Expansion in Liquids

Introduction – Expansion in Liquids

When liquids are heated, their temperature increases leading to the

expansion of the liquid volume, and the containing vessel equally
expands at the same time.

The difference in expansion between the containing vessel and the

volume of the liquid is called the apparent expansion of the liquid ( γα )

Therefore, apparent expansivity ( γα ) is the increase in volume per unit

volume per degree rise in temperature when the liquid is heated in an
expansible container.

Real expansivity is the increase in volume per unit volume hence, real
expansion is the addition of apparent expansivity and expansion of the
containing vessel.
Experiment to Determine Cubic Expansivity of Liquid

▪ Weigh a clean dry density bottle and record mass, M1.

▪ Fill the bottle with liquid, replace the stopper, and dry
▪ Weigh the bottle and liquid, M2
▪ Suspend the density bottle in a water bath and record the initial
temperature of the water bath, Ø1
▪ Heat the water until it reaches boiling point, some liquid will be
expelled through the stopper.
▪ Continue heating the water bath until no liquid is expelled from the
space around the stopper.
▪ Note and record the final temperature of the water bath,Ø2
▪ Remove the bottle from the bath and reweigh, M3

Mass of empty bottle = M1

Mass of bottle and liquid = M2

Final mass of bottle and liquid = M3

Initial temperature of water = Ø1

Final temperature of water = Ø2

Mass of liquid expelled = M2 – M3

Mass of remaining liquid = M3 – M1

Apparent expansivity = γα

Since mass is proportional to volume,

Apparent cubic expansivity,

Anomalous Expansion of Water

Water does not expand when heated. Instead, it expands on cooling at a

temperature below 40C. It expands between 40 and 1000C when heated
but contracts from 00C to 40C thereby behaving irregularly. This is called
anomalous expansion or behaviour of water.

At 40C, water has the smallest volume and its density is highest. This
anomalous expansion of water helps in preserving aquatic animals. This
allows water to freeze at the top rather than the bottom, especially during
winter.
 Expansion in Liquids

Introduction – Expansion in Liquids

When liquids are heated, their temperature increases leading to the

expansion of the liquid volume, and the containing vessel equally
expands at the same time.

The difference in expansion between the containing vessel and the

volume of the liquid is called the apparent expansion of the liquid ( γα )

Therefore, apparent expansivity ( γα ) is the increase in volume per unit

volume per degree rise in temperature when the liquid is heated in an
expansible container.

Real expansivity is the increase in volume per unit volume hence, real
expansion is the addition of apparent expansivity and expansion of the
containing vessel.
Experiment to Determine Cubic Expansivity of Liquid

▪ Weigh a clean dry density bottle and record mass, M1.

▪ Fill the bottle with liquid, replace the stopper, and dry
▪ Weigh the bottle and liquid, M2
▪ Suspend the density bottle in a water bath and record the initial
temperature of the water bath, Ø1
▪ Heat the water until it reaches boiling point, some liquid will be
expelled through the stopper.
▪ Continue heating the water bath until no liquid is expelled from the
space around the stopper.
▪ Note and record the final temperature of the water bath,Ø2
▪ Remove the bottle from the bath and reweigh, M3

Mass of empty bottle = M1

Mass of bottle and liquid = M2

Final mass of bottle and liquid = M3

Initial temperature of water = Ø1

Final temperature of water = Ø2

Mass of liquid expelled = M2 – M3

Mass of remaining liquid = M3 – M1

Apparent expansivity = γα

Since mass is proportional to volume,

Apparent cubic expansivity,

Anomalous Expansion of Water

Water does not expand when heated. Instead, it expands on cooling at a

temperature below 40C. It expands between 40 and 1000C when heated
but contracts from 00C to 40C thereby behaving irregularly. This is called
anomalous expansion or behaviour of water.

At 40C, water has the smallest volume and its density is highest. This
anomalous expansion of water helps in preserving aquatic animals. This
allows water to freeze at the top rather than the bottom, especially during
winter.
 Transfer of Heat

Introduction – Heat Transfer

Heat transfer is a discipline of thermal engineering that concerns the

generation, use, conversion, and exchange of thermal energy.

