Tourism Studies Department _ English Section

Third Year (G.A)

Aviation Assignment
1) Complete:
1- Tourism is..................................
2- The world Tourism Organization defines tourism as......................................
3- Domestic tourism involves.........................................., while international tourism
involves...................................................
4- If the person is traveling for................ or................. in this case he is not a tourist.
5-Aviation is an industry because.........................., ......................, ...............
6- Airline jobs are......, .............., ............... while Airport jobs are .......
............. , ............. , ............
7-There are five major manufactures of civil transport aircraft……………….
and………………….
8- Product is ............................, while services are .................................
9- Most important modes of transport for passengers are ….... ,.......... ,….....
While for freight are …......, ….........., …............
10- ............. is the key element in the tourist experience, it is one of the three fundamental
components of tourism; the other two are ........... and ..............
11- ............ are those who operate any major form of transport.
12- ............ they presented the first transport revolution and laid the foundation for the
development of the modern tourism industry. Afterwards ............. and .......... were in
progress.
13- ................. has developed rapidly and is now considered the most important method
of long-distance passenger travel.
14- The short and medium distance ............. is the most successful jetliner ever built
adaptable to most domestic routes because of its seating capacity. It was introduced in
1968.
15- Jet aircrafts can be divided into two major categories .......................... and
.........................
16- The …………... is part of the aviation industry which includes ……………...,
………... and …………..
17- The airline industry can be separated into 4 categories by the us department of
transportation are …………., ………., ………. and ……..
18- The type of international aircraft has …….. seats the can take passengers at anywhere
in the world, companies in this category have annual revenues of ……… or more
19- The type of national usually these airlines seat ………… people and have revenue
between ……….. and 1 billion
20- The type of regional companies with revenues less than ………….. that focus on
…………..
21- Cargo these are airline generally transport ………
22- The higher costs of airline are ………, …….. and …….
23- Fuel is the ……… largest expenses, labor is the ……. largest expenses, and the
weather costs ……..
24- The tourist needs means of accessibility to reach his target (type of accommodation)
They can be transported by ………... ,………. , ……….. ,………… , ……….. , ……..
and ………
25- Basic function is to transport ……… and …….. from one location to another using
the airways
26- Can be categorized as being ……….. , ………., ………… and may be operated as
……………. or ……….. and …………
27- An ………… is a company that provides air transport service for transporting
passengers and freight
28- Airlines vary size from ………….. airlines to ………… international airlines
29- The earliest fixed wing airline in Europe was the ……………….., formed by
…………… in 1916
30- The first French airline was established in late 1918 to Spain , ………………… was
created in late 1919 , by the ……….. brothers
31- In 1926 a flight route was successfully accomplished from the uk to …………. ,
……….., following this up with another flight to ………………, ……………., other
routes to …………… and the ………… were also charted and demonstrated at this time
32- After world war II that brought new life to the airline industry at that time groups
such as the …………….. were established worldwide for standards of safety and other
vital concerns
33- Most international air traffic is regulated by bilateral agreements between countries
these agreements are based on …………………
34- Traffic carried by ……….. consists of both ………… and …….. which can include
……….. , ……. and …………
35- Full-service carrier offer …………… they use large primary airports in major cities
and they usually have high production costs as they offer ……………. of service,
……………., and work on high volume
36- For passenger airlines it’s ……… refers to passenger ……….., which is both
consumers that boarded the flight and those who had a desire to travel on the flight
37- Consumers on board of flight + consumers with desire to travel = …………
38- Passenger airline traffic can be measured in terms of …………………… transported
which is one revenue passenger kilometers (1RPk) as 1 paying passenger transported 1
kilometer
39- The fare paid varies by ……….., ………. and ………..
40- To increase profit of the airline needs to increase traffic either by ………… and
……….
41- Cut fares: …………………
42- Any increase in price will inevitably lead to traffic ……………
43- Airline basic organizational structure refers to ………., …………, …………,
………. And …………
44- Most airline employees report into two main areas of operations …………, ………..
45- From the types of airline personnel …………, …………. and ………..
46- The ground operation personnel including ………….., …………… and………..
47- …………. providing necessary support to the primary activities or operation of an
organization or system.
48- Deregulation of air term used to describe an organization as it becomes …………..
49- Air traffic divided into …………., …………… and………….
50- Air traffic is generally divided into ……….. categories.
51- Air traffic is generally divided into 3 categories ……………………………………
52- Scheduled Services They operate on …………….. carriers
53- ………………. They operate fixed timetable
54- Scheduled services operate from established airports both ………………
55- Scheduled services are tended to be used by ………………
56- Benefits of scheduled airline ……………………………………………..
57- The seating arrangement on airplane is called …………………
58-The main classes of services are ………………………
59-first class located directly behind …………….
60-The space between seats is called ……………
61- In first class seats turn into ……………..
62- Services offered to the parents with children are …………………, ……………., and
……………….
63- The seats are wide with quiet atmosphere located in ……………..
64- Advantages of business class (c) are ……………, ………………. and ……………
65- The largest number of the seats on aircraft located in ……………..
66- Services offered by economy class (y) ……………, …………… and…………..
67- ……………. are used largely by package holiday industry
68- The flights which offered for customers who want to fly at particular time are
……………..
69- In charter flights they set very high …………… to keep low cost down
70- The ticket of ………………. is not flexible
71- Passengers may have to pay for in-flight service in …………….
72- The ……………….. tend to offer no fills services
73- Low cost operate scheduled flight but from airports where ……………….
