INTERNET OF THINGS

Module 1: Introduction
CSIT136
Amity University, Kolkata
 Course Objectives
• Aim of this course is to discuss and explain about the basics of the Internet and Internet of Things.
• Some of the major topics which are included in this course are overview, applications, potential &
challenges, and architecture of Internet of Things with Privacy and Ethical issues.
• This course will examine and discuss IoT technology and market specific topics, relevant case
studies of IoT.
 Introduction to Internet of Things
The Internet of things (IoT) is the inter-networking of physical devices (also referred to as
“connected devices” and “smart devices”) and items embedded with electronics, software, sensors,
actuators, and network connectivity which enable these objects to collect and exchange data.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects that contain embedded technology to
communicate and sense or interact with their internal states or the external environment.
Characteristics:
• Efficient, scalable and associated architecture
• Unambiguous naming and addressing
• Abundance of sleeping nodes, mobile and non-IP devices
• Intermittent connectivity
 IOT
• Internet technology connecting devices, machines and tools to the internet by means of wireless
technologies.
• Over 9 billion “Things” connected to the internet as of now.
• Things connected to the internet are projected to cross 20 billion in the near future.
• Unification of technologies such as low-power embedded systems, cloud computing, big data,
machine learning and networking.
• In the 2000s we are heading into an era of ubiquity, where the users of the internet will be
counted in billions and where humans may become the minority as generators and receivers of
traffic. Instead, most of the traffic will flow between devices and all kinds of “things”, thereby
creating a much wider and more complex Internet of Things.
• Some areas identified as IoT enablers:
• RFID
• Nanotechnology
• Sensors
• Smart Networks
 Internet of Things (IoT)

• The network of physical objects—“things”

• Embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies
• Connecting and exchanging data with other devices and systems over the internet
 Internet of Things (IoT)

• Term coined by British entrepreneur Kevin Ashton while working at MIT Auto-ID Labs.
• Referred to (and envisioning) a future global network of objects connected specifically by RFID
(radio-frequency identification).
• Complete automation of data collection.
• First article about IoT in 2004 from MIT called “Internet 0”.
 Application of IoT
• Smart Business/Manufacturing – Real-time analytics of supply chains and equipment, robotics machinery.
• Medicine and Smart Healthcare – Portable health monitoring, electronic recordkeeping, pharmaceutical safeguards.
Devices connect to hospitals, doctors and relatives to alert them of medical emergencies and take preventive
measures.
• Retail – Inventory tracking, smartphone purchasing, anonymous analytics of consumer choices.
• Security – Biometric and facial recognition locks, remote sensors.
• ATM – These ubiquitous money dispensers went online for the first time way back in 1974.
• WEB – World Wide Web made its debut in 1991 to revolutionize computing and communications.
• Smart power grids / Smart meters – The first power meters to communicate remotely with the grid were installed in
the early 2000s.
• Digital Locks – Smartphones can be used to lock and unlock doors remotely, and business owners can change key
codes rapidly to grant or restrict access to employees and guests.
• Smart cities – City wide infrastructure communicating amongst themselves for unifies and synchronous operations
and information dissemination.
• Smart Dust – Computers smaller than a grain of sand can be sprayed or injected almost anywhere to measure
chemicals in the soil or to diagnose problems in the human body.
• Smart Agriculture
• Smart transportation
• Smart digital supply chains
• Home automation (smart home)
 Modern Day IoT Applications
• Forest Fire Detection • Smart Roads
• Air Pollution • River Floods
• Snow Level Monitoring • Smart Grid
• Landslide and Avalanche Prevention • Tank Level
• Earthquake Early detection • Photovoltaic installations
• Water leakage • Water flow
• Radiation levels • Silos Stock Calculation
• Explosive and Hazardous gases • Perimeter Access Control
• Supply chain control • Liquid Presence
• NFC Payment • Noise Urban Maps
• Intelligent Shopping Applications • Smartphone Detection
• Smart Product Management • Traffic Congestion
• Smart Parking • Smart lighting
• Structural Health • Waste Management
 Applications of IoT
Smart Home: The smart home is one of the most popular applications of IoT. The cost of owning a
house is the biggest expense in a homeowner’s life. Smart homes are promised to save the time,
money and energy.
Smart cities: The smart city is another powerful application of IoT. It includes smart surveillance,
environment monitoring, automated transformation, urban security, smart traffic management,
water distribution, smart healthcare etc.
Wearables: Wearables are devices that have sensors and software installed which can collect data
about the user which can be later used to get the insights about the user. They must be energy
efficient and small sized.