Heat transfer is classified into various types such as conduction,

convection, and radiation. Through these methods, heat can be
transferred from one place to another.

Conduction occurs in solids, convection in fluid (liquid and gases), and

radiation.

Conduction

It is common experience that when hot water is poured into a stainless

cup, the cup becomes hot after few minutes as a result of heat transfer
from the hot water to the stainless cup; this process of heat transfer is
called conduction. Conduction is a process of heat transfer through a
material, with the average position of the particle material remaining the
same.

It depends on the difference in temperature of hot and cold body for

conduction to take place. The materials involved must allow heat energy
to pass through them and such materials are called conductors.

A conductor is a substance that allows heat energy to flow through them

e.g. most metals are good conductors of heat.

An insulator is a substance that does not allow heat energy to flow

through them e.g. wood, plastic, rubber, and wool.
Experiment to show that Water is a Poor Conductor of Heat

Aim – To demonstrate that water is a poor conductor

Apparatus: Big test tube, metal gauge, water, heat source, metal wire.

Procedure:

This is achieved by wrapping an ice block in a metal gauze and placing it

in a test tube full of water.

▪ The tube is placed in slant position or tilted and the water on the top
of test tube heated until the water starts boiling.

Observation:

It will be observed that as the water on top part of the test tube is boiling,
the ice block at the bottom of the tube remains unaffected which shows
that water is a poor conductor of heat.

Conclusion:

Water is a poor conductor that was the reason that the ice block at the
bottom of the tube was unaffected.
Application of Conductors

Conductors – Cooking pots

▪ Cooking pots are made of a material that can conduct heat quickly
(aluminum) while their handles are made up of insulators (wood
and porcelain).
▪ Carpets and rugs are used at home and offices to keep the feet
warm being insulators. While tiles, marbles conduct heat away from
our feet, hence, we feel cold feet when we walk barefooted.
Convection

This is a method of heat transfer in fluids by the actual movement of

particles or molecules from one point to another. This occurs mostly in
fluid (liquid and gas).

Convective heat transfer

When water is heated from a container, it is observed that it is the lower

part of the container that is closer to the source of heat that gets hot
faster than the upper part. This is because the particle or molecules at
the lower part of the container acquired energy from the source of heat
and become lighter and can move to the upper part while the colder
ones at the liquid surface replace the higher ones thereby setting up a
convection current until the liquid start boiling.
Convection Current in Nature: Land and Sea Breezes

On a sunny day, land gets heated. Land has a lower specific heat
capacity than the sea, therefore, hot air on the land rises and moves in
the direction of the sea while cooler air moves from the sea to replace
those on the land, this is called sea breeze.

But at night, the sea has a higher specific heat capacity than the land,
hence it retains heat and gets warmer than the land because land loses
heat rapidly. The warm air over the sea rises and moves towards the land
while cooler air from the land moves towards the sea to replace it. This is
called Land breeze.
Applications

1. Cooling system of a car: Water circulates through the engine by

convection currents. The water is cooled by air around the radiator
and cooling fans.
2. Ventilation: Hot air rises towards ceiling in the house and is replaced
by fresh air coming through the window.

Radiation

Radiation is the process of heat transfer by which heat energy is

exchanged between two surfaces obeying the law of electromagnetics.
This method of heat transfer does not require any material medium. This
heat transfer takes place in form of electromagnetic waves mainly in the
infrared region. It also occurs through a vacuum or any transfer medium
by means of photons.

Radiation Absorption and Emission by Surfaces

It is observed that different bodies radiate heat at different rate when
subjected to the same temperature depending on their nature. A black
body or dull black surface radiates heat faster and better than a polished
surface.

When two metal plates are dipped in candle wax, one plate is polished
dull black, and the other polished shiny surface.