74- ………………. aim to fill the planes to capacity
75- ………………. fly early in the morning or late in the evening
76- Low-cost carriers used ……………….. airport
77- There are many Special meals such as........., ........., ......
78- Facilities to summon assistance at designed arrival points such as.........., ............
79- Airline operating costs are traditionally subdivided into...........
80- There are Equipment’s used to provision the aircraft for passenger in flight service
such as ………, ……… and ………
81- There are two types of jet fuel such as ……… for ……… and ……… for………
82- Two of the positive environmental impacts of the hub are increase ……… and
………
83- An airport usually has three basic components in the physical layout, the ………, the
………, and the ………
84- The main function of the airport is to provide the aircraft with …………….,
………… and ………….
85- Airport personnel are ……………….., ………………….., ……………,
…………………….. and…………….
86- Ground service personnel do a routine airplane servicing such as: ………….,
……….. and…………..
87- Ground service is accomplished by either the ……………… or ……………..
88- Airline baggage handlers load and unload baggage at the gates using ……………,
……………. and………………
89- Airports have their own ………….., ………….., …………. and…………..
90- Most common airport commercial services are ……………., …………..,
…………..and…………..
91- Non-commercial services are ……………., ……………., ……………,
…………….and …………….
92- As airport …………… has become more popular
93- The privatization divided into ……………., ……………., ……………., ……………
and ……………..
94- ………………………….. is the first airport in aviation history operating under a
complete BOT system
95- …………………… is the busiest airport in Egypt and primary hub for star alliance
member Egypt air
96- The code of Abu simple is …………..
97- The airport name of Alex is ……………… and ……………
98- …………… are collected from tickets of passengers.
99- ….…… is the busiest airport in Egypt and the primary hub for ……. member Egypt
Air.
100- In 2004 Fra port won the management contract to run the airport for 8 years …....
101- Cairo International is the second busiest airport in …….. after Johannesburg
International Airport in ……..
102- The airport is managed by the Egyptian Holding Co. for Airports and Air
Navigation (EHCAAN), which controls four companies including:
…………………………………………….
Answers:
1- Travel for recreational or leisure purposes
2- People who travel to stay in places outside their usual environment for not more than
one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise
of an activity remunerated from within the place visited.
3- Residents of the given country traveling only within this country / resident traveling to
another country
4- Emigration or exercising a remunerated profession
5- Capital=Investment, It’s a product = service and Labor = direct + indirect
6- Flight attendants, gate agents and ground Crew / ground support jobs, ramp agents’
jobs, baggage handlers and fullers
7- Airbus based in Europe and Boeing based in the United States
8- What you buy to get services / Offered through the Product
9- Automobile, bus and railway / by sea, by road and by railway
10- Transport / the tourism product (supply) and the tourism market (demand).
11- Transport providers
12- Railways / navigation and aviation
13- Air transport
14- Boeing 727
15- Narrow body and wide body
16- Airline industry / aircraft manufacturing, airport operation and aviation support
industries
17- International, national, regional and cargo
18- 130+ / 1 billion
19- 100-150 / 1 billion
20- 100 million / short haul flights
21- Goods
22- Fuel, labor, weather
23- 1st / 2nd / money
24- Transfer provided by the travel agent, taxi service, transportation private service
company, buses, underground train and rental car company
25- People and goods
26- Domestic, national, international / scheduled service or charters and low cost
27- Airline
28- Small domestic airlines / full service
29- Aircraft transport and travel / George Holt Thomes
30- The société general des transport aériens / farman
31- Capetown, south Africa / melbourne, Australia / British India / far east
32- International civil aviation organization
33- The freedoms of the air
34- Airlines / passengers and cargo / air freight, mail and passenger baggage
35- Scheduled services / high level / high competition
36- Traffic / demand
37- Demand
38- The number of passengers
39- Distance, season and condition
40- Cut fares and stimulate demand
41- Cutting back on service
42- Decrease
43- The relationship, roles, responsibilities, authority and accountability that exist in a
company.
44- Flight operations, ground operations
45- Flight crew, cabin crew and operations control center
46- Reservation agents, airport check in staff and gate personnel
47- Ancillary means
48- Self-regulating
49- Domestic flights, international scheduled flights and international chartered flights
50- Three
51- 3 / Domestic flights, international scheduled flight and international charted flights
52- Large international
53- Scheduled services
54- Nationally- international
55- Business travelers
56- More flexible in number of flights- Travel to various destinations- There is some
flexibility in ticket
57- Configuration.
58- First, business and economy.
59- The cockpit
60- Pitch.
61- Sleeper seats.
62- Bassinette for safety, child meals and sky nanny.
63- Business class
64- Separate check in, first call for boarding and lounge access
65- Economy class
66- Appropriate meals, child service and special needs services.
67- Charter flights
68- Charter flights
69- Load factor
70- Charter flights
71- Charter flights
72- Low-cost
73- Landing slots are cheaper
74- Low-cost carriers
75- Low-cost carriers
76- Secondary
77- For children, diabetics, the vegetarian
78- Assistance to reach check in, help with registration at check in
79- Two types
80- Lavatory service trucks, water trucks and cabin service vehicles
81- Jet A1 for aircraft and jet B for Turboprop aircraft
82- Investments in the area and increase the income of the hub
83- Landside, Airside and Terminal
84- The space for parking, refueling and maintenance.
85- Ground service personnel, Airport maintenance personnel, Emergency, security and
safety personnel and Airport operator.
86- Loading of supplies, washing and refueling.
