Environmental Studies
(19B13BT211)
Module 2: Natural resources, Energy consumption & conservation
(Water, Land, Energy (Renewable, non-renewable, wind, solar,
hydro, Biomass), Mineral, Forest, & Food resources, Global
Conventions on Energy, Kyoto protocol, Case studies)
EVS Lecture 2.5
Module - 2
Topics covered:
(Renewable, non-renewable)
Source of renewable energy
• Solar: Photo voltaic cells, Solar thermal. Solar air heating
• Wind
• Denmark, California
• India stands 3rd
• Impacts
• Geothermal
• Hydro-electric
• Marine
New RS
• Biomass : quick growing crops
• Hydrogen: fuel cells to produce: water, electricity
• Alcohol
Alternative sources – Solar Energy
• Sun -The ultimate source
• 75,000 X 1011 KW/DAY
• Cell-Module-Array
Photo voltaic cell
Solar cooker
Biomass energy
• Raw material: agricultural, forestry and agro-industrial
residues into electric power.
• Biomass converted to energy in three ways: thermal
conversion, chemical conversion, and biochemical
conversion
• traditional cook stoves with low efficiency
• kerosene and wick lamps, for lighting
which emit smoke into kitchen, leads to low quality of life for
most rural women
• Fresh biomass
• Denmark
• Urban waste
• Japan
Biodiesel
• vegetable oil- or animal fat-based diesel fuel
• consisting of alkyl (methyl, propyl or ethyl) esters.
• made by chemically reacting lipids (e.g., vegetable oil,
animal fat) with an alcohol producing fatty acid esters
• Energy plantations / Energy farms - PETRO-PLANTS
• Jatropa, Acacia, Albizzia, Cassia, Ficus, Sunflower
• Forms
• Liquid
• Brazil (fibrous waste of sugar industry)
• Gaseous
Biodiesel
• Process
• Advantages
• Clean
• SO2
• Cetane number
• lubrication
• Damage to Ozone layer
• PAH reduction
• Net zero carbon emissions
• Negative effects:
• Clearing forest to farm
• Rising price of vegetable oil is causing problems
• Farmers may switch from producing food crops to producing biofuel crops to
make more money, even if the new crops are not edible.
• The law of supply and demand predicts that if fewer farmers are producing food
the price of food will rise. It may take some time,
Biodiesel
• Blends : "B" factor to state the
amount of biodiesel in any fuel mix
• 100% biodiesel - referred to as B100
• 20% biodiesel, 80% petrodiesel - labeled B20
• 5% biodiesel, 95% petrodiesel - labeled B5
• 2% biodiesel, 98% petrodiesel - labeled B2
Biogas - Biogas:decentralised energy system
• Anearobic digestion (Organic polymers)
Hydrolysis
• Monomers
Acidogenesis
• VFA’s, Acetate, Formate
Methanogenesis
• Methane
Biogas
Gas produced by biological breakdown of organic matter in the absence of O2
• Sources:
– Agriculture waste
– Cow dung
• CO2+CH4+H2S
• Digester Waste /
Sediment: fertilizer
Floating Dome type Biogas Plant Fixed Dome type Biogas Plant
Biogas composition:
Methane-50-68%
CO2 – 25%
H2-5%
N2-2-7%
O2-0.1%
Biogas
Biogas composition:
Methane-50-68%
CO2 – 25%
H2 - 5%
N2 -2-7%
O2 -0.1%
Fixed Dome type Biogas Plant
Floating Dome type Biogas Plant
Sustainable strategies
• STE (Solar thermal energy)
technology for harnessing solar energy
for thermal energy (heat).)
• The solar challenger
• Mirrors/reflector energy
• BIPV: Building-integrated photovoltaics
• PV modules & arrays
• Energy plantations
• JFM :Joint Forest Management :
partnerships between fringe
forest user groups and the
Forest Department
• Social forestry: management and
protection of forests and
afforestation on barren lands with
the purpose of helping in the
environmental, social and rural
development
• Agroforestry
Indian Oil Corporation limited (IOCL)
Green Fuel Alternatives
Indian Oil is focussing on CNG
(compressed natural gas),
Autogas (LPG), ethanol
blended petrol, bio-diesel, and
Hydrogen energy.
Solar lantern
A joint venture between Indian Oil and
Chhattisgarh Renewable Energy
Development Agency (CREDA) - Indian Oil –
CREDA Biofuels Ltd.
• Envisages production of 30,000 metric
tonnes (MT) of biodiesel per annum from
energy crop plantation on 30,000 hectare of
revenue wasteland.
• Energy crop plantations (Jatropha,
Pongamia etc.) on revenue wasteland in
various districts of Chhattisgarh.
Measures taken by Indian government to
enhance Energy Security
• The Integrated Energy Policy - Adopted in December 2008.
• A comprehensive policy on Energy drafted to explore
alternative technologies and possible synergies that would
increase energy system efficiency and meet requirement
for energy services.
• To reliably meet the demand for energy services of all
sectors including the lifeline energy needs of vulnerable
households in all parts of the country with safe, clean and
convenient energy at the least cost.
• Goal: To provide energy security to all.
• Expected to bring in a level playing field for all energy
players large or small, public or private, domestic or
foreign.
• It would allow for relative pricing of different fuels taking
into account both their efficiency in use and convenience
as well as the amount of pollution they generate.
• Policy envisages a competitive energy market and
market-determined energy pricing
• Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM):
Launched in November 2009.
• Policy framework for the deployment of 20,000 MW of
solar power by 2022.
• Scale up off –grid solar applications by installing
another 2,000 MW capacity by 2022
• Aggressive R&D to reduce the cost and improve the
over all performance.
• National Biofuel Policy - November 2009,
• Directive issued - mandatory for all oil-marketing
companies - Petrol mixed with 5% ethanol.
• an indicative target of 20% by 2017 for the blending of
biofuels – bioethanol and bio-diesel
• National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency:
• Creating an energy efficiency market
• Cut down the country’s annual energy usage by 5% by
2015, and carbon dioxide emissions by 100 million tonne
every year.
• Perform, Achieve and Trade (PAT) mechanism
• Set targets on energy efficiency improvement for
energy-intensive industries and encourage trade of
energy savings certificates - ESCerts
• Wind Energy:
• A cumulative capacity of 10,900 MW has been set up
• Voluntary Emission Reduction:
• India on 3 December 2009 offered to voluntarily reduce its
carbon intensity by 20-25% by 2020 from 2005 levels
through policy interventions, including mandatory fuel
efficiency standards for all vehicles (by 2011). This would
be a domestic commitment and not legally binding
internationally.
Road ahead
GOLDEN RULE OF ENERGY
SECURITY
IT’S CHEAPER TO SAVE THAN
TO GENERATE