When a cork is attached to the two metal plates and a candle is lighted
and placed at equal distance between the metal plates, after sometime,
it will be discovered that the cork attached to the dull black surface fall off
while the one attached to the shining surface remain unaffected for a
long time. This is because the dull black surface absorbs heat quickly
from the candle which melt the wax attaching the cork to the metal plate
but the polished shiny surface reflect heat and is not a good absorber of
heat.

Applications

1. A coloured bright cloth reflects light/heat but a black cloth absorb

heat making someone uncomfortable
2. A coloured car apart from black coloured car is preferable in the
tropics because the body absorb heat better than other surfaces.
Use of a Thermos Flask

A vacuum flask is an insulating vessel that lengthens the time over which
its content remains hotter or colder than the flask surroundings. It is
designed to reduce heat loss by conduction, convection and radiation.

The silver coating on the inner bottle prevents heat transfer by radiation.
It helps to reflect back or radiate the heat back into the flask.

The vacuum between its double-wall prevents heat loss by convection,

evaporation, and conduction. This is achieved by the lack of medium for
the heat to flow from one place to another.

The cork (plastic cap) also prevents heat loss to the surrounding metal
case from the glass by conduction. Cork is a poor conductor of heat and
therefore does not allow heat to be conducted from the inside to the
outside of the flask.
Greenhouse Effect

Greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet’s

atmosphere warms the planet’s surface to a temperature above what it
would be without its atmosphere. This process makes the earth much
warmer than it would be without an atmosphere.

This process is one of the things that make the earth a comfortable place
to live in. Gases in the atmosphere such as CO2 trap heat and these heat
trapping gases are called greenhouse gases.

During the day, the earth’s surface warms up in the sunlight and at night,
the earth cools down, releasing heat back into the atmosphere and this
keeps the earth warm and cozy around 140 on the average.
 Electric Charges I

Distribution of Charges

When a conductor is charged by electrostatic induction, the distribution

of charge along the conductor can be determined using a proof plane.

A proof plane is a small conductor attached to an insulated handle used

to transfer charges. Charges are not uniformly distributed always on the
surface of a conductor except a spherical surface. They are always
concentrated at curved or sharp points.

Investigation shows that charges are always concentrated at sharp

points and charge per unit area or charge density is highest at sharpest
point on the conductor and the greater the charge on the proof plane,
the greater the charge density on the surface where the proof plane
made contact.
Electrophorus

An electrophorus is a simple device for storing and transferring charges. It

consists of a disk that is given a negative charge by friction and a metal
plate that is given a net positive charge by induction when in contact with
the disk. The positive charges are stored in the disk when the handle is
lifted from the ebonite rod/handle.

The basic idea of a lightning conductor is to provide a direct and easy

path for lightning to reach the ground. A lightning conductor is made up
of material of more conductive properties than a building, it has a metal
rod that is buried deep into the ground.

Copper and its alloys are mostly used in lightning protection. Lightning
rods are pointed so a charge will be concentrated at the end. If the rod
has a round end, the charges would spread equally around its surface. As
long as air is prevented from ionizing, it would not conduct the lightning
bolt. The purpose of the rod is to prevent ionization by discharging the
ions into the air. If the cloud were negatively charged, positive ions are
attracted to the cloud, the negative charge flows to the earth as
electrons, the ions neutralize the charge on the cloud so that it loses its
charge without any lightning effect taking place.
 Electric Charges II

Electric Charges

Electric charge is the physical property of matter that causes it to

experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field.

Electrostatics is the study of charges at rest while the study of charges in

motion is current electricity.

Types of Charges

There are two types of charges; Positive & Negative charges. A body
becomes positively charged if it loses electrons while it becomes
negatively charged if it gains electrons.

Production of Charges

These charges are produced in three ways namely:

1. By Friction: This is when two uncharged bodies are rubbed against

each other which allows electrons moving from one surface to
another e.g. when an ebonite rod is rubbed with fur, negative
charges are produced.

Ebonite rod + fur = Negative charge

If a glass rod is rubbed with silk = Positive charge

2. By Induction: This occurs when a charged body is brought near a

neutral body without contact, charges are produced and these charges
are called induced charges.