87- Airline personnel or A ground service provider.
88- Baggage trucks/ Tractor trolleys, hydraulic lifts and conveyor belts.
89- Department of finance, Personnel, Administration and Public relation.
90- Restaurants and cafeteria, Banking services, Special shops and Newspaper stands.
91- Information desks, Seating area, Lost luggage counters, Toilets and baby changing
facilities.
92- Privatization
93- Flotation, trade sale, concession, project finance privatization and management
contract
94- The new Marisa Allam international Airport
95- Cairo International Airport
96- ABS
97- Alexandra Into and Berg ElArab Into
98- Tax Revenues
99- Cairo International Airport / Star Alliance
100- Cairo Airport Authority CAA
101- Africa / South Africa
102- Cairo Airport Co., Egyptian Airport Co., National Air Navigation Services and
Aviation Information Technology

2 – Choose the correct answer:

1- One of the jobs of the Airline Pilot is ……………...
(Fullers - Software - Corporate Pilot - Gate Agents)
2- From the purposes of Tourism ……………
(Leisure - exercising - emigrant - permanent stay)
3- Ramp Agent Jobs belong to …………………...
(Airport Jobs - Airline Pilot Jobs - Government Aviation Jobs - Aviation Manufacturing
and Maintenance)
4- United Aircraft Corporation is based in …………….
(Russia - Europe - United States - Canada)
5- All of the following belong to services except………….
(Pilot - driver - cabin crew - Taxi)
6- …......and....... are Products
(currency exchange and Taxi - Ferry Ticket and Marketing - Ferry Ticket and Taxi -
Marketing and currency exchange)
7-One of the important modes for passengers is…………….
(Railway - Sea - Road - Bus)
8- All of the following belong to Freight modes of transport except …………….
(Automobile - Oil pipelines - Railway - Air freight)
9- Foreign air visitors generally need …………. connection to the nearest city, rail, bus
or taxi.
(Expensive - car rental - good and cheap)
10- Resident air travelers oven use …………and need good convenient car parking
facilities at airport.
(Buses - private car - underground)
11- On 25 august 1919 the company used another type of craft ……….to offer the first
regular international service in the world
(DH.13s - DH. 14s - DH.16s)
12- The airline industry can be separated into …… categories by the u.s
(2 - 1 - 5 - 4)
13- The responsible for the operation and safety of the aircraft and all persons aboard
……………
(cabin crew - operations control center - flight crew - air crew training)
14- The responsible for safety in the cabin and for attending passengers in an aircraft
during flight…………..
(air crew training - cabin crew - flight crew)
15- The responsible for movement control, flight planning, load planning and ground
management………….
(air crew training - cabin crew - flight crew - operations control center)
16- Responsible for training of flight crews…………
(cabin crew - air crew training - flight crew - operations control center)
17- The responsible for crew scheduling, aircraft schedulers in operations
control…………….
(air crew training - flight crew - operations control center)
18- Personnel help people to reserve and plan trips, and work at the reservation call
centers and answer phone calls or e-mail inquiries………….
(gate personnel - ramp personnel - reservation agents)
19- The airport ticket agent or station agents………….
(ramp personnel - reservation agents - airport check in staff)
20- ……………………they assist passengers boarding airplanes check seats and make
boarding announcements.
(Gate personnel - reservation agents - airport check in staff)
21- The technicians who prepare the aircraft for fling (airport check in staff - specialists -
aircraft maintenance)
22- Who guide the plans on ground in and out of airport gates, as well as load and unload
package…………….
(airport check in staff - specialists - ramp personnel - aircraft maintenance)
23- ………………they are tasked with advertising, sales, promotion reservation,
customer service and cargo sales
(Specialists - flight crew - sales and marketing - gate personnel)
24- People like lawyers, accountants, public relations, human resources also airline’s
headquarters in regional and national offices………….
(Specialists - flight crew - sales and marketing - gate personnel)
25- Term used to describe the measures and controls that exist over industry
practices………….
(airline regulation - deregulation of air - ancillary services)
26- Term used to describe an organization as it becomes self-regulating………….
(airline regulation - deregulation of air - ancillary services).
27- Traveling within same country……………. (domestic services - international)
whereas………… (domestic services - international services) represent travel between
different countries.
28- Full services airline (FSC) is…………
(domestic services - scheduled service - chartered services).