Connected cars: A connected car is able to optimize its own operation, maintenance as well as
passenger’s comfort using sensors and internet connectivity.
Smart retail: Retailers can enhance the in-store experience of the customers using IoT. The
shopkeeper can also know which items are frequently bought together using IoT devices.
Smart healthcare: People can wear the IoT devices which will collect data about user's health. This
will help users to analyze themselves and follow tailor-made techniques to combat illness. The
doctor also doesn't have to visit the patients in order to treat them.
Smart Manufacturing
Smart Home
 Baseline Technologies
• A number of technologies that are very closely related to IoT include:
• Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communications,
• Cyber-Physical-Systems (CPS),
• Web-of-Things (WoT)
 IOT vs. M2M
• M2M refers to communications and interactions between machines and devices
• Such interactions can occur via a cloud computing infrastructure (e.g., devices exchanging
information through a cloud infrastructure).
• M2M offers the means for managing devices and device interactions while also collecting
machine and /or sensor data.
• M2M is a term introduced by telecommunication service providers and pays emphasis on
machine interactions via one or more telecom/communication networks (e.g., 3G, 4G, 5G,
satellite, public networks).
 IoT vs. WoT
• From a developers perspective, the WoT enables access and control over IoT resources and
applications using mainstream web technologies such as HTML 5.0, JavaScript, Ajax, PHP, etc.
• While IoT is about creating a network of objects, things, people, systems and applications, WoT
tries to integrate them to the web.
• WoT can be thought of as an option of an application layer added over the IoT’s network layer.
• The scope of IoT applications is broader and includes systems that are not accessible through the
web such as conventional WSN and RFID systems.
 Enabling Technologies

1. Wireless Sensor Network

2. Cloud Computing
3. Big Data Analytics
4. Communications Protocols
5. Embedded System
6. Access to low-cost, low-power sensor technology.
7. Low-power communication technology.
8. Internet Connectivity.
9. Machine learning and analytics.
[Link] artificial intelligence (AI).
 Wireless Sensor Network(WSN)
A WSN comprises distributed devices with sensors which are used to monitor the environmental
and physical conditions. A wireless sensor network consists of end nodes, routers and coordinators.
End nodes have several sensors attached to them where the data is passed to a coordinator with
the help of routers. The coordinator also acts as the gateway that connects WSN to the internet.
Example –
• Weather monitoring system
• Indoor air quality monitoring system
• Soil moisture monitoring system
• Surveillance system
• Health monitoring system
 Cloud Computing
It provides us the means by which we can access applications as utilities over the internet. Cloud
means something which is present in remote locations. With Cloud computing, users can access any
resources from anywhere like databases, webservers, storage, any device, and any software over
the internet.
Characteristics:
1. Broad network access
2. On demand self-services
3. Rapid scalability
4. Measured service
5. Pay-per-use
 Cloud Computing
Provides different services, such as:
IaaS (Infrastructure as a service): Infrastructure as a service provides online services such as physical
machines, virtual machines, servers, networking, storage and data center space on a pay per use
basis. Major IaaS providers are Google Compute Engine, Amazon Web Services and Microsoft Azure
etc.
Ex : Web Hosting, Virtual Machine etc.
PaaS (Platform as a service): Provides a cloud-based environment with a very thing required to
support the complete life cycle of building and delivering West web based (cloud) applications –
without the cost and complexity of buying and managing underlying hardware, software
provisioning and hosting. Computing platforms such as hardware, operating systems and libraries
etc. Basically, it provides a platform to develop applications. Ex : App Cloud, Google app engine
SaaS (Software as a service): It is a way of delivering applications over the internet as a service.
Instead of installing and maintaining software, you simply access it via the internet, freeing yourself
from complex software and hardware management. SaaS Applications are sometimes called web-
based software on demand software or hosted software. SaaS applications run on a SaaS provider’s
service and they manage security availability and performance. Ex : Google Docs, Gmail, office etc.
 Big Data Analytics
It refers to the method of studying massive volumes of data or big data. Collection of data whose
volume, velocity or variety is simply too massive and tough to store, control, process and examine
the data using traditional databases. Big data is gathered from a variety of sources including social
network videos, digital images, sensors and sales transaction records. Several steps involved in
analyzing big data –
1. Data cleaning
2. Munging
3. Processing
4. Visualization
• Examples –
• Bank transactions
• Data generated by IoT systems for location and tracking of vehicles
• E-commerce and in Big-Basket
• Health and fitness data generated by IoT system such as a fitness bands
 Communications Protocols
They are the backbone of IoT systems and enable network connectivity and linking to applications.
