental influences were not significant predictors
of problem gambling behaviours. This study underscores the need to examine
potential differences in how adolescents develop an understanding of different
gambling activities without parental influences, and adds to the continuing debate on
the necessity of regulation and other countermeasures to limit young people’s access
to simulated gambling activities.
Recommendation: n/a

Abstract 27
According to a survey by Japan’s Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare in 2017,
3.6% of Japanese adults—equivalent to about 3.2 million people—have suffered from
problem gambling at some point in their lifetime. This study examines the
relationship between financial literacy, financial education, and gambling behavior
(measured as gambling frequency) among the Japanese population. We hypothesize
that financially literate and financially educated people who use their knowledge to
make sound financial decisions are less likely to gamble. The data used in this study
are from a nationwide survey in Japan from the Preference Parameters Study of Osaka
University in 2010 (n = 3687). To control for endogeneity bias between financial
literacy and gambling behavior, we use the education of respondents’ fathers as an
instrumental variable. The results from the probit-instrumental variable model show
that financial literacy has a significantly negative relationship with gambling
frequency, while financial education has no significant relationship with gambling
frequency. Our findings suggest that problem gambling may be mitigated by
promoting financial literacy, but no such conclusion can be drawn for financial
education.

Abstract 28

Objective: The study aims to explore the types of simulated games and gambling
platforms used by adolescents, adolescent’s experiences, motivations and behaviors
vis-à-vis simulated gambling and the potential interrelationships between simulated
and monetary forms gambling.
Methodology: Data was obtained from a qualitative longitudinal panel study with
three waves of individual interviews. A cohort of 51 young Danes, with varying levels
of gambling involvement, were interviewed three times, with a 10-12 frequency from
2011 to 2014. In total, 149 interviews were conducted over the 4-year [Link]
Enjoying social interactional effects appeared to be the main reasons young people
engage in simulated gambling games. The study documented characteristics of both a
catalyst pathway and a containment pathway emphasizing that for some young people
simulated gambling may increase the likelihood of involvement in real money
gambling while it may decrease it for others.
Conclusion: Few studies have provided insights into the meanings and motivations of
young people engaged in simulated gambling. The current study is among the first to
explore adolescent’s experiences, motivations and behaviors vis-à-vis simulated
gambling and the potential interrelationships between simulated and monetary forms
gambling.

Abstact 29
This article is a critical review of risk factors for pathological gambling categorized
by demographics, physiological and biological factors, cognitive distortions,
comorbidity and concurrent symptoms, and personality symptoms and characteristics.
There is also a varia section (availability, parents playing, sensory characteristics,
schedules of reinforcement, age of onset, and playing duration). The review found
very few well established risk factors for pathological gambling (i.e. more than two
studies to support the conclusions). Well established risk factors included
demographic variables (age, gender), cognitive distortions (erroneous perceptions,
illusion of control), sensory characteristics, schedules of reinforcement, comorbid
disorders (OCD, drug abuse), and delinquency/illegal acts. An understanding of risk
factors for pathological gambling should enhance prevention and treatment
approaches.

Abstract 30
Objective: Since 1984, policymakers have increasingly turned their attention to
reforming the child support system. Despite this attention, the child support system
has often failed to increase the economic security of single-parent families.
Methodology: This article analyzes findings from recent qualitative studies to
explain why the child support system breaks down for so many low-income families.
Conclusion: This mismatch impedes low-income parents' willingness and ability to
comply with existing policy, even when they wish to do so, and will make reform
difficult.
Recommendation:This research suggests that parents often prefer informal
arrangements of support and do not comply with child support regulations they
perceive to be unfair, counterproductive, or punitive. It also suggests that there is a
mismatch between the premises and goals of child support policy and what low-
income parents desire from the system.

ABSTRACT:
The introduction of artificial intelligence (AI) as a subject in K-12 education is a new
and important global strategic initiative, but there is a serious lack of studies in
relation to this initiative that address inclusion and diversity of education. Self-
determination theory (SDT) can explain student engagement from the needs
satisfaction perspective. Therefore, this project aimed to investigate how SDT-based
needs support by teachers and student attributes (gender and achievement level) affect
AI learning at secondary school level. It adopted a two-study design, with each study
using a 2 × 2 between-subjects factorial design with student needs support from
teachers as one factor and one of the student attributes as the other: gender in Study 1
and achievement level in Study 2. In both studies, there were two groups – SDT-based
(teacher needs support) and control (without). The analyses revealed that in the SDT-
based program, (1) the students had a more positive perception of AI learning and felt
that their needs were satisfied, and (2) there were non-significant differences in AI
learning between boys and girls and between high and low achievers. The findings
suggest that a focus on needs satisfaction could engage boys and girls, and high and
low achievers in AI learning. As they become more engaged, they are likely to gain
more confidence, feel that the content is more relevant, and become intrinsically
motivated to pursue further AI learning.