29- All of these areas are included in the airport terminals expect one area which is
(Arrival areas - Gates and waiting areas – Concourses - Aircraft maintenance)
30- Which of the following describe the landside of an airport
(Everyone should be able to access this part of an airport - This side has controlled access
and is considered to be the secure side - The passengers reach to their flights by passing
this area)
31- Which of the following describe the airside of an airport
(Everyone should be able to access this part of an airport - This side has controlled access
and is considered to be the secure side - The passengers reach to their flights by passing
this area)
Answers:
1- Corporate Pilot
2- Leisure
3- Airport Jobs
4- Russia
5- Taxi
6- Ferry Ticket and Taxi
7- Bus
8- Automobile
9- Good and cheap
10- Private car
11- DH.16s
12- 4
13- Flight crew
14- Cabin crew
15- Operations control center
16- Air crew training
17- Reservation agents
19- Airport check in staff
20- Gate personnel
21- Aircraft maintenance
22- Ramp personnel
23- Sales and marketing
24- Specialists
25- Airline regulation
26- Deregulation of air
27- Domestic services / international services
28- Scheduled service
29- Aircraft maintenance
30- Everyone should be able to access this part of an airport
31- This side has controlled access and is considered to be the secure side
3 – Write (True) or (False):
1-Tourism is travel for the purpose of exercising ( )
2-Domestic tourism involves residents traveling to another country ( )
3- Aviation is considered as an industry ( )
4- Gate Agents is one of the Airline Jobs ( )
5- Software is one of the Airport Jobs ( )
6- United Aircraft Corporation is based in Russia ( )
7- Services is what you buy ( )
8- Taxi and Ferry Ticket are considered Services ( )
9- Transport modes for passengers include the automobile ( )
10- Accessibility to tourism destination can make or break a destination. ( )
11- Transport has developed hand in hand with tourism. ( )
12- Starting the earliest era, railways had a great initiated start for the movement of
people. ( )
13- The short and medium distance Boeing 727 is the most successful jetliner ever built
adaptable to most domestic routes because of its seating capacity. capable of seating
about 140 passengers ( )
14- Passenger aircrafts vary greatly in terms of length, wingspan, and Configuration of
engines, velocity and range ( )
15- Narrow-body aircraft seating less than 100 passengers are commonly known as
regional airliners ( )
16- Aircraft types are identified with five character codes in printed airline timetables and
the computer systems ( )
17- Agents should be able to identify the codes that differentiate narrow- and wide- body
aircraft ( )
18- A particular aircraft can have any number of versions ( )
19- Oxygen sometimes arranged in advance with the airline ( )
20- Airline operating costs are traditionally subdivided into three types ( )
21- The Dubai International Airport in the United Arab Emirates is the first largest transit
airport in the world ( )
22- One of the disadvantages of the hub is to increase the number of destinations served()
23- Some Airlines may use only a single hub while other airlines use multiple hubs( )
24- Airlines were pressured to increase the number of cities they served, without
increasing fares ( )
25- Frankfurt is one of the most important cities at transit points ( )
26- The Aviation fuel is generally of a lower quality than fuels used in road transport ( )
27- One of the positive environmental impact of the hub is increased tax revenues from
tourists ( )
28- One of the negative environmental impact of the hub is Water, air pollution
and noise ( )
29- The concourses area in the airport are included shops, restaurants and kids area ( )
30- Capital Investment is the infrastructure and superstructure assets of the airport. ( )
31- The airport has third terminals with a third under construction. ( )
32- There are also four runways and a Double cargo terminal. ( )
33- The airport has the potential to be a major hub with its positioning between Africa,
The Middle East and Europe. ( )
Answers:
1- False
2- False
3- True
4- True
5- False
6- True
7- False
8- False
9-True
10- True
11- True
12- False
13- True
14- True
15- True
16- False
17- True
18- True
19- False
20- False
21- False
22- False
23- True
24- True
25- True
26- False
27- False
28- True
29- True
30- True
31- False
32- False
33- True

4- Write down the referred term:

1-An essential part of the air transport system.
2- Any surface used as an aircraft takeoff or landing facility.
3- Routine airplane servicing such as landing of supplies, washing and refueling.
-It’s accomplished by either airline personnel or a ground services provider.
4- The process of handling thousands of people to keep the terminal and concourses clean
as well as keeping all facilities working in order.
5- They are available for any emergency.
 Answers:
1-Airport
2- Aerodrome
3- Ground service personnel
4- Airport maintenance
5- Emergency, security and safety personnel

5- Answer the following questions:

1- How can transportation facilitate the movements of different visitors between tourism
origin and destination areas?
Or/ How can the transportation provide the essential link between tourism origin and
destination areas?
Answer:
Transport provides the essential link between tourism origin and destination areas. It
facilitates the movement of holiday makers, business travelers, people visiting friends
and relatives, as well as those undertaking educational and health tourism.
2- How does the tourist choose his transportation?
Answer:
The choice made by tourists on using the mean of transportation depends on:
 Price
 Destination
 Time, how much time is available?
 Reason, type of tourism being practiced
 Departure points, how easy it is to get there?
 Convenience: comfortable, safe...
3- Tourism and transportation are like two faces of the same coin; they present a direct
relation. Explain.
Answer:
The relationship between tourism and transportation has been built on the continual
introduction of new transport technologies. These technologies have enabled travellers to
move between their residential areas and tourist destinations further, safer and perhaps
lower in cost.
4- Jet aircrafts can be divided into two major categories. Explain. / (Compare between
Narrow body & Wide body of Jet aircrafts)
Answer:
Narrow body: are aircrafts that have one walking aisle down the center with two or
three seats on each side. Narrow-body aircraft seating less than 100 passengers are
commonly known as regional airliners.
Wide body: They are aircrafts that have two walking aisles and thus a middle Section
of seats in addition to the two sets of seats on each side. The largest wide body aircraft
used for commercial purposes is the Boeing 747. Typical wide-body aircraft can
accommodate between 200 and 600 passengers, while the larges! narrow-body airliners
typically hold about 280 passengers.
5- How can the aircrafts designs change and improves every few years?
Answer:
Aircrafts designs change and evolve into newer and improved models’ overtime, just
like a family car, but aircraft do not change every year. Every few years or so the
manufacture improves on the previous model by doing a number of things such as:
building a larger body to carry more passengers, building it lighter for better fuel
efficiency or designing the wings or tail for higher speed and smother rides.
6- What is the reasons for Aviation progress after World War II?
Answer:
1- The creation of a large body of experienced pilots.
2- Increase public acquaintance with aviation, as hundreds of thousands of military
personnel and civilian employees experienced their first flight during the war.