Communication protocols allow devices to exchange data over the network. Multiple protocols
often describe different aspects of a single communication. A group of protocols designed to work
together is known as a protocol suite; when implemented in software they are a protocol stack.
They are used in
1. Data encoding
2. Addressing schemes
 Embedded Systems
It is a combination of hardware and software used to perform special tasks. It includes
microcontroller and microprocessor memory, networking units (Ethernet Wi-Fi adapters), input
output units (display keyword etc. ) and storage devices (flash memory). It collects the data and
sends it to the internet. Embedded systems are used in –
1. Digital camera
2. DVD player, music player
3. Industrial robots
4. Wireless Routers etc.
 Enablers: Portability
Reducing the size of hardware to enable the creation of computers that could be physically moved
around relatively easily.
 Enablers: Miniaturization
Creating new and significantly smaller mobile form factors that allowed the use of personal mobile
devices while on the move.
 Enablers: Low Power and Low Heat
• Low power architectures
• Energy efficient VLSI
• Single board computers
• Edge computing devices
• Low power radios
• Sleep modes
• Energy harvesting
 Enablers: Connectivity
Developing devices and applications that allowed users to be online and communicate via wireless
data networks while on the move.
 Enablers: Convergence
Integrating emerging types of digital mobile devices, such as Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs),
mobile phones, music players, cameras, games, etc., into hybrid devices
 Enablers: Divergence
Opposite approach to interaction design by promoting information appliances with specialized
functionality rather than generalized ones
IoT Issues & Challenges
 Challenges for IoT
1. Security: Security is the most significant challenge for the IoT. Increasing the number of
connected devices increases the opportunity to exploit security vulnerabilities, as do poorly
designed devices, which can expose user data to theft by leaving data streams inadequately
protected and in some cases people’s health and safety can be put at risk.
2. Privacy: The IoT creates unique challenges to privacy, many that go beyond the data privacy
issues that currently exist. Much of this stems from integrating devices into our environments
without us consciously using them. This is becoming more prevalent in consumer devices, such as
tracking devices for phones and cars as well as smart televisions.
3. Scalability: Billions of internet-enabled devices get connected in a huge network, large volumes
of data are needed to be processed. The system that stores, analyses the data from these IoT
devices needs to be scalable.
4. Interoperability: Technological standards in most areas are still fragmented. These technologies
need to be converged. Which would help us in establishing a common framework and the standard
for the IoT devices. As the standardization process is still lacking, interoperability of IoT with legacy
devices should be considered critical. This lack of interoperability is preventing us to move towards
the vision of truly connected everyday interoperable smart objects.
 Challenges for IoT (Contd.)
5. Bandwidth: Connectivity is a bigger challenge to the IoT than you might expect. As the size of the
IoT market grows exponentially, some experts are concerned that bandwidth intensive IoT
applications such as video streaming will soon struggle for space on the IoT’s current server-client
model.
6. Standards: Lack of standards and documented best practices have a greater impact than just
limiting the potential of IoT devices. Without standards to guide manufacturers, developers
sometimes design products that operate in disruptive ways on the Internet without much regard to
their impact. If poorly designed and configured, such devices can have negative consequences for
the networking resources they connect to and the broader Internet.
7. Regulation: The lack of strong IoT regulations is a big part of why the IoT remains a severe
security risk, and the problem is likely to get worse as the potential attack surface expands to
include ever more crucial devices. When medical devices, cars and children’s toys are all connected
to the Internet, it’s not hard to imagine many potential disaster scenarios unfolding in the absence
of sufficient regulation.
 Challenges for IoT (Contd.)
Security challenges in IoT :
1. Lack of encryption: Although encryption is a great way to prevent hackers from accessing data, it
is also one of the leading IoT security challenges. These drives have the storage and processing
capabilities that would be found on a traditional computer. The result is an increase in attacks
where hackers can easily manipulate the algorithms that were designed for protection.
2. Insufficient testing and updating: With the increase in the number of IoT(internet of things)
devices, IoT manufacturers are more eager to produce and deliver their device as fast as they can
without giving much attention to security. Most of these devices and IoT products do not get
enough testing and updates are prone to hackers and other security issues.
3. Brute forcing and the risk of default passwords: Weak credentials and login details leave nearly
all IoT devices vulnerable to password hacking and brute force. Any company that uses factory
default credentials on their devices is placing their business, their assets, the customer and their
valuable information at risk of being susceptible to a brute force attack.