3. By Contact: This occurs when a charged body is in contact with

uncharged, charges are transferred to the uncharged body as a result of
contact between the two.
Like Charges: When positively charged glass rods are brought near each
other, repulsion takes place.

Unlike Charges: When a positively charged rod is brought near an

ebonite rod, there is an attraction between them.

Law of Electrostatics

Like charges repel, unlike charges attract

Conductors are materials that allow electrons (charged) to flow through

them easily e.g. air, acids, salt solution, earth, human body.

Insulators are materials that do not allow electrons to flow through them
easily e.g. wood, paper, plastic, ebonite, silk, glass etc.
Gold Leaf Electroscope

This is an instrument for the detection and testing of small electric

charges. This is a metal disc connected to a narrow metal plate and a
thin piece of gold leaf is fixed to the plate. The electroscope is insulated; a
glass in front prevents air draught but the behaviour of the leaf can be
seen.

When a charge is placed on the disc/cap, the charge spread down to the
plate and leaf. Like charges repel each other and make the leaf to
discharge from the plate, the bigger the charge, the more the divergence.
If the charges are opposite to each other, the leaf collapses.

It can be used to produce charges by contact or by induction

Evaluation Questions

1. What is electrostatics
2. State three ways of producing charges
3. What is a conductor? Give two examples of a conductor.
 Description & Properties of Field

Field

A field is a region under the influence of some physical agencies such as

magnetic dipole, electric charge, and gravitation (mass). It is the region
or space around a charged object within which the influence or force of
electric charge is felt by another charged body.

It is a force field and does not require contact with the body they are
acting on or interacting with.

A force field is classified into two; namely Scalar field and Vector field.

A Scalar field has only magnitude and no direction e.g. density, mass,
temperature, etc.

A Vector field is a field that has both magnitude and direction e.g.
magnetic field, electric field, and gravitational field.

Law of Magnetism

When a bar magnet is placed near a magnetic material, they are usually
attracted to the magnet due to magnetic force existing around the
magnet. The magnetic force is present in the magnetic field surrounding
the magnet.

When iron fillings are sprinkled on a bar magnet, the pattern shown by
iron fillings indicates the direction of field surrounding the magnet. It is
observed that the fillings are concentrated at the ends of the magnets
which are called poles.
 iron fillings sprinkled on a bar magnet

The poles of a magnet are the points or ends of a magnet where the
attraction power of a magnet is concentrated.
There are two types of poles in a magnet and they are called the North-
seeking pole (North pole) and South-seeking pole (South pole).

Law of Magnetism

When two bar magnets are brought close to each other, there is
attraction or repulsion between the two magnets depending on the
arrangement of the poles of the magnets. Attraction takes place when
unlike poles face each other. While repulsion takes place when like poles
face each other.

This observation led to the law of magnetism which states that like poles
repel, unlike poles attract.

Evaluation Questions

1. What is a field?
2. Distinguish between a scalar field and vector field- give one
example each.
 Gravitational Field

Introduction – Gravitational Field

It is common experience that when objects are thrown into the air, they
move to the maximum height, stop momentarily and later fall back to the
ground. The movement of objects up and down is due to the influence of
gravitation on an object on the earth’s surface.

For every object that has mass is always surrounded by a gravitation

field. A gravitation field is a region under the influence of gravitational
force, it is a force field.

Acceleration Due to Gravity

Acceleration due to gravity is the acceleration on an object caused by

the force of gravitation; Neglecting air resistance, all small bodies
accelerate in a gravitational field at the same rate in relation to centre of
mass. At the surface of the earth, acceleration due to gravity is about
9.8ms-2.

Acceleration due to gravity is uniform at a particular place but varies

from one part of the earth to another e.g. At the poles, acceleration due to
gravity is more because of short distance compared to the large
distance at the equator, hence when the distance between two objects
(earth and other objects) increases, the force of attraction decreases. It is
usually represented by g.