3- Improve maps and knowledge of foreign territories.
4- Improve aircraft and navigational equipment.
5- A large assortment of surplus aircrafts, which were purchased relatively inexpensively
after the war and converted into commercial use.
6- Increase knowledge of aircraft design, flying techniques and other knowledge
necessary for advancement of the industry.
 7- Transportation technology had a great effect on the tourism industry. Explain
Answer:
a) The increase of the number of passengers traveling world-wide.
b) The comfortable means of transportation.
c) The range of time spent through transportation.
d) The carrying capacity of the aircraft.
e) The safety way of traveling.
f) The suitable price of the trip.
8- what is the air transport suppliers & airlines?
Answer:
 Ground holding companies (runaways and navigation aids)
 Aircraft manufacturers
 Flight catering
 Aircraft maintenance
 Banks
 IT companies
 Oil companies
 Travel agent
9- What’s the meaning of stimulate demand?
Answer:
Increase RPK (demand) like increasing the frequency of flights, improve service to
increase revenue the price cut must generate increase in demand
10- What’s the meaning of cut fares?
Answer:
 Cutting back on service like
 Eliminating meals / pillows / extra flight attendants, which can lead to reduce market
share
 11- from where airlines earn their revenues?
Answer:
 Selling seats on board of their aircraft
 Selling frequent flier miles to other Companies
 Selling in-flight service
 Transporting cargo
12- A flight carrying 140 pax over a distance of 1000 km generate, it’s the revenue would
be?
Answer:
140 × 1000 = 140,000 RPK of airline traffic
13- In the flight carried 140000 RPK and it generated 16000 of total, it’s the yield would
be?
Answer:
16,000 ÷ 140,000 = 0, 114 per RPK
14- Most airline employees report into two main areas of operations, Discuss.
Answer:
Flight operations and ground operations. People employed in flight operations are
responsible for the safe and efficient operation of an airline’s fleet. Including the training
and assignment of flight crew and monitoring of their performance.
15- Mention the types of flight operations personnel.
Answer:
Flight crew: They are responsible for the operation and safety of the aircraft and all
persons aboard. It consists of the pilot in command and flight operations officer (co-pilot
or first officer).
Cabin crew: They are responsible for safety in the cabin and for attending passengers
in an aircraft during flight. It consists of flight service director, purser (the officer in
charge of money matters on board a commercial aircraft), and the flight cabin attendants.
Operations Control center: They are responsible for movement control, flight
planning, load planning and ground management.
Air crew training: They are responsible for training of flight crews. Other personnel:
include crew scheduling, aircraft schedulers in operations control.
 16- Mention the types of ground operations personnel.
Answer:
This includes: Reservation Agents: They help people to reserve and plan trips, they
work at the reservation call centers, they answer phone calls or e-mail inquiries. They
quote fares, make changes or cancel transportation reservations.
Airport check in staff: They are referred to as Airport ticket agents or station agents.
They work at the check-in counters in the airport terminal to sell tickets, assign seats to
passengers and check baggage. They answer questions, examine passports and visas.
Gate personnel: They assist passengers boarding airplanes, check seats and make
boarding announcements, they also assist young, elderly or passengers with disabilities
when they board or disembark.
Aircraft Maintenance: Include technicians who prepare the aircraft for flying. Ramp
Personnel: They guide the planes on ground in and out of airport gates, as well as load
Dandy unload baggage. There is also a staff for cleaning the aircraft, fueling and catering.
Sales and Marketing: They are tasked with advertising, sales, promotion, reservation,
customer service and cargo sales.
Specialists: They are people like lawyers, accountants, public relations, human
resources also airline’s headquarters in regional and national offices.
17- What are the ancillary services?
Answer:
Ancillary services are, to put it simply, all additional services the passenger is able to
purchase on top of his/her airline ticket. Depending on the fare type, cabin class, air
carrier and frequent flyer tier level, these services might be already included or may be
offered for additional purchase. Common ancillary services would be e.g., a seat with
extra leg room, lounge access, meals, baggage or in -flight entertainment. and Wi-Fi.
Airlines are unbundling their products into separate services to be sold to passengers on
top of the core product.
 Frequent flyer programs are systems of collecting miles or points for the flights,
spending them afterwards for the various activities -from discounts on wrist watches to
discounts on hotels
 Commission-based products are commissions from selling hotels, car rentals or
insurances by an airline.
 18- compare between Domestic services, and scheduled services
Answer:
Domestic Services: They are those that refer to travel within same country, whereas
international services represent travel between different countries. A country may have
many smaller regional airports which handle international services.
Scheduled Services: (full services airline) (FSC): They operate on large international
carriers such as BA, CP, AF, KLM, they operate to a published and fixed timetable
On clearly defined routes and operate from established airports both nationally and
international.
And under government license. The service must run (even if there are no passengers)
They are tended to be used by business trailers because they are prepared to pay
premium fares for the extra convenience, reliability and flexibility of transfer.
They distribute their tickets through internet, phone, website, travel agencies, call
centers.
 High production point
 High competition.
 Low yield effect.
 Brand building
 global distribution systems (Amadeus, Saber,).
 Frequent flyer program.
19- what the difference between scheduled, charter and low cost?
Answer:
Scheduled Services charter services low-cost services
-They operate on large -are used largely by the -the low-cost carriers tend
international carriers. package holiday industry to offer no frills services
-They operate to a - They are offered for -They operate scheduled
published and fixed customers who want to fly flight but from airports
timetable. to a place at a particular where landing slots are
- operate from established time. cheaper
airports both national and -These services are -they may not be always
international generally cheaper than the nearest to the
- under government license scheduled flights destination.