 Challenges for IoT (Contd.)
4. IoT Malware and ransomware: Increases with increase in devices. Ransomware uses encryption
to effectively lock out users from various devices and platforms and still use a user’s valuable data
and info. Example: A hacker can hijack a computer camera and take pictures. By using malware
access points, the hackers can demand ransom to unlock the device and return the data.
5. IoT botnet aiming at cryptocurrency: IoT botnet workers can manipulate data privacy, which
could be massive risks for an open Crypto market. The exact value and creation of cryptocurrencies
code face danger from mal-intentioned hackers. The blockchain companies are trying to boost
security. Blockchain technology itself is not particularly vulnerable, but the app development
process is.
6. Inadequate device security : Inadequate device security refers to the lack of proper measures to
protect electronic devices such as computers, smartphones, and IoT devices from cyber attacks,
hacking, data theft, and unauthorized access. This can happen due to outdated software, weak
passwords, unpatched vulnerabilities, lack of encryption, and other security risks. It is important to
regularly update the software and implement strong security measures to ensure the security and
privacy of sensitive information stored on these devices. Many IoT devices have weak security
features and can be easily hacked.
 Challenges for IoT (Contd.)
7. Lack of standardization: Lack of standardization refers to the absence of agreed-upon specifications or
protocols in a particular field or industry. This can result in different systems, products, or processes being
incompatible with each other, leading to confusion, inefficiency, and decreased interoperability.
Establishing standards and protocols can help overcome this and ensure uniformity and compatibility.
There is a lack of standardization in IoT devices, making it difficult to secure them consistently.
8. Vulnerability to network attacks: Vulnerability to network attacks refers to the susceptibility of a
network, system or device to being compromised or exploited by cyber criminals. This can happen due to
weaknesses in the network infrastructure, unpatched software, poor password management, or a lack of
appropriate security measures. Network attacks can result in data theft, loss of privacy, disruption of
services, and financial loss. To reduce vulnerability to network attacks, it’s important to implement strong
security measures such as firewalls, encryption, and regular software updates, as well as educate users
on safe internet practices. IoT devices rely on networks, making them vulnerable to attacks like denial-of-
service (DoS) attacks.
9. Unsecured data transmission: Unsecured data transmission refers to the transfer of data over a
network or the internet without adequate protection. This can leave the data vulnerable to interception,
tampering, or theft by malicious actors. Unsecured data transmission can occur when data is transmitted
over an unencrypted network connection or when insecure protocols are used. To protect sensitive data
during transmission, it is important to use secure protocols such as SSL/TLS or VPN, and to encrypt the
data before sending it. This can help to ensure the confidentiality and integrity of the data, even if it is
intercepted during transmission. IoT devices often transmit sensitive data, which may be vulnerable to
eavesdropping or tampering if not properly secured.
 Challenges for IoT (Contd.)
10. Privacy concerns: Privacy concerns refer to issues related to the collection, storage, use, and sharing
of personal information. This can include concerns about who has access to personal information, how it
is being used, and whether it is being protected from unauthorized access or misuse. In the digital age,
privacy concerns have become increasingly important as personal information is being collected and
stored on an unprecedented scale. To address privacy concerns, individuals and organizations need to
implement appropriate security measures to protect personal information, be transparent about how it is
being used, and respect individuals’ rights to control their own information. Additionally, privacy laws and
regulations have been established to provide guidelines and protections for individuals’ personal
information. The vast amount of data generated by IoT devices raises privacy concerns, as personal
information could be collected and used without consent.
11. Software vulnerabilities: Software vulnerabilities are weaknesses or flaws in software code that can
be exploited by attackers to gain unauthorized access, steal sensitive information, or carry out malicious
activities. Software vulnerabilities can arise from errors or mistakes made during the development
process, or from the use of outdated or unsupported software. Attackers can exploit these vulnerabilities
to gain control over a system, install malware, or steal sensitive information. To reduce the risk of
software vulnerabilities, it is important for software developers to follow secure coding practices and for
users to keep their software up-to-date and properly configured. Additionally, organizations and
individuals should implement robust security measures, such as firewalls, antivirus software, and
intrusion detection systems, to protect against potential threats. IoT devices often have software
vulnerabilities, which can be exploited by attackers to gain access to devices and networks.
 Challenges for IoT (Contd.)