ABSTRACT:

This study provided a content analysis of studies aiming to disclose how artificial
intelligence (AI) has been applied to the education sector and explore the potential
research trends and challenges of AI in education. A total of 100 papers including 63
empirical papers (74 studies) and 37 analytic papers were selected from the education
and educational research category of Social Sciences Citation Index database from
2010 to 2020. The content analysis showed that the research questions could be
classified into development layer (classification, matching, recommendation, and
deep learning), application layer (feedback, reasoning, and adaptive learning), and
integration layer (affection computing, role-playing, immersive learning, and
gamification). Moreover, four research trends, including Internet of Things, swarm
intelligence, deep learning, and neuroscience, as well as an assessment of AI in
education, were suggested for further investigation. However, we also proposed the
challenges in education may be caused by AI with regard to inappropriate use of AI
techniques, changing roles of teachers and students, as well as social and ethical
issues. The results provide insights into an overview of the AI used for education
domain, which helps to strengthen the theoretical foundation of AI in education and
provides a promising channel for educators and AI engineers to carry out further
collaborative research.

ABSTRACT:(IMPACT OF AI ASSISTANCE)
AI-powered learning technologies are increasingly being used to automate and
scaffold learning activities (e.g., personalised reminders for completing tasks,
automated real-time feedback for improving writing, or recommendations for when
and what to study). While the prevailing view is that these technologies generally
have a positive effect on student learning, their impact on students’ agency and ability
to self-regulate their learning is under-explored. Do students learn from the regular,
detailed and personalised feedback provided by AI systems, and will they continue to
exhibit similar behaviour in the absence of assistance? Or do they instead continue to
rely on AI assistance without learning from it? To contribute to filling this research
gap, we conducted a randomised controlled experiment that explored the impact of AI
assistance on student agency in the context of peer feedback. With 1625 students
across 10 courses, an experiment was conducted using peer review. During the initial
four-week period, students were guided by AI features that utilised techniques such as
rule-based suggestion detection, semantic similarity, and comparison with previous
comments made by the reviewer to enhance their submissions if the feedback
provided was deemed insufficiently detailed or general in nature. Over the following
four weeks, students were divided into four different groups: control (AI) received
prompts, (NR) received no prompts, (SR) received self-monitoring checklists in place
of AI prompts, and (SAI) had access to both AI prompts and self-monitoring
checklists. Results of the experiment suggest that students tended to rely on rather
than learn from AI assistance. If AI assistance was removed, self-regulated strategies
could help fill the gap but were not as effective as AI assistance. Results also showed
that hybrid human-AI approaches that complement AI assistance with self-regulated
strategies (SAI) were not more effective than AI assistance on its own. We conclude
by discussing the broader benefits, challenges and implications of relying on AI
assistance in relation to student agency in a world where we learn, live and work with
AI.

ABSTRACT
In Applied AI, or ‘machine learning’, methods such as neural networks are used to
train computers to perform tasks without human intervention. In this article, we
question the applicability of these methods to education. In particular, we consider a
case of recent attempts from data scientists to add AI elements to a handful of online
learning environments, such as Khan Academy and the ASSISTments intelligent
tutoring system. Drawing on Science and Technology Studies (STS), we provide a
detailed examination of the scholarly work carried out by several data scientists
around the use of ‘deep learning’ to predict aspects of educational performance. This
approach draws attention to relations between various (problematic) units of analysis:
flawed data, partially incomprehensible computational methods, narrow forms of
educational’ knowledge baked into the online environments, and a reductionist
discourse of data science with evident economic ramifications. These relations can be
framed ethnographically as a ‘controversy’ that casts doubts on AI as an objective
scientific endeavour, whilst illuminating the confusions, the disagreements and the
economic interests that surround its implementations

