Kaam Chalau Notes: Atanu Sir's Biologic Classroom || 9774142094

1. Name Unisexual and Bisexual flower.

unisexual (papaya, watermelon) when it contains either stamens or pistil or bisexual (Hibiscus, mustard) when it contains
both stamens and pistil.
2. Name the different parts of a plant.
Calyx ( group of Sepals), Corolla (Group of petals), Stamen (anther and filament), Pistil. (stigma, style and overy).
3. Write the full form of IUCD. give examples.
IUCD (Intrauterine Contraceptive Devices): e.g.- Cu-T or Copper-T (Placed safely inside the uterus by a doctor) It prevents
implantation in the uterus.
4. Why is DNA copying an essential part of the process of reproduction ?
DNA copying is essential part of the process of reproduction so that the characteristics of the parent organisms are transmitted
to its offspring and at the same time some occasional variations are also produced in the offspring. The changes in the copy
of DNA provide an organism the capability to survive in changing conditions.
5. What are the different methods of contraception ?
The different methods of contraception are as follow :
(i) Barrier method : In this method, condom, diaphragm and cervical caps are used. These prevent the entry of sperms in
the female genital tract during sexual intercourse.
(ii) Chemical method : In this method a woman uses two kinds of pills (oral and vaginal pills). The oral pills are hormonal
preparations which suppress the release of ovum in fallopian tube. These are called oral contraceptives. The vaginal pills/
creams are spermicidal. The chemicals in these spermicidals kill the sperms during their journey in the vaginal tract.
(iii) Intrauterine contraceptive devices : Intrauterine contraceptive devices such as copper-T are placed safely in the uterus
by a skilled doctor. It prevents the sperms to reach the uterus.
(iv) Surgical method : In this method, a small part of vas deferens of male and fallopian tube of female is cut or tied by
surgery. It is called vasectomy in males and tubectomy in females.
6. What could be the reasons for adopting contraceptive methods ?
The reasons for adopting contraceptive devices are as follow:
i. To control the birth rate and prevent the increase in population.
ii. To reduce the adverse effects on mother’s body due to frequent pregnancy.
iii. To provide safety from sexually transmitted diseases.
7. Why is DNA copying an essential part of the process of reproduction?
The process of reproduction results in the production of off springs which resemble to their parents. This means during the
reproduction there must be a transfer of the blueprint of the body design from parent to the off springs. As we know DNA
contains all the information that passes from parents to the next generation, so before reproduction, DNA is copied in the
parent cell. Out of these two copies, one copy is passed to the newly formed individual.
8. How does the embryo get nourishment inside the Mother’s body?
embryo gets nutrition from mother’s blood with the help Of a special tissue called placenta. Through placenta, glucose and
oxygen pass from mother to the embryo. Moreover, waste substance of embryo are removed through placenta into the
mother’s blood.
9. What will happen if the egg is- (i) Fertilized, (ii) not fertilized.
If an egg is not fertilized, the lining of the uterus (endometrium) is shed, which is called menstruation. This process is caused
by the breakdown of the endometrium and blood vessels in the uterus, which results in a liquid that is expelled through the
vaginal canal. Menstrual flow typically lasts for three to five days.
In contrast, if an egg is fertilized, the embryo moves through the fallopian tube to the uterus, where it attaches to the
lining. The zygote then divides to form an embryo, which develops into a foetus. The placenta provides food to the foetus,
leading to pregnancy and birth.
10. What is puberty? Write about the changes occur at puberty in boys and girls.
Puberty: It is the age at which the sex hormone or gametes begin to be produced and the boy and girls becomes sexually
mature.
various changes take place in human body at the time of sexual maturity:
Changes common in both boys and girls: 1) Thick hair growth in armpits & genital area between the thigh (also called
Pubic region). 2) Thinner hair on legs, arms and faces. 3) Oily skin and appearance of pimples.
Changes different in boys and girls:
In Girls: 1) Breast size begin to increase. 2) Darkening of the nipple skin. 3) Start of menstruation.
In Boys: 1) Thick facial hair growth. 2) Voice begins to crack. 3) Penis occasionally begin to erect and enlarged followed by
night flow.
11. What is Double fertilization?
After the pollen grain is transferred to the stigma it produces a pollen tube which passes through the style and enters the ovary
and ovule. In the ovule the fusion oof one of the male gametes with egg (Syngamy) and the other male gamete with the polar
nuclei (triple fusion) is known as double fertilization.
12. Why testes located outside the body?
Testes are located outside the body in the scrotum because they need to maintain a lower temperature than the body in order
to produce sperm: The testes are kept at a temperature that is 2–3°C lower than the body's normal temperature. This is
important because sperm production is inhibited at temperatures above 40°C.
13. What is Tissue Culture/ Micropropagation or how do micropropagation perform?
In this method new plants are grown by removing tissues or cells from the growing tip of a plant. In this technique cells are
induced to device artificially by chemicals (Cytokinin) to form a group of cells called “callus”. Now the callus is transferred
to another medium containing hormones for growth and differentiation. the plantlets are now placed in soil, so that grow into
mature plants This technique is commonly used for ornamental plants.
14. Differentiate between Sexual reproduction and Asexual Reproduction.
Sexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction
Two parents are involved in the formation of new New individuals are formed from a single parent.
individual.
It requires the fusion of male and female gametes It does not require the fusion of male and female gametes.
It involves germ cells of the body. It involves somatic cells of the body.
Offsprings produced in sexual reproduction are different Offsprings produced in asexual reproduction are exactly
from their parents. Hence, show variations similar to their parents. Hence, they are called clones.
It is a slow process. Found in higher plants and animals. It is a fast process. Found in lower plant and animals.