-The service must run -operators aim to fill as -They could provide some
(even if there are no many seats as possible of the services associated
passengers) with scheduled airlines
such as free meals
-They are tended to be used -This break-even figure -They aim to fill the planes
by business travelers may be as high as 85 to 90 to capacity
-reliability and flexibility of % capacity. -Selling is usually direct
transfer. -They set very high load and may be by phone or
-They distribute their factor to keep low coast internet not through travel
tickets through internet, down. agents s
phone, website, travel -Many tour operators -They fly mostly short- to
agencies, call centers. charter the aircraft called medium haul routes
-High production point inclusive tour by charter. -They Sell meals on board,
-High competition -They may operate from a hire crew with low salaries
-Low yield effect wider variety of airports -Charging for baggage and
-Brand building than scheduled flights optional insurance
-Global distribution -often use smaller airports -Simple fare construction
systems or those with fewer -They focused on travelers
-Frequent flyer program facilities and cheaper frequently, spending less
landing fees in They can be and don't mind the full
booked for special events service.
-The charter flight ticket is -They reduced the fares
not transferable or flexible which was successful for
-They offer limited short and medium flights
facilities to passengers the -They reduce cost in every
luggage allowance is possible way to reduce its
usually less than the ticket price
scheduled -they fly early in the
-passengers may have to morning or late in the
pay to in-flight services evening
such as drinks and headsets -simply work on point-to-
for audio. point transfer, also
-The charter operator employees work in multiple
provides the aircraft, flight roles
crew, fuel and all other -They don't sell through
services on the trip. retailer
-Charter airlines have no -use secondary airports (to
fixed schedule or time table reduce landing fees)
- from point -to-point no
transit
-avoid selling through
global distribution systems
(GDSs)
20- Talk About Two of Special Services on Flights
Answer:
Special meal:
Special meals such those for children and diabetics/the vegetarian low fat, low calories
and low sodium meals as well as the choice of seafood or owner requests These are
offered by many airline companies but they should request at least twenty-four hours
before departure. Travel agents can request these special meals and other services for
their clients through the computer reservation system or over the telephone directly with
the airline.
Assistance for Disabled:
It had been required from the airlines to provide assistance to all passengers with
disabilities that they would have the same comfortable flight and service like other
Travelers on board. This means helping passengers who need such assistance to board on
exit the aircraft the travel agent can reserve this service in advance directly with the
airline company. The traveler can request in advance a wheelchair upon arrival. Other
medical assistance such as oxygen can be provided for travelers upon request. Oxygen is
always arranged in advance with the airline.
21- Talk About Special Meals
Answer:
Special meals such those for children and diabetics/the vegetarian low fat, low calories
and low sodium meals as well as the choice of seafood or owner requests These are
offered by many airline companies but they should request at least twenty-four hours
before departure. Travel agents can request these special meals and other services for
their clients through the computer reservation system or over the telephone directly with
the airline.
22- Talk About Assistance for Disabled
Answer:
It had been required from the airlines to provide assistance to all passengers with
disabilities that they would have the same comfortable flight and service like other
Travelers on board. This means helping passengers who need such assistance to board on
exit the aircraft the travel agent can reserve this service in advance directly with the
airline company. The traveler can request in advance a wheelchair upon arrival. Other
medical assistance such as oxygen can be provided for travelers upon request. Oxygen is
always arranged in advance with the airline.
 23- Talk in detail about unaccompanied children
Answer:
Unaccompanied child under the age of five are not accepted. For children who are five
through eleven years of age the Following policies generally apply for all airlines.
Ages 5, 6 and 7 may be accepted on a flight that does not involve connection (change
of flights) while ages of 8 through 11 may be accepted on all lights with or without
connection. The plane. Upon arrival, the child must be met by an adult, who is required to
show photo identification. The adult must often sign a form before the child is released.
In all cases, an adult must accompany the child until the child has boarded When making
airline reservations for unaccompanied child, he following information has to be provided
to the reservation agents: *Name and age of the child traveling on the flight.
Name, address and telephone number of the adult who is responsible for bringing the
child to the airport and the one who is responsible for meeting the child and picking him
up at the airport.
Unaccompanied children who are making connections on a different carrier or on the
same carrier are escorted with help till they reach their connection. This service was free
but nowadays most airlines charge this service.
Infants under the age of two are considered lap children because they are small enough
to sit on the adult’s lap. In some cases, lap children travel for free on Domestic flights but
are not assigned a seat. Airlines try to provide empty seats to parents when they are
‘available. It is important to inform the airline that an adult is traveling with an infant
even though the infant does not need an airline Ticket But if an adult is traveling with wo
infants the airline will provide a seat next to the parent for the second infant. The second
infant will be charged as a child fare ticket.
24- what’s the information must be provided to the reservation agents for unaccompanied
child?
Answer:
 Name and age of the child traveling on the flight.
 Name, address and telephone number of the adult who is responsible for bringing the
child to the airport and the one who is responsible for meeting the child and picking him
up at the airport.
 25- Talk About the facilities at designed arrival points?