ABSTRACT: This paper on artificial intelligence in education (AIEd) has two aims.
The first: to explain to a non-specialist, interested, reader what AIEd is: its goals, how
it is built, and how it works. The second: to set out the argument for what AIEd can
offer teaching and learning, both now and in the future, with an eye towards
improving learning and life outcomes for all. Computer systems that are artificially
intelligent interact with the world using capabilities (such as speech recognition) and
intelligent behaviours (such as using available information to take the most sensible
actions toward a stated goal) that we would think of as essentially human. At the heart
of artificial intelligence in education is the scientific goal to make knowledge, which
is often left implicit, computationally precise and explicit. In other words, in addition
to being the engine behind much ‘smart’ ed tech, AIEd is also designed to be a
powerful tool to open up what is sometimes called the ‘black box of learning,’ giving
us more fine-grained understandings of how learning actually happens. Although
some might find the concept of AIEd alienating, the algorithms and models that
underpin ed tech powered by AIEd form the basis of an essentially human endeavor.
Using AIEd, teachers will be able to offer learners educational experiences that are
more personalised, flexible, inclusive and engaging. Crucially, we do not see a future
in which AIEd replaces teachers. What we do see is a future in which the
extraordinary expertise of teachers is better leveraged and augmented through the
thoughtful deployment of well designed AIEd. We have available, right now, AIEd
tools that could support student learning at a scale previously unimaginable by
providing one-on-one tutoring to every student, in every subject. Existing
technologies also have the capacity to provide intelligent support to learners working
in a group, and to create authentic virtual learning environments where students have
the right support, at the right time, to tackle real-life problems and puzzles. In the near
future, we expect that teaching and learning will increasingly be supported by the
thoughtful application of AIEd tools. For example, by lifelong learning companions
powered by AI that can accompany and support individual learners throughout their
studies - in and beyond school - and new forms of assessment that measure learning
while it is taking place, shaping the learning experience in real time. If we are
ultimately successful, we predict that AIEd will help us address some of the most
intractable problems in education, including achievement gaps and teacher retention.
AIEd will also help us respond to the most significant social challenge that AI has
already brought - the steady replacement of jobs and occupations with clever
algorithms and robots. It is our view that this provides a new innovation imperative in
education, which can be expressed simply: as humans live and work alongside
increasingly smart machines, our education systems will need to achieve at levels that
none have managed to date. True progress will require the development of an AIEd
infrastructure. This will not, however, be a single monolithic AIEd system. Instead, it
will resemble the marketplace that has developed for smartphone apps: hundreds and
then thousands of individual AIEd components, developed in collaboration with
educators, conformed to uniform international data standards, and shared with
researchers and developers worldwide. These standards will also enable system-level
data collation and analysis that will help us to learn much more about learning itself –
and how to improve it. Moving forward, we will need to pay close attention to three
powerful forces as we map the future of artificial intelligence in education, namely
pedagogy, technology, and system change. Paying attention to the pedagogy will
mean that the design of new edtech should always start with what we know about
learning. It also means that the system for funding this work must be simultaneously
opened up and refocused, moving away from isolated pockets of R&D and toward
collaborative enterprises that prioritise areas known to make a real difference to
teaching and learning. Paying attention to the technology will mean creating smarter
demand for commercial grade AIEd products that work. It also means the
development of a robust, component-based AIEd infrastructure, similar to the
smartphone app marketplace, where researchers and developers can access
standardised components that have been developed in collaboration with educators.
Paying attention to system change will mean involving teachers, students, and parents
in co-designing new tools, so that AIEd will appropriately address the inherent
“messiness” of real classroom, university, and workplace learning environments. It
also means the development of data standards that promote the safe and ethical use of
data. Said succinctly, we need intelligent technologies that embody what we know
about great teaching and learning, embodied in enticing consumer grade products,
which are then used effectively in real-life settings that combine the best of human
and machine. We do not underestimate the new-thinking, inevitable wrong-turns, and
effort required to realise these recommendations. However, if we are to properly
unleash the intelligence of AIEd, we must do things differently - via new
collaborations, sensible funding, and (always) a keen eye on the pedagogy. The
potential prize is too great to act otherwise.
ABSTRACT 1
This article analyzes the unique trajectory of the Philippine gaming industry, with a
particular focus on the Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corporation (PAGCOR)
and the Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office (PCSO). It aims to provide empirical
insight on how state and non-state actors take part in the growing gaming industry in
the Philippines in a neoliberal context. This article first addresses the dominant
patron-client paradigms, and finds them insufficient to provide an explanation to both
the gaming development in the country and the regulatory mechanisms behind this
industry. By providing a description of how PAGCOR and the PCSO circumvent
dysfunctional bureaucracy and assuage criticism against systemic corruption, this
article suggests that a closer look at the complex networks between stakeholders in
both the public and private sectors will provide an alternative way of understanding
Philippine politics. The strategic decision by the weak Philippine state to invest
heavily in the gaming industry presents a clear example of how these complex
networks operate. The gaming regulatory policy pragmatically employs current
Philippine laws to ensure maximum profit for the state. This article concludes that a
critical examination of the gaming industry is necessary, spanning both the legal and
illegal types and the social relations of confidence and suspicion between public and
private stakeholders.