When a stone and a feather are dropped from a height, the two bodies
are expected to touch the ground at the same time neglecting air
resistance since they fall to the ground with the same acceleration.
In the practical sense, when a stone and a feather are dropped from the
same height at the same time, the stone falls at a faster speed until it
reaches the ground ahead of the feather. The feather falls slowly due to
air friction or resistance which reduces the motion of the feather than
that of the stone. Also, due to the large surface area of the feather , the
feather falls more slowly than the stone.

Evaluation Questions

1. Define gravitational field

2. Why does acceleration vary from place to place on earth’s surface?
 Electric Field

Electric field

An electric field is a region where electric force influence is felt or

experienced. It is a force field and also vector field.

Electric Line of Force

Electric line of force is an imaginary line or curve drawn in an electric field

such that tangent to it at any point gives the direction of the electric force
at that point OR

Electric line of force is the direction along which a small free positive
charge will move along the line.

There are two types of field namely:

1. Uniform Field: This is a situation in which the lines of force are

straight and are equally spaced out.

2. Variable Field: The lines of field are curved and also equally spaced
out.
Pattern of Electric Field

The pattern or design of an electric field on different charges are shown

below:

i. Electric field pattern around a positive charge: The electric field line of
force spread outwards radially in different directions i.e. the field
originates from a positive charge as shown in the figure below.

ii. Electric field pattern around a negative charge: The electric field
pattern around an isolated negative charge is a radial field that
terminates/ enters/ends at the terminal of the negative charge as shown
in the figure below.
iii. Unlike Charges

The electric field of the two unlike charges combined together because
unlike charges attract one another. The electric line of force emanates
from the positive charge and end on the negative charge.

iv. Like charges

The fields of the two similar charges (two positive charges or two
negative charges) repel one another because electric line of force do not
cross one another and like charges repel one another. The field pattern is
as shown below.
v. For two Parallel conducting plates

Properties of Field Lines

1. Electric field line never intersects or cross each other

2. Electric field lines are perpendicular to the surface charge
3. Lines of force start from positive and end on the negative charge
4. Lines of force are continuous in any region with free charges
5. In a uniform field, the lines of force are straight, parallel, and
uniformly spaced.
6. The fields are stronger when the lines are close together and weaker
when the field lines are far apart.
Evaluation Questions

1. What is an electric field?

2. List 5 properties of an electric field
3. Show electric field pattern for

(i) isolated positive charge

(ii) isolated negative charge

(iii) unlike charges

(iv) Like charges

 Potential Difference & Electric Current

Electric Current

An electric current is the time rate of flow of electric charges along a

conductor. An electric current is said to coexist when there is a net flow of
electric charge through a region.

Electric current is defined as the time rate of flow of charges along a

conductor.

Electric Current (I)

= Quantityofchargetime=Qt=CoulumbssecondsQuantityofchargetime=Q
t=Coulumbsseconds

Quantity of charge, Q = Current x time = It.

The unit of current is Ampere (A).

The current is always measured by instrument called ammeter which is

placed in series with the circuit.

Ammeter

An ammeter is always connected in series along a circuit

Other smaller current are measured in milliampere (MA)

or microampere (A).

milliAmpere = 10-3A

microAmpere = 10-6A

Another instrument used for measuring current is a Galvanometer. It is

denoted with the following symbol:

Galvanometer
Potential Difference

When a current is allowed to flow between two points, a difference in

potential is said to occur between the points and this is referred to as
potential difference.

Potential difference is defined as the work done in moving one coulomb

of charge or electricity from one point to another.

The unit of potential difference (p.d) is volt and is measured with an

instrument called voltmeter. It is always connected in parallel.

Other smaller units of potential difference are:

millivolts = 10-3V

microvolt = 10-6V
Electromotive Force (E.M.F)

An electromotive force is defined as the total work done in moving one

coulomb of charge from one point to another.

Since the unit for work is the joule and the unit for charge is the coulomb,
the unit for emf is the volt (1V = 1J/C or JC-1)

The potential difference between the two terminals of a cell in an open

circuit is called electromotive force.