12. Insider threats: Insider threats refer to security risks that come from within an organization,
rather than from external sources such as hackers or cyber criminals. These threats can take many
forms, such as employees who intentionally or unintentionally cause harm to the organization,
contractors who misuse their access privileges, or insiders who are coerced into compromising the
security of the organization. Insider threats can result in data breaches, theft of intellectual
property, and damage to the reputation of the organization. To mitigate the risk of insider threats,
organizations should implement strict access controls, monitor employee activity, and provide
regular training on security and privacy policies. Additionally, organizations should have a plan in
place to detect, respond to, and recover from security incidents involving insiders. Employees or
contractors with access to IoT systems can pose a security risk if they intentionally or
unintentionally cause harm.

To address these challenges, it is important to implement security measures such as encryption,

secure authentication, and software updates to ensure the safe and secure operation of IoT devices
and systems.
 Challenges for IoT (Contd.)
Design challenge in IoT :
Design challenges in IoT (Internet of Things) refer to the technical difficulties and trade-offs involved
in creating connected devices that are both functional and secure. Some of the key design
challenges in IoT include:
1. Interoperability: Interoperability refers to the ability of different systems, devices, or components
to work together seamlessly and exchange data effectively. In the context of the Internet of Things
(IoT), interoperability is a critical challenge, as a large number of diverse devices are being
connected to the internet. The lack of standardization in the IoT can lead to difficulties in
communication and data exchange between devices, resulting in an fragmented and inefficient
system. To overcome this challenge, organizations and industry groups are working to establish
standards and protocols to ensure interoperability between IoT devices. This includes the
development of common communication protocols, data formats, and security standards.
Interoperability is important for enabling the full potential of the IoT and allowing connected
devices to work together effectively and efficiently. Ensuring that different IoT devices can work
together seamlessly and exchange data effectively.
 Challenges for IoT (Contd.)
2. Security: Security is a critical concern in the Internet of Things (IoT) as it involves the protection
of sensitive data and systems from unauthorized access, theft, or damage. IoT devices are often
vulnerable to cyber attacks due to their increased exposure to the internet and their limited
computing resources. Some of the security challenges in IoT include:
1. Device security: Ensuring that IoT devices are protected from malware and unauthorized access.
2. Network security: Protecting the communication between IoT devices and the network from
cyber attacks.
3. Data security: Securing the data collected and transmitted by IoT devices from unauthorized
access or tampering.
4. Privacy: Protecting the privacy of individuals whose personal information is collected and
transmitted by IoT devices.
To address these security challenges, organizations should implement robust security measures
such as encryption, firewalls, and regular software updates. Additionally, they should conduct
regular security audits and assessments to identify and address potential security risks. By
prioritizing security, organizations can help to protect the sensitive data and systems involved in IoT
and reduce the risk of cyber attacks.
 Challenges for IoT (Contd.)
3. Scalability: Scalability refers to the ability of a system to handle increasing workloads or numbers
of users without a significant decline in performance. In the context of the Internet of Things (IoT),
scalability is a major challenge as the number of connected devices is rapidly growing, leading to an
increased volume of data and communication. Scalability challenges in IoT include:
• Data management: Effectively managing and storing the large amounts of data generated by IoT
devices.
• Network capacity: Ensuring that networks have sufficient capacity to handle the increased volume
of data and communication.
• Device management: Efficiently managing the growing number of IoT devices and ensuring that
they can be easily configured and maintained.
To address these scalability challenges, organizations should adopt scalable architectures, such as
cloud computing, that can accommodate the growing number of IoT devices and the data they
generate. Additionally, they should implement efficient data management and storage solutions,
such as distributed databases and data lakes, to handle the increased volume of data. By prioritizing
scalability, organizations can ensure that their IoT systems can handle the growing number of
connected devices and continue to deliver high performance and efficiency. Designing systems that
can accommodate large numbers of connected devices and manage the resulting data flow
effectively.
 Challenges for IoT (Contd.)
4. Reliability: Reliability refers to the ability of a system to perform its intended function
consistently and without failure over time. In the context of the Internet of Things (IoT), reliability is
a critical concern, as the failure of even a single IoT device can have significant consequences. Some
of the reliability challenges in IoT include:
1. Device failure: Ensuring that IoT devices are designed and built to be reliable and function
correctly even in harsh environments.
2. Network connectivity: Maintaining stable and reliable connections between IoT devices and the
network, even in the face of hardware or software failures.
3. Data accuracy: Ensuring that the data collected and transmitted by IoT devices is accurate and
reliable.