Abstract 2
This paper presents an exhaustive review of the literature on lottery gambling
involving numbers games, lotto, and scratch cards. Results provide tentative answers
to the question why people buy lotteries, and support the theory of judgment under
uncertainty, cognitive theory of gambling, and theory of demand for gambles. Results
also indicate some potential addictiveness of this form of gambling. Youths buy
different forms of lotteries and the best predictor of their lottery purchases is their
parents’ lottery participation. Contrary to the myth that a big lottery win will ruin the
winners’ lives, lottery winners tend to be well-adjusted and their life quality seems to
improve. Suggestions for future research are discussed

Lottery Gambling, This paper presents an exhaustive review of the literature on

lottery gambling involving numbers games, lotto, and scratch cards. Results provide
tentative answers to the question why people buy lotteries, and support the theory of
judgment under uncertainty, cognitive theory of gambling, and theory of demand for
gambles. Results also indicate some potential addictiveness of this form of gambling.
Youths buy different forms of lotteries and the best predictor of their lottery purchases
is their parents’ lottery participation. Contrary to the myth that a big lottery win will
ruin the winners’ lives, lottery winners tend to be well-adjusted and their life quality
seems to improve. Suggestions for future research are discussed

Abstract 3
In this study lottery gambling behavior of 288 American college students was
examined. Although most students were infrequent gamblers, we found that student
lottery gambling was related to having parents and friends who were lottery gamblers.
Students who were frequent lottery gamblers were more likely to participate in other
forms of gambling and to have begun gambling at younger ages than less frequent
gamblers. Locus of control was related to more frequent gambling among parents and
only marginally related to more frequent lottery play among students. Discriminant
analysis using parental gambling, peer gambling, games played, sex, and locus of
control could predict frequency of lottery playing for 72% of gamblers and
nongamblers.

Abstract 4
We show that the week after selling a large-prize Texas Lotto winning ticket, a
retailer experiences a 12 to 38 percent relative increase in ticket sales. Some increase
persists for up to 40 weeks. We document that the sales response increases with
jackpot size and is larger in areas with more economically disadvantaged populations.
Sales patterns across games and across retailers are not consistent with most
advertising explanations. Furthermore, response patterns are not consistent with
representativeness-based explanations for the hot hand or gambler's fallacy; we
suggest an alternative explanation for the observed "lucky store" effect. (JEL H27,
H71)

Abstract 5
Background and aims Lottery gambling participation tends to be higher among lower
socio-economic status (SES) individuals, but it is unclear how this relationship differs
as a function of lottery type. We estimated how the relationship between SES and
lottery gambling rates varies across different types of lottery gambling: fixed-prize,
progressive-prize (jackpot) and instant-win (scratch card) lottery tickets in a large
Canadian city. Design Neighborhood-level lottery purchase data obtained from the
Ontario Lottery and Gaming Commission were analysed in conjunction with
demographic data. Mixed-effects regression was used to assess simultaneously how
neighborhood-level SES predicts per-person lottery gambling rates across fixed-prize,
progressive-prize lottery and instant-win lotteries. Setting and participants
Neighborhoods in Toronto, Ontario, Canada in the years 2012–15. Measurements Per-
capita sales in dollars (CAD) of fixed-prize lottery, progressive-prize lottery and
instant-win tickets in Toronto postal codes. SES was estimated as a composite of
income, years of education and white-collar employment. Findings Lower-SES
neighborhoods engaged in higher rates of lottery gambling overall [β = −0.084,
standard error (SE) = 0.24, P = 0.0007]. The predictive effect of SES varied
significantly by lottery type (fixed-prize: β = −0.105, SE = 0.004, P < 0.0001, instant-
win: β = −0.054, SE = 0.004, P < 0.0001; relative to progressive-prize). The
predictive effect of SES was strongest for fixed-prize lotteries and weakest for
progressive-prize lotteries, such that we did not observe a significant predictive effect
of SES for progressive-prize lotteries (β = −0.031, SE = 0.024, P = 0.198).
Conclusions People in lower socio-economic status neighborhoods in Toronto,
Canada appear to engage in more lottery gambling than those in higher socio-
economic status neighborhoods, with the difference being largest for fixed prize
lotteries followed by instant win lotteries, and no clear difference for progressive
prize lotteries