Electromotive force transmits current both inside and outside the cell and
electromotive force is always greater than the potential difference.

Evaluation Questions

1. Define

(i) Current

(ii) Potential difference

(iii) Resistance

2. The instrument used for measuring current is called ____________

(a) Resistor (b) Charge (c) voltmeter (d) Ammeter

3. This is a large unit of measuring in potential difference

(a) 10-3V (b) 10-6V (c) 103V (d) 10-9V

4. Which of the following is used for measuring large resistance of a wire?

(a) Copper (b) Aluminium (c) Manganiun (d) bronze

 2020 PHYSICS SUPER QUIZ 2

1.

Which of the following statements about anomalous expansion of water are correct?

i. There is contraction between 0°C and 4°C.

ii. There is expansion between 0°C and 100°C.

iii. The volume is minimum at 4°C.

iv. The volume is maximum at 4°C

A. i and ii only
B. ii and iii only
C. i and iii only
D. ii and iv only

2.

When water is cooled from 4°C to 0°C, it will

A. Contract
B. Expand
C. First contract, then expand
D. First expand, then contract

3.

The density of water is maximum at:

A. 0°C
B. 100°C
C. 4°C
D. 15°C
4.

These are features of higher energy level and shorter wavelengths

A. Infrared radiation
B. alpha radiation
C. beta radiation
D. ultraviolet radiation

5.

The normal greenhouse effect is essential for sustenance of life on Earth as it helps in
maintaining the average temperature of the earth to

A. 15 ℃
B. 33 ℃
C. -18 ℃
D. 50 ℃

6.

The wavelength of infrared radiations is

A. shorter
B. longer
C. infinite
D. zero

7.

Greenhouse gases present in a very high quantity is

A. ethane
B. carbon dioxide
C. propane
D. methane
8.

Gas molecules absorbing thermal infrared radiation and present in large quantity to
change the climate system is known as

A. ozone gases
B. beta radiations
C. alpha radiations
D. greenhouse gases

9.

Burning of fossil fuels

A. increases oxygen level

B. increases greenhouse gases
C. decreases greenhouse gases
D. increased ethane level

10.

This is the most potent greenhouse gas in terms of efficiency

A. N2O
B. CFC
C. C2O
D. CH4

11.

This statement is false about the greenhouse effect

A. life on the earth is possible due to the greenhouse effect

B. the greenhouse effect is a natural process that maintains the earth’s temperature
C. increased emission of greenhouse gases is a natural process
D. increased emission of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere increases earth’s
temperature
12.

The one which is not considered as naturally occurring greenhouse gas is

A. CFCs
B. methane
C. carbon dioxide
D. nitrous oxide

13.

Which of the following is NOT a greenhouse gas

A. Methane
B. Hydrogen
C. Nitrous oxide
D. Ozone

14.

Plastic rod rubbed with fur and glass rod rubbed with silk

A. repel each other

B. mix up with each other
C. attract each other
D. none of above

15.

Unlike charges always

A. cancel each other

B. repel each other
C. attract each other
D. none of above

16.

Like charges always

A. repel each other

B. attract each other
 C. cancel each other
D. none of above

17.

The study of charges at rest is called

A. chemical electricity
B. heat electricity
C. static electricity
D. mechanical electricity

18.

In the presence of a charged body, an insulated conductor develops a positive charge at

one end and a negative charge at another end. This process is called…………….

A. magnetic induction
B. electrostatic induction
C. chemical induction
D. capacity

19.

For detecting and, testing of small electric charges we use

A. an electrophorus
B. an electroscope
C. an electromagnet
D. an ammeter

20.

A lightning conductor installed in a building

A. does not allow the lightning to fall on the building at all

B. drives away the charged clouds
C. forces the lightning to fall on other buildings near that building
D. conducts the electric charges to the ground when lightning strikes the building
21.

An electric charge is measured in

A. Coulomb
B. Ampere
C. Volt
D. watt

22.