To address these reliability challenges, organizations should implement robust and reliable
hardware and software designs for IoT devices, and conduct regular testing and maintenance to
identify and resolve any issues. They should also implement redundant systems and failover
mechanisms to ensure that the system continues to function in the event of a failure. By prioritizing
reliability, organizations can help ensure that their IoT systems perform consistently and without
failure, delivering the intended benefits and results. Ensuring that IoT systems remain functional
and accessible even in the face of hardware or software failures.
 Challenges for IoT (Contd.)
5. Power consumption: Power consumption refers to the amount of energy that a system or device
uses. In the context of the Internet of Things (IoT), power consumption is a critical challenge, as
many IoT devices are designed to be small, low-power, and operate using batteries. Some of the
power consumption challenges in IoT include:
1. Battery life: Ensuring that IoT devices have sufficient battery life to operate without frequent
recharging or replacement.
2. Energy efficiency: Making sure that IoT devices are designed to use energy efficiently and reduce
the overall power consumption of the system.
3. Power management: Implementing effective power management techniques, such as sleep
modes, to reduce the power consumption of IoT devices when they are not in use.
To address these power consumption challenges, organizations should adopt low-power
technologies and energy-efficient designs for IoT devices. They should also implement effective
power management techniques, such as sleep modes, to reduce the power consumption of IoT
devices when they are not in use. By prioritizing power consumption, organizations can help ensure
that their IoT systems are energy efficient, reducing costs and environmental impact. Minimizing the
power consumption of IoT devices to extend battery life and reduce costs.
 Challenges for IoT (Contd.)
6. Privacy: Privacy is a critical concern in the Internet of Things (IoT), as IoT devices collect, store,
and transmit large amounts of personal and sensitive information. Some of the privacy challenges in
IoT include:
1. Data collection: Ensuring that only the necessary data is collected and that it is collected in a way
that respects individuals’ privacy rights.
2. Data storage: Ensuring that the data collected by IoT devices is stored securely and that access to
it is strictly controlled.
3. Data sharing: Controlling who has access to the data collected by IoT devices and ensuring that it
is not shared without proper authorization.
To address these privacy challenges, organizations should implement robust privacy policies and
procedures, such as data protection, data minimization, and data retention. They should also
educate users on the privacy implications of using IoT devices and encourage them to take steps to
protect their privacy. Additionally, organizations should adopt privacy-enhancing technologies, such
as encryption and anonymization, to protect the privacy of individuals whose information is
collected by IoT devices. By prioritizing privacy, organizations can help to ensure that individuals’
rights and freedoms are respected, and that sensitive information is protected from unauthorized
access or misuse. Protecting the privacy of individuals whose personal information is collected and
transmitted by IoT devices.
 Challenges for IoT (Contd.)
7. Battery life is a limitation: Issues in packaging and integration of small-sized chip with low weight
and less power consumption. If you’ve been following the mobile space, you’ve likely see how every
yr it looks like there’s no restriction in terms of display screen size. Take the upward thrust of
‘phablets’, for instance, which can be telephones nearly as huge as tablets. Although helpful, the
bigger monitors aren’t always only for convenience, rather, instead, display screen sizes are growing
to accommodate larger batteries. Computers have getting slimmer, but battery energy stays the
same.
8. Increased cost and time to market: Embedded systems are lightly constrained by cost.
The need originates to drive better approaches when designing the IoT devices in order to handle
the cost modelling or cost optimally with digital electronic components. Designers also need to
solve the design time problem and bring the embedded device at the right time to the market.
Designers and engineers must carefully balance these design challenges to create IoT systems that
are functional, secure, and scalable.
 Challenges for IoT (Contd.)
Deployment challenges in IoT :
The deployment of Internet of Things (IoT) systems can present several challenges, including:
1. Connectivity: It is the foremost concern while connecting devices, applications and cloud platforms.
Connected devices that provide useful front and information are extremely valuable. But poor
connectivity becomes a challenge where IoT sensors are required to monitor process data and supply
information.
2. Cross platform capability: IoT applications must be developed, keeping in mind the technological
changes of the future. Its development requires a balance of hardware and software functions. It is a
challenge for IoT application developers to ensure that the device and IoT platform drivers the best
performance despite heavy device rates and fixings.
3. Data collection and processing: In IoT development, data plays an important role. What is more critical
here is the processing or usefulness of stored data. Along with security and privacy, development
teams need to ensure that they plan well for the way data is collected, stored or processed within an
environment.
4. Lack of skill set: All of the development challenges above can only be handled if there is a proper
skilled resource working on the IoT application development. The right talent will always get you past
the major challenges and will be an important IoT application development asset.