Abstract The aim of the present study was to investigate the types of gambling
activities youths with gambling problems participate in and whether the lottery is a
key gambling venue for these young people. Secondly, we sought to ascertain whether
youths with gambling problems display similar gambling behaviour with lottery
tickets as those addicted to traditional forms of gambling. Participants were 1,072
young people, 10-18 years of age, in Ontario, Canada. Youths with gambling
problems reported having a preference for lottery tickets compared to other forms of
gambling. Differences were found for the frequency with which probable pathological
gamblers reported going to the store specifically to purchase lottery tickets.
Furthermore, probable pathological gamblers reported chasing their losses after
having played the lottery more than the other gambling groups. This research
demonstrates that youths with gambling problems gamble primarily with lottery
products and exhibit similar pathological gambling behaviour (e.g., chasing) as those
individuals addicted to other forms of gambling venues. Furthermore, the results
suggest that lottery tickets are a potentially addictive activity that introduces youth to
the exciting properties of gambling.

Abtract 6
The aim of the present study was to investigate the types of gambling activities youths
with gambling problems participate in and whether the lottery is a key gambling
venue for these young people. Secondly, we sought to ascertain whether youths with
gambling problems display similar gambling behaviour with lottery tickets as those
addicted to traditional forms of gambling. Participants were 1,072 young people, 10-
18 years of age, in Ontario, Canada. Youths with gambling problems reported having
a preference for lottery tickets compared to other forms of gambling. Differences
were found for the frequency with which probable pathological gamblers reported
going to the store specifically to purchase lottery tickets. Furthermore, probable
pathological gamblers reported chasing their losses after having played the lottery
more than the other gambling groups. This research demonstrates that youths with
gambling problems gamble primarily with lottery products and exhibit similar
pathological gambling behaviour (e.g., chasing) as those individuals addicted to other
forms of gambling venues. Furthermore, the results suggest that lottery tickets are a
potentially addictive activity that introduces youth to the exciting properties of
gambling.

Abstract 7
This study sought to determine if lottery play along with other possible causes
engenders problem gambling. Problem gambling was defined as a progression and
measured by three scales: Gambling behavior, loss of control over gambling and
gambling consequences. Possible causes of problem gambling included lottery play,
personality traits, exposure to gambling, leisure pursuits, marital status, residence, and
other background characteristics of respondents. Respondents are a stratified random
sample of adult residents of Iowa contacted by telephone in May–June, 1989. It was
found that lottery play is a predictor of gambling behavior, as well as loss of control
and gambling consequences when previous stages of problem gambling were deleted
from the analysis as predictor variables. Other predictors of the latter stages of
problem gambling include its earlier stages, as well as personality traits and various
background characteristics of respondents. The relevance of the findings for theory
and future research on gambling are discussed.