During thunder storm you are travelling in a car. To protect yourself from the lightning you
will have to

A. remain in the car

B. get out of the car and lie flat on the ground
C. abandon the car and take shelter under a nearby tree
D. touch the nearest electric pole

23.

The movement of cool air from land to sea is known as

A. sea breeze
B. land breeze
C. forward breeze
D. reverse breeze

24.

The best insulating windows use

A. single glazed windows

B. double glazed windows
C. double painted windows
D. single painted windows
25.

When warm air rises above the land,

A. vacuum is created beneath it

B. more warmer air replaces it
C. temperature decreases
D. cool air from sea replaces it

26.

If air is heated, it

A. compresses
B. expands
C. falls down
D. gets dense

27.

Kettles and saucepans are painted silver, this is why they

A. absorb less heat

B. reflect less heat
C. absorb more heat
D. release less heat

28.

At night, land turns to be

A. warm than sea

B. cool than sea
C. very hot
D. extremely hot
29.

At night, warm air rises over

A. land
B. sea
C. trees
D. ground

30.

Weather is an example of

A. conduction current
B. convection current
C. radiation current
D. air current

31.

Majority of the people wear white or light colored clothes in summer, because light colors

A. Transmit more heat

B. reflect less heat
C. reflect more heat
D. transfer less heat

32.

The color and texture of a poor reflector of radiant heat is

A. black and shiny

B. black and dull
C. white and shiny
D. white and dull
33.

The color and texture that are the best reflector of radiant heat are

A. black and shiny

B. white and shiny
C. black and dull
D. white and dull

34.

Thermos’ is also known as

A. temperature flask
B. heat flask
C. thermal flask
D. vacuum flask

35.

The gravitational field is directed

A. towards the earth

B. away from earth
C. has no direction
D. in a specific direction making angle with earth

36.

The gravitational pull of the Earth acts on a body whether the body is in contact with the
Earth or not, such force is known as

A. force of inertia
B. force of limiting friction
C. force of inertia
D. field force
37.

The force due to which everybody of the universe attracts every other body

A. force of gravitation
B. force of limiting friction
C. force of inertia
D. force of mechanics

38.

The force per unit charge is known as

A. electric flux
B. electric field strength
C. electric potential
D. electric current

39.

Electric field lines provide information about

A. field strength
B. direction
C. nature of charge
D. all of these

40.

Which of the following figures represent the electric field lines due to a single negative
charge?

A.

B.
 C.

D.

41.

The property of material due to which it attracts or repels other objects is

A. friction
B. velocity
C. current
D. charge

42.

If the body is positively or negatively charged the leaves of electroscope will

A. diverge
B. converge
C. stay still
D. shrink

43.

Substances that have constant resistance over a wide range of voltages are

A. ohmic
B. non ohmic
C. resistive
D. non resistive
44.

Ohm is denoted by the symbol

A. π
B. Ω
C. θ
D. λ

45.

The property of a substance which offers opposition to the flow of current through it is called

A. energy
B. capacity
C. resistance
D. voltage

46.

The time a current of 10 mA takes to deliver 30 µC charge is

A. 0.3 s
B. 0.003 s
C. 0.4 s
D. 0.5 s

47.

Insulators can be easily charged by

A. supplying electrons
B. Electromotive force (EMF)
C. friction
D. protons
48.

The rate of flow of charges is called

A. static charge
B. electric current
C. Electromotive force (EMF)
D. coulomb's force

49.

The SI unit of current is

A. charge
B. ohm
C. volt
D. ampere

50.

If the charge that passes through a wire is 0.5C, then the current of 50 mA will flow in

A. 10 seconds
B. 15 seconds
C. 12 seconds
D. 20 seconds

51.

SI unit of potential difference is

A. Kg
B. Pascal
C. Joule
D. Volt
52.

The negative terminal of the battery is connected to the voltmeter’s

A. partially positive terminals

B. negative terminal
C. positive terminal
D. partially negative terminal

53.

The resistance of a conductor increases with

A. increasing current
B. decreasing current
C. increase in temperature
D. decrease in temperature

54.