15. What is Stock and scion?

The rooted stem or plant that is in the soil and provides the roots for the graft The detached living part of the plant, usually a
young stem, that is grafted to the stock.
16. Differentiate between Binary fission and multiple fission.
Binary Fission Multiple Fission
One nucleus divides into two nuclei. A single nucleus directly divides into multiple parts.
It occurs under normal or favourable conditions. It takes place only in unfavourable conditions.
The division of cytoplasm forms two individuals. The division of cytoplasm directly forms multiple
individuals.
No protective covering (Cyst) is formed around the protective covering (Cyst) is formed around the organism.
organism.
Cytoplasm divides only after one karyokinesis or nuclear Cytoplasm can divide only after multiple karyokinesis or
divisions. nuclear divisions.
Example: Amoeba. Example: Plasmodium.

17. What is Vegetative propagation? Classify it.

In this method new plants are produced from the vegetative parts of the plant like root, stem or leaves without the help of any
reproductive organs.
It may be natural: By Roots: Dahlia, Sweet potato.
By stems: Ginger (Rhizome), Potato (Tuber), Onion (Bulb)
By leaves: Bryophyllum
Vegetative propagation can also be done artificially by cutting, layering, grafting etc.
Cutting: Rose, Chrysanthemum, Grapes etc.
Layering: lemon, Guava, Hibiscus, Bougainvillea, Jasmine, Raspberry, Strawberry etc.
Grafting: this method is applied to improve variety of fruits like mango, apples, peas, etc
18. Write the Advantages and disadvantages of vegetative propagation.
i) Plants take less time to grow.
ii) It also helps in the propagation of plants which do not produce seeds like rose, jasmine banana or produce seed
with prolonged period of dormancy.
Disadvantages:
i) There is no genetic variation, so there is less adaptability to the environment.
ii) The disease of the parent plants gets transferred to the offspring.
iii) New characters can neither be introduced nor undesirable characters be eliminated
19. List two functions performed by ovaries in a human female?
i) Formation of ova, ii) Secretion of hormones oestrogen and progesterone.
20. Describe the process of sporulation in bread mould.
i) In fungi like Rhizopus (bread moulds), asexual reproduction occurs through
spore formation.
ii) A number of sporangia are produced by the parent plant which contains spores.
iii) The bursting of sporangia releases spores in the environment which grow and
gives rise to new moulds.