Answer:
1. Assistance to reach check-in
2. Help with registration at check-in
3. Assistance with moving through the airport, including to toilets if required
4. Help with getting on and off the plane
5. Free carriage of medical equipment and up to two items of mobility equipment’s
6. Escort or companion on emergency procedures and the layout of the cabin
7. Help with stowing and retrieving baggage on the plane
8. Assistance with moving to the toilet on the plane (some planes will have a on-board
wheelchair)
9. Someone to meet you off the plane and help you reach connecting flights a get to the
next part of your journey
26- Talk about two types of costs of airline
Answer:
Direct Operating Costs These costs are associated with the type of aircraft being flown.
The operating cost structures for a short-haul Boeing 737 are totally different for a long-
haul Boeing 747. These costs include all the flying expenses such as flight crew salaries,
fuel, maintenance, airport charges, end-route charges and depreciation of the aircraft.
Members of ICAO are required to submit financial data annually, which is entered into
ICAO's annual Digest of Statistics. It shows each airline break-down of costs & allows
comparisons and operations to be evaluated
Indirect Operating Costs These costs remain unaffected by a change of aircraft type
because they are not directly dependent on the aircraft operations. They are areas of
expenditure that are passenger related rather than aircraft related. They include areas such
as service costs, costs of ticketing, sales, promotions.
27- Mention the main request that was the reason for making the hub system
Answer:
Airlines were pressured to increase the number of cities they served, without increasing
fares.
28- What is the new system that airlines made?
Answer:
Hub and spoke system
 29- What is the function of this system?
Answer:
Under this system, passengers are transported to an intermediate point, called a hub, to
board planes to their final destinations.
30- What is the definition of the Hub?
Answer:
A group of flights or aircrafts scheduled to arrive at a hub and then depart again within
a given window of time so passengers can make any number of connections.
31- What are the most important benefits of the system?
Answer:
 To serve the maximum number of passengers while still maintaining a competitive fare
structure.
 Increase the number of destinations served.
 Increase demand for airlines, which eventually increase revenue.
 Also, combination of traffic into spoke allow airline to operate large aircraft at lower
cost. (Like combining connecting passenger into one large aircraft)
 Marketing economy of scale: wide spread brand awareness.
 Operating fewer flights with less take-off and landing and larger aircraft Hub operator
can drop is fares to overcome competition, and can raise fares for pokes that has less
competition. (Egypt air drop its fares to JNB for connecting passenger from Europe
while raising fares to JFK where less competition)
 Increased frequency of connecting departures reduces the total trip time as waiting time
will decline.
32- Mention two of the operational advantages
Answer:
 Hub network simplify crew and aircraft scheduling.
 Fewer bases required for maintenance and crew accommodation will reduce its cost.
 34- Mention two of disadvantages
Answer:
 Hub requires passenger to travel greater distance creating complicated revenue
management due flying across hubs plus cost of flight misconnection and baggage loss
 Reduced aircraft and crew utilization (Aircraft waste time night stopping in some Egypt
air stations and crew is accommodating in some cases for 3 and more days
35- What are the most important cities at transit points?
Answer:
 London
 Paris
 Amsterdam
 Frankfurt
 Copenhagen
 Madrid
 Rome
36- What are the definition of airlines hub?
Answer:
An airline hub is an airport that an airline uses as a transfer point to get passengers to
their intended destination It is part of a hub and spoke system, where travelers moving
between airports not served by direct flights change planes end route to their destinations.
37- What is the difference between focus cities and hubs?
Answer:
Function much the same as hubs, but with fewer flights
 38- Mention the positive and negative environmental impacts of the hub
Answer:
Positive impacts:
 Increase investments in the area
 Conservation of features encouraged
 Increase income for upkeep and preservation of facilities
 Increase awareness for environmental preservation and improve waste management
systems.
Negative impacts:
 Rapid development
 over development, and overcrowding
 Litter, erosion, overtaxed sewage and over waste disposal problems
 Sensitive areas and habitat may be lost
 Water, air and noise pollution and noise from overcrowded facilities
 Local people displacement due to development of airports
39- Mention the positive and negative economic impacts of the hub
Answer:
Positive impact:
 Tourism generates local employment
 Tourism generates foreign exchange into the country
 The Multiplier effect.... Money is circulating in the society
 Increased tax revenues from tourists;
 Increase the GDP (growth domestic product)
Negative impact:
 Inflation (increase prices for products, land,..)
 If a developing country is over dependent on tourism
 Tourism attracts employment where they leave their traditional primary industries
 If the tourist destination spends money on tourist facilities and not on local services such
as schools and hospitals.
 40- Arrival at the airport. Discuss.
Answer:
 The passenger arrivers at the airport by car or bus or train.
 Inside the terminal he/she goes to the check-in concourse to check reservation.
 He / She goes to the counter of the airline he/she is flying with.
 Once the formalities are over, he/she can go shopping or eating in a restaurant, or
drinking a cup of coffee…. stc.
41- Mention the most common airport commercial services.
Answer:
 Porters
 Luggage trolleys
 Foreign exchange
 Travel insurance counters
 Business centers with wireless internet
 Duty-free shops
 Barber / Hairdresser and beauty salon
 Hotels
 Post office
42- Mention the non-commercial services.
Answer:
 Flight information displays
 Information desks
 Seating area
 Lost luggage counters
 Toilets and baby changing facilities
 Drinking function
 43- Mention the economic impacts of airports.
Answer:
Direct impacts:
 Employees an airport sit.
 Airline retail.
 Handling agents.
Indirect impacts:
 Employees of airport supplies.
 Infrastructure and superstructure.
44- Mention the aeronautical facilities/services.