5. Integration: Ensuring that IoT devices and systems integrate seamlessly with existing technology and
infrastructure.
 Challenges for IoT (Contd.)
6. Network infrastructure: Building and maintaining the network infrastructure needed to support
the large number of connected IoT devices.
7. Device management: Efficiently managing and maintaining the large number of IoT devices in a
deployment.
8. Data management: Managing and analyzing the large amounts of data generated by IoT devices,
and integrating it with existing data systems.
9. Security: Ensuring that the IoT deployment is secure from threats such as cyber attacks, data
breaches, and unauthorized access.
10. Cost: Balancing the cost of deploying and maintaining an IoT system with the benefits it delivers.
To address these deployment challenges, organizations should adopt a structured and well-planned
deployment approach, involving the careful selection of hardware and software components,
careful planning of the network infrastructure, and the development of a robust security strategy.
They should also implement efficient device and data management systems, and seek to maximize
the return on investment by choosing cost-effective solutions. By approaching deployment in a
structured and well-planned manner, organizations can help ensure that their IoT systems deliver
the intended benefits and results.
Pervasive Computing (Ubiquitous Computing)
• Pervasive computing, also called ubiquitous computing, is the growing trend of embedding
computational capability (generally in the form of microprocessors) into everyday objects to make
them effectively communicate and perform useful tasks in a way that minimizes the end user's
need to interact with computers as computers. Pervasive computing devices are network-
connected and constantly available.
• Often considered the successor to mobile computing, ubiquitous computing generally involves
wireless communication and networking technologies, mobile devices, embedded systems,
wearable computers, radio frequency ID (RFID) tags, middleware and software agents. Internet
capabilities, voice recognition and artificial intelligence (AI) are often also included.
• Unlike desktop computing, pervasive computing can occur with any device, at any time, in any
place and in any data format across any network and can hand tasks from one computer to
another as, for example, a user moves from his car to his office. Pervasive computing devices have
evolved to include laptops, notebooks, smartphones, tablets, wearable devices, sensors (for
example, on fleet management and pipeline components, lighting systems, appliances).
Pervasive Computing (Ubiquitous Computing)
• The word ubiquitous means omnipresent, universal, global, or ever-present. Ubiquitous computing means a
computing environment that appears to be present everywhere, anywhere, and anytime. Unlike a traditional
unconnected desktop computer, which is stationary and can only be accessed while sitting in front of it, the
concept of ubiquitous computing points to availability of a computing power through use of any device or
infrastructure, in any location, in any format, and at any given time.
• A user today interacts with the computing environment through a number of different devices like laptops,
smartphones, tablets, phablets, and even connected home appliances like microwaves or refrigerators. With
the availability of wearables like smart watches and Google Glass, the access to the underlying computing
environment has become really ubiquitous.
• There are many essential components of compute infrastructure that enable the concept of ubiquitous
computing. Some of these components are: the Internet, wireless or network protocols, operating systems
supporting ubiquitous behavior, middleware or firmware, sensors and context-aware
devices, microprocessors, and other computer hardware.
• Ubiquitous computing can provide users with two crucial user-experience enhancing qualities: “invisibility”
and “proactivity.” This is a system in which computer network technology permits itself to exist discreetly in
the background of the consumers’ awareness. The seamless integration of computers into our regular
activities and physical settings is a core concept in the ubiquitous computing paradigm. Ubiquitous
computing tries to make the computer “invisible” by enabling these embedded processors to detect and
respond to their application environment autonomously.
 How Pervasive Computing is used
• Pervasive computing applications have been designed for consumer use and to help people do
their jobs.
• An example of pervasive computing is an Apple Watch that alerts the user to a phone call and
allows the call to be completed through the watch. Another example is when a registered user for
Audible, Amazon's audio book server, starts his or her book using the Audible app on a
smartphone on the train and continues listening to the book through Amazon Echo at home.
• An environment in which devices, present everywhere, are capable of some form of computing
can be considered a ubiquitous computing environment. Industries spending money on research
and development (R&D) for ubiquitous computing include the following:
• energy
• entertainment
• healthcare
• logistics
• military
• Importance: Because pervasive computing systems are capable of collecting, processing and
communicating data, they can adapt to the data's context and activity. That means, in essence, a
network that can understand its surroundings and improve the human experience and quality of
life.
Pervasive Computing
 Ambient intelligence
• Ambient intelligence (AmI) is a term used in computing to refer to electronic environments that
are sensitive to the presence of people. The term is generally applied to consumer
electronics, telecommunications, and computing.
