Environmental Studies
(19B13BT211)
Module 2: Natural resources, Energy consumption & conservation
(Water, Land, Energy (Renewable, non-renewable, wind, solar,
hydro, Biomass), Mineral, Forest, & Food resources, Global
Conventions on Energy, Kyoto protocol, Case studies)
EVS Lecture 2.6
Module - 2
Topics covered:
Natural resources
(Energy……continued)
Source of renewable energy
• Solar: Photo voltaic cells, Solar thermal. Solar air heating
• Wind
• Denmark, California
• India stands 3rd
• Impacts
• Geothermal
• Hydro-electric
• Marine
New RS
• Biomass : quick growing crops
• Hydrogen: fuel cells to produce: water, electricity
• Alcohol
[Link]
[Link]
Alternative sources – Solar Energy
• Sun -The ultimate source
• 75,000 X 1011 KW/DAY
• Cell-Module-Array
Photo voltaic cell
[Link] Solar cooker
[Link]
[Link]
•Geothermal
•Magma
•Geothermal reserves
•Iceland, Japan, New zealand
[Link]
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ctricity.
Other untapped energy sources
1. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion: OTEC – DOD, India
(Department of Ocean development)
2. Methyl hydrates
Ocean Thermal Energy
3. Volcanic magma Conversion (OTEC) uses the
temperature difference
between cooler deep and
warmer shallow or surface
ocean waters to run a heat
engine and produce useful
work, usually in the form of
electricity. However, the
temperature differential is
small and this impacts the
economic feasibility of ocean
thermal energy for electricity
generation.
[Link]
/hydropower/ocean-thermal-energy-c
[Link]
Methyl hydrates (The Gas Resource of the Future):
Methane hydrate is a cage-like lattice of ice inside of which are trapped molecules of
methane, the chief constituent of natural gas.
If methane hydrate is either warmed or depressurized, it will revert back to water and
natural gas. When brought to the earth's surface, one cubic meter of gas hydrate
releases 164 cubic meters of natural gas.
[Link]
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•Research for Energy efficient technologies
• Alternate Hydrogen Energy Centre (AHEC) -IIT, Roorkee
• established by Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources, GOI in the year
1982
• promotes power development through the integration of renewable energy
and through the development of Small Hydro Power Technologies etc.
• imparts training to the field personnels via short term & long training courses
in this thrust area field of renewable energy.
• From 1989 Technical Education Deptt., UP Govt. maintains its establishment on
net deficit financing under Non Plan.
• an apex technical institute in the field of small hydro power development.
Areas of Research
• Small Hydro Power Development
• Power System Planning and Operation
• Biomass Energy
• Solar & Wind Energy
Sustainable strategies
[Link]
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• STE (Solar thermal energy) technology for
harnessing solar energy for thermal energy (heat).)
• The solar challenger
• Mirrors/reflector energy
• BIPV: Building-integrated photovoltaics
• PV modules & arrays
• Energy plantations
• JFM :Joint Forest Management : partnerships
between fringe forest user groups and the
Forest Department
• Social forestry: management and protection
of forests and afforestation on barren lands
with the purpose of helping in the
environmental, social and rural development
• Agroforestry
Indian Oil Corporation limited (IOCL)
Green Fuel Alternatives
Indian Oil is focussing on CNG (compressed natural gas), Autogas
(LPG), ethanol blended petrol, bio-diesel, and Hydrogen energy.
A joint venture between Indian Oil and Chhattisgarh Renewable Energy Development Agency
(CREDA) - Indian Oil – CREDA Biofuels Ltd.
• Envisages production of 30,000 metric tonnes (MT) of biodiesel per annum from energy crop
plantation on 30,000 hectare of revenue wasteland.
• Energy crop plantations (Jatropha, Pongamia etc.) on revenue wasteland in various districts of
Chhattisgarh.
Measures taken by Indian government to enhance
Energy Security
• The Integrated Energy Policy - Adopted in December 2008.
• A comprehensive policy on Energy drafted to explore alternative
technologies and possible synergies that would increase energy system
efficiency and meet requirement for energy services.
• To reliably meet the demand for energy services of all sectors including the
lifeline energy needs of vulnerable households in all parts of the country with
safe, clean and convenient energy at the least cost.
• Goal: To provide energy security to all.
• Expected to bring in a level playing field for all energy players large or small,
public or private, domestic or foreign.
• It would allow for relative pricing of different fuels taking into account both
their efficiency in use and convenience as well as the amount of pollution
they generate.
• Policy envisages a competitive energy market and market-determined energy
pricing
[Link]
•Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM): Launched
in November 2009.
•Policy framework for the deployment of 20,000 MW of solar
power by 2022.
•Scale up off –grid solar applications by installing another
2,000 MW capacity by 2022
•Aggressive R&D to reduce the cost and improve the over all
performance.
•National Biofuel Policy - November 2009,
•Directive issued - mandatory for all oil-marketing companies
- Petrol mixed with 5% ethanol.
•an indicative target of 20% by 2017 for the blending of
biofuels – bioethanol and bio-diesel
[Link]
•National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency:
•Creating an energy efficiency market
•Cut down the country’s annual energy usage by 5% by 2015, and
carbon dioxide emissions by 100 million tonne every year.
•Perform, Achieve and Trade (PAT) mechanism
• Set targets on energy efficiency improvement for energy-intensive industries and encourage trade
of energy savings certificates - ESCerts
•Wind Energy:
•A cumulative capacity of 10,900 MW has been set up
•Voluntary Emission Reduction:
•India on 3 December 2009 offered to voluntarily reduce its
carbon intensity by 20-25% by 2020 from 2005 levels through
policy interventions, including mandatory fuel efficiency
standards for all vehicles (by 2011). This would be a domestic
commitment and not legally binding internationally.
GOLDEN RULE OF ENERGY SECURITY
IT’S CHEAPER TO SAVE THAN TO
GENERATE