Answer:
 Runway
 Taxiway
 Apron
 Ground handling
 Navigational aids
 Departure lounge
 Security immigration
 Check-in baggage system
 Aircraft fuel
45- Explain Airport privatization and mentioned an example
Answer:
The transfer of the management of an airport, and in many cases the ownership as well,
to the private sector by a variety of methods. As airport privatization has become more
popular, the types of privatization models which have been adopted have become
increasingly diverse. They broadly fall into five categories:
 Share flotation.
 Trade sale.
 Concession
 Project finance privatization.
 Management contract.
46- Explain share flotation
Answer:
With the share flotation system, the government (which is the single original owner of
the airport / s) will give the total ownership / or partial ownership (just a certain part of it)
to new shareholders. This option could be done within the national framework of the
country, when the government encourages the people to channel their savings into
corporate investment.
47- The types of privatization
Answer:
Total or partial privatization of this type will totally eliminate or at least reduce the
State involvement in the process of financing the project of the airport / s. On the other
hand, the funds and proceeds gained from such a privatization could be used in funding
future investments in the airport industry and others; and to prevent domination by any
individual shareholder, limits could be placed on the maximum shareholding. For
example, for British airports Authority; this limit is 15% and the government has the
golden share.
Even when the airport is totally privatized, some degree of governmental influence
could be maintained through precise contracting, or by issuing a golden share (bigger
share) to the government so that in extreme cases national interests can be protected.
48- Explain trade sale and mentioned an example
Answer:
This is another type of airport privatization, where all or some particular parts or
functions of the airport will be sold to a trade partner or investors. In this case the trade
will rely on the involvement of strategic partners rather than just passive investors. This
means that the management and technological expertise of the partners as well as
financial capabilities will be taken into consideration when agreeing on the sale
For example, in 1990, 76% of Liverpool airport in Britain was sold to British
Aerospace company. Aero ports de Paris has a 25% share of Liege airport in Belgium,
which it wants to develop as an alternative venue for freight activities. Outside Europe
the Airports company south Africa has been slod to a strategic partner by 20%. The
(ACSA) owns and manages nine airports of South Africa including three of its major
international airports.
49- Explain the risks of concessionaire and mentioned an example
Answer:
Generally, with this type of arrangement, the concessionaire (an airport management
company) will take full economic risk and will be responsible for all operations and
future investment. Since the privatized airport will only be handed for a fixed period of
time, the government owner will have a greater degree control than with an outright sale.
For example: One of the earliest concession arrangements were agreed in 1997 for the
three main airports of Bolivia, namely La Paz, Santa Cruz and Cochabamba. These
airports were given to an airport management company for 30-year concession for
upgrading and paying an annual fee of 21% of gross revenues.
50- Explain the project finance privatization?
Answer:
In this case the company will usually build or redevelop and then operate an airport or
specific facility, such as a terminal, for a certain length of time. At the end of this period,
ownership will revert back to the government owners. Generally, such an arrangement
will require no upfront payment but the operating company will bear all the costs of
building or redeveloping the facility. When it is built, the company will have to cover the
operating costs but will also retain all revenues until the facility is handed back. Thus,
the airport company will take full economic risk for investment and operations.
51- What do you know about new Marisa Allam international airport?
Answer:
The new Marsa Allam international airport is the first privately owned and operated
international commercial airport in Egypt and is the first airport in aviation history
operating under a complete BOT system. EMAK Marsa Allam for management and
operation of airports SAE, a subsidiary of M.A. Al – Kharafi group of Kuwait a
management and operation company has negotiated for 40 years BOT concession
agreement with the Civil Aviation Authority. The government provided the land while
they build and operate the airport. The airport was then operated under a separate
agreement by Aero ports de Paris to become another gateway to the resorts of south Red
sea.
52- Explain management contract
Answer:
It is a management contract system where the owner – ship remains with the
government and the contractors take responsibility for the day – to – day operation of the
airport. The contractor will pay an annual management fee, usually related to the
performance of the airport. Investment will remain the responsibility of the government
owner, while the overall economic risk will be shared between the owner and the
management company.
53- Explain Airport Globalization
Answer:
The emergence of a few global airport companies who are operating at an increasing
number of airports around the world. Some of these global players are traditional airport
operators where as others are new airport management.
54- Explain some special services for Airport operation
Answer:
There are a number of airport operators who are well established in providing services
for other airports. For example, BAA (British airport Authority), AdP (Aero ports de
Paris), and others have been always well-known providing consultancy services and
running management contracts for certain activities at some airports. Aero port de Paris
has built a reputation in the management of engineering and construction projects in
countries such as China Vietnam, Cyprus, Indonesia, Lebanon and now in Egypt.
55- There are basically two types of economic impacts at airports. Mention them
Answer:
First: there is income (coming from the transformation of airports from public utilities
to a commercial enterprise), Employment (number of people that can be employed in the
different branches inside the airport), Capital Investment (which is the infrastructure and
superstructure assets of the airport.) and Tax Revenues (which are collected from tickets
of passengers.)
Second: there are the wider benefits which are the development of the area surrounding it
and the development of tourism.
56- the Egyptian Civil authority adopted policies to enhance the role of the private sector
in building and operating airports and in air carriers. Explain
Answer:
Building airports through investments programs
Egypt has encouraged the national and foreigner investors to enter that field through the
"Build Operate and Transfer" (BOT) system. In View of airport needs to keep up with
technological development and the research and development which can stretch the
government budgets as well as building and developing airports at the same time.
Contracts were concluded with investors to build airports in various areas of Egypt such
as Marsa Allam, Al Alamain, Al Wahat, Al Farafra, Ras Sidr and Others.