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Class 12 Biomolecules Chemistry Notes

Biomolecules are essential organic molecules in living organisms, including carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and vitamins. Carbohydrates provide energy and structural support, while proteins serve various functions such as enzymes and transport. Nucleic acids, including DNA and RNA, are crucial for genetic information and protein synthesis.

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175 views2 pages

Class 12 Biomolecules Chemistry Notes

Biomolecules are essential organic molecules in living organisms, including carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and vitamins. Carbohydrates provide energy and structural support, while proteins serve various functions such as enzymes and transport. Nucleic acids, including DNA and RNA, are crucial for genetic information and protein synthesis.

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The Tanmay Sharma
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Class 12 Chemistry Notes: Biomolecules

1. Introduction to Biomolecules

Biomolecules are organic molecules that are involved in the maintenance and metabolic processes

of living organisms. They include carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and vitamins.

2. Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones. They are classified into:

- Monosaccharides: Glucose, Fructose

- Disaccharides: Sucrose, Maltose

- Polysaccharides: Starch, Cellulose

Functions: Provide energy, serve as structural materials.

3. Proteins

Proteins are polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. They are classified as:

- Fibrous Proteins: Insoluble in water (e.g., keratin)

- Globular Proteins: Soluble in water (e.g., enzymes)

Levels of structure: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary

Functions: Enzymes, transport, structural, hormonal.

4. Enzymes

Enzymes are biocatalysts that speed up biochemical reactions.

Characteristics:

- Highly specific

- Work under optimum pH and temperature

- Affected by inhibitors

Mechanism: Lock and key model or Induced fit model.


5. Vitamins

Vitamins are organic compounds required in small amounts. Types:

- Water-soluble: B-complex, C

- Fat-soluble: A, D, E, K

Functions: Cofactors for enzymes, antioxidants, vision, bone health.

6. Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) are polymers of nucleotides.

Components: Nitrogen base, Sugar (ribose/deoxyribose), Phosphate group

DNA: Double helix, genetic material

RNA: Single-stranded, involved in protein synthesis

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