Abstract 8
Contents Abstract Social Stratification and the Demand for Lottery Tickets Data and
Methods Results Conclusion Acknowledgments Funding Footnotes References
Biographies Abstract Why do the poor spend more on lottery tickets than their
wealthier and better educated peers? While social scientists generally agree that there
is an inverse relationship between socio-economic position and patterns of lottery
play, there is debate on what factors cause lottery gambling. Using survey data from a
nationwide probability sample, we test three sociological approaches – socio-
structural, cultural and social network accounts – to explain why the poor play the
lottery. While controlling for cognitive bias theory, we find that peer play, educational
attainment and self-perceived social deprivation have strong effects on lottery play.
Culture, the study finds, plays a much lesser role. Although lottery players
demonstrate fatalistic value orientations, it is not a lack of a ‘Protestant’ work ethic
that makes the poor spend proportionally more on lottery tickets. The findings of this
study generally point to the importance of social structures in explaining lottery
gambling. State lotteries are a mass phenomenon in most parts of the world. Thirteen
per cent of US citizens spend money on lotteries on a weekly basis; between 55 and
66 per cent play at least once a year (Kearney, 2005: 2274; Welte et al., 2002: 319).
Figures for Europe are similar. In the UK, 41 per cent play regularly and 67 per cent
gamble occasionally. In Germany, 40 per cent of adults play once a year, and in Spain
as many as 70 per cent play once a year (Garvía, 2007: 605). During the past 10 years,
world lottery sales have almost doubled from around $115 billion to over $200 billion
(Guillén et al., 2012). In the USA, state lotteries generated around 53 billion dollars in
tax revenues in 2009 (La Fleur and La Fleur, 2010). Social scientists agree that there
is an inverse relationship between socio-economic position and lottery play. Low-
income individuals spend a larger share of their incomes on lottery tickets than those
with higher incomes (Beckert and Lutter, 2009; Clotfelter and Cook, 1987; Livernois,
1987; Miyazaki et al., 1998). According to a national survey, households in the USA
spend annually around $162 on lottery tickets, with low-income households spending
around $289. These figures are double for those households who play lottery at least
once a year; and for lottery players on incomes of less than $10,000 there is a per
capita spending of $597 (Clotfelter et al., 1999). Demand for lottery tickets correlates
not only with levels of income but also with a general lower socio-economic status as
measured by lower educational levels, employment status and membership in an
ethnic minority group (Brown et al., 1992; Lang and Omori, 2009). Although it is
well established that a greater proportion of low-income individuals engage in lottery
spending, the question remains open as to what factors explain this socially stratified
form of consumption. The literature mentioned above mostly addresses the regressive
taxation effects of lotteries, not the causes of these patterns of expenditure. This holds
true despite the considerable interest by social scientists in explaining lottery demand
(Garvía, 2007: 604), especially in economics (Friedman and Savage, 1948; Hartley
and Farrell, 2002; McCaffery, 1994) and cognitive psychology (Griffiths, 1990;
Rogers, 1998; Rogers and Webley, 2001). Lottery demand has been treated in these
disciplines as a natural laboratory to test and model theories of (bounded) rationality.
These studies either mathematically model utility functions using gambling scenarios,
or explain gambling with cognitive biases and heuristics, personality variables or
psychological pathologies. As a consequence, explanations of why people gamble are
largely dominated by behavioural or individualistic approaches. Sociological
accounts, on the contrary, have not been influential in the literature in explaining
gambling behaviour. For instance, a recently published literature review mentions
cognitive biases as the sole explanatory model of lottery play (Ariyabuddhiphongs,
2011). Casey (2003: 246) states that ‘it is extremely difficult to find any sociological
analysis’ on lottery play. Yet a small body of sociological research does actually exist
(Casey, 2003, 2006, 2008; Garvía, 2007; Hedenus, 2011; Light, 1977; Nibert, 2000;
Reith, 1999; Sallaz, 2009). However, while most of this research provides insightful
historical or ethnographic accounts on lottery gambling, quantitative approaches that
test socio

Abstract 9
A telephone survey of 2631 US adults was analysed to determine how particular types
of gambling and gambling availability were related to problem gambling by age and
gender. Casinos produced the most problems per daily participation. Casinos and
lottery gambling produced the most society-wide problems. Lotteries, casinos,
gambling machines and bingo produced the most overall problems in women; for men
it was casinos and cards. Casinos, lotteries and gambling machines produced the most
overall problems for people over age 29; for people under 30 it was cards and casinos.
Residential proximity to casinos predicted gambling problems in males 30 years or
older; for those under 30 friends' approval of gambling predicted gambling problems

Abstract 9
If a repeated gamble is subjectively structured into units each consisting of a string of
consecutive losses followed by a single win, longer strings will necessarily be less
valuable. Longer, less valuable strings will be discounted by delay more than will
shorter, more valuable strings. This implies that the whole gamble's expected, delay-
discounted value will increase as delay discounting increases. With this restructuring,
even games of (objectively) negative expected value, such as those at casinos, may be
subjectively positive. The steeper the delay discounting, the greater the subjective
value of the gamble (over normal ranges of discounting steepness). Frequent
gamblers, who value gambles highly, would thus be expected to discount delayed
rewards more steeply than would nongamblers.