In SI unit, JC-1 is equal to

A. volt
B. Newton's law
C. Pascal
D. omega

55.

The materials having a nonlinear voltage-current relationship are

A. ohmic
B. non-ohmic
C. batteries
D. capacitors
56.

Due to the flow of positive or negative charges or both charges at the same time

A. electric current is produced

B. light is produced
C. heat is produced
D. air is produced

57.

If the electromotive force of the battery is 5 V, the total energy supplied by the battery is

A. 2.5 joules
B. 5 joules
C. 1 joule
D. 10 joules

58.

If 0.6 C charge passes through a wire in 12 s, then the current flowing through the wire is

A. 70 mA
B. 60 mA
C. 50 mA
D. 25 mA

59.

The insulations around wires are damaged due to

A. less current
B. less voltage
C. high current
D. high voltage
60.

The current flowing from positive to the negative terminal of a battery due to the flow of
positive charges is known as

A. electromotive current
B. resolving current
C. potential current
D. conventional current

61.

All materials contain

A. some gas
B. capacitors
C. voltage
D. electrons

62.

Diamond does not conduct electricity because it has

A. no free electrons
B. free electrons
C. no free protons
D. free neutrons

63.

In metals, the current is produced due to the flow of

A. positive charges
B. negative charges
C. no charges
D. partially charges
64.

The agency which provides the potential difference for the steady flow of current in the
copper wire is the

A. battery
B. voltmeter
C. galvanometer
D. ammeter

65.

Electric potential and Electromotive force (EMF) are

A. different terms
B. have different units
C. same terms
D. undefined terms

66.

Human body is

A. insulator
B. low resistive
C. conductor
D. electrolyte

67.

The potential difference across a circuit component can be measured by a

A. Vernier calipers
B. galvanometer
C. ammeter
D. voltmeter
68.

SI unit for electromotive force is

A. J-1
B. C-1
C. JC-1
D. km-1

69.

One milliampere (mA) is equal to

A. 10-9A
B. 10-6A
C. 10-3A
D. 10-6A

70.

A large current of the range such as 1A or 10A can be measured through

A. Vernier calipers
B. galvanometer
C. ammeter
D. voltmeter
 2020 PHYSICS SUPER QUIZ 2 SOLUTION

1. C. i and iii only

2. B. Expand

3. C. 4°C

4. D. ultraviolet radiation

5. A. 15 ℃

6. B. longer

7. B. carbon dioxide

8. D. greenhouse gases

9. B. increases greenhouse gases

10. B. CFC

11. C. increased emission of greenhouse gases is a natural process

12. A. CFCs

13. B. Hydrogen

14. C. attract each other

15. C. attract each other

16. A. repel each other

17. C. static electricity

18. B. electrostatic induction

19. B. an electroscope

20. D. conducts the electric charges to the ground when lightning strikes the building

21. A. Coulomb

22. A. remain in the car

23. B. land breeze

24. B. double glazed windows

25. D. cool air from sea replaces it

26. B. expands
27. D. release less heat

28. B. cool than sea

29. B. sea

30. B. convection current

31. C. reflect more heat

32. B. black and dull

33. B. white and shiny

34. D. vacuum flask

35. A. towards the earth

36. D. field force

37. A. force of gravitation

38. B. electric field strength

39. D. all of these

40. B.

41. D. charge

42. A. diverge

43. A. ohmic

44. B. Ω

45. C. resistance

46. B. 0.003 s

47. B. friction

48. B. electric current

49. D. ampere

50. A. 10 seconds

51. D. Volt

52. B. negative terminal

53. C. increase in temperature

54. A. volt

55. B. non-ohmic

56. A. electric current is produced

57. B.5 joules

58. C. 50 mA

59. C. high current

60. D. conventional current

61. D. electrons

62. A. no free electrons

63. B. negative charges

64. A. battery

65. A. different terms

66. C. conductor

67. D. voltmeter

68. C. JC-1

69. C. 10-3A

70. C. ammeter