• Ambient intelligence is intended to enable devices to work in concert with people in carrying out
their everyday activities in an intuitive way, by using information and intelligence hidden in the
network connecting these devices. An example of ambient intelligence is the Internet of
Things (IoT). A typical context of the ambient intelligence environment is the home, but it may
also be workspaces (offices, co-working), public spaces (based on technologies such as smart
streetlights), and hospital environments.
• The concept of ambient intelligence was originally developed in the late 1990s by Eli Zelkha and
his team at Palo Alto Ventures for the 2010–2020 time frame. Developers theorize that as devices
grow smaller, more connected, and more integrated into human environments, the technological
framework behind them will disappear into the surroundings until only the user interface remains
perceivable by people.
 Ambient Intelligence
• The ambient intelligence concept builds upon pervasive computing, ubiquitous
computing, profiling, context awareness, and human-centric computer interaction design. It is
characterized by systems and technologies that are:
• Embedded: Many networked devices are integrated into the environment.
• Context aware: These devices can recognize people and their situations.
• Personalized: They can be tailored to people's needs.
• Adaptive: They can change in response to people.
• Anticipatory: They can anticipate a person's desires without a person's conscious mediation.
• Implementation of ambient intelligence requires several technologies to exist. These include hidden
hardware that benefit from miniaturization, nanotechnology, and smart devices, as well as human-
centric computer interfaces (intelligent agents, multimodal interaction, context awareness, etc). These
systems and devices operate through a seamless mobile/fixed communication and computing
infrastructure characterized by interoperability, wired and wireless networks, and service-oriented
architecture. Systems and devices must also be dependable and secure, which may be achieved
through self-testing and self-repairing software and privacy-ensuring technology.
• User experience became more important to developers in the late 1990s as a result of digital products
and services that were difficult to understand or use. In response, user experience design emerged to
create new technologies and media around the user's personal experience. Ambient intelligence is
influenced by user-centric design, where the user is placed in the center of the design activity and
gives feedback to the designer.
 Ambient Intelligence
Ambient intelligence has a relationship with—and depends on advances in—sensor technology and
sensor networks.
A variety of technologies can be used to enable ambient intelligence environments, such as:
• Bluetooth Low Energy
• RFID
• Microchip implant
• Sensors: ambient light sensors (photodetectors), thermometers, proximity sensors, and motion
detectors
• Software agents
• Affective computing
• Nanotechnology
• Biometrics
• Ambient Intelligence Systems For Seniors
 Characteristics of IOT
Things-related services: The IoT is capable of providing thing-related services within the constraints of things,
such as privacy protection and semantic consistency between physical things and their associated virtual things
Connectivity: Things in I.O.T. should be connected to the infrastructure, without connection nothing makes
sense.
Intelligence: Extraction of knowledge from the generated data is important, sensor generate data and this data
and this data should be interpreted properly.
Scalability: The no. of things getting connected to the I.O.T. infrastructure is increased day by day. Hence, an
IOT setup shall be able to handle the massive expansion.
Unique Identity: Each IOT device has an I.P. address. This identity is helpful in tracking the equipment and at
times to query its status.
Dynamic and Self-Adapting: The IOT device must dynamically adopt itself to the changing context. Assume a
camera meant for surveillance, it may have to work in different conditions and at different light situations
(morning, afternoon, night).
Heterogeneity: The devices in the IoT are heterogeneous as based on different hardware platforms and
networks. They can interact with other devices different networks.
Safety: Having got all the things connected with the Internet possess a major threat, as our personal data is
also there and it can be tampered with, if proper safety measures are not taken.
 IoT Categories
IOT can be classified into two categories:
1. Consumer IoT(CIOT): The Consumer IoT refers to the billions of physical personal devices, such
as smartphones, wearables, fashion items and the growing number of smart home appliances,
that are now connected to the internet, collecting and sharing data. A Consumer IoT network
typically entails few consumer devices, each of which has a limited lifetime of several years.
The common connectivity used in this kind of solutions are Bluetooth, WiFi, and ZigBee. These
technologies offer short-range communication, suitable for applications deployed in limited
spaces such as houses, or small offices.
2. Industrial internet of things (IIoT): It refers to interconnected sensors, instruments, and other
devices networked together with computers' industrial applications, including manufacturing
and energy management. This connectivity allows for data collection, exchange, and analysis,
potentially facilitating improvements in productivity and efficiency as well as another economic
ben.