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BES 103
Lesson 1
Computer Organization
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Contents
A. Elements of Computer System
B. Computer System Hardware ComponentsCourse
Overview
C. Basic Computer System Organization
D. Basic Components of a Computer System
E. A Detailed Computer System Flow
F. Computer Categories
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Elements of a Computer System
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• Hardware
Processes data by executing instructions
Provides input and output
Control input, output and storage components
• Software
Applications and system software
Instructions tell hardware exactly what tasks to perform and in what
order
• Data
Fundamental representation of facts and observations
• Communications
Sharing data and processing among different systems
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Computer System Hardware Components
• Actually, all computer systems, no matter how complex they may be,
contain the following hardware components:
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Basic Computer System Organization
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Basic Components of a Computer System
• Input Unit
It reads the data and program from the User and converts them into
acceptable form before sending it to the computer system for processing.
Aside from keyboard and mouse, what else do you think are examples of this?
• Output Unit
It accepts the results processed by the computer and converts them into
readable and useful information to the user
Like a Monitor, which displays the output on its screen while Printers give
printed reports…What else?
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Basic Components of a Computer System
• Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Also known as “”Microprocessor or simply “processor”, which is
made of an integrated circuit designed to process instructions.
• It consists of three main parts
1. Control Unit - controls and directs the transfer of program
instructions and data between other units.
2. Arithmetic/Logic Unit- performs arithmetic & logical
operations
3. Registers- hold data that is being processed by the ALU
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Basic Components of a Computer System
• STORAGE HIERARCHY
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Basic Components of a Computer System
• Storage Unit
Basically, has two types:
• 1. Primary storage refers to the main storage of the computer.
Usually termed as Memory that holds data that is waiting to be
processed, stored, or output.
• Examples:
✓ RAM- Random Access Memory, main memory
✓Cache –CPU’s high speed Memory
✓ Virtual Memory- simulated RAM from HDD’s Free Space
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Basic Components of a Computer System
• 2. Secondary storage, on the other hand, refers to the external
storage devices used to store data on a permanent basis.
• Aside from Hard Disk Drive (HDD), what else do you think are
examples of this?
• Examples: SSD, Flash Drive and CDs/DVDs, Tape Backup .
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A Detailed Computer System Flow
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Reading the hello command from the keyboard
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Loading the executable from disk into main memory
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Writing the output string from memory to the display
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Computer Categories
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Computers For Individual Use
• Desktop computers
The most common type of computer
Sits on the desk or floor
Performs a variety of tasks
• Workstations
Specialized computers
More powerful than a desktop
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The 7 Best Desktop PCs of 2021
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Computers For Individual Use
• Mobile computers
Small portable computers
Laptop & Notebooks
• Tablet computers
✓ Newest development in portable computers
✓ Run specialized versions of office products
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Computers For Individual Use
• Smart phones
Hybrid of cell phone and PDA
Web surfing, e-mail access
• Video game console
an interactive entertainment computer
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Computers For Organizations
• Network servers
✓ Centralized computer
✓ All other computers connect
✓ Provides access to network resources
✓ Multiple servers are called server farms
✓ Often simply a powerful desktop
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Towers, Racks or Blades?
Tower Servers
• is the most basic of servers on the market. It costs and
takes up as much space as an average desktop PC.
Rack Servers
• This system stacks the servers in racks in much the
same way that a CD rack stacks CDs.
Blade Servers
• is the most compact server of the bunch for its
ultrathin shape.
• Multiple blade servers can fit vertically into a single
enclosure, sharing certain hardware components like
power supplies.
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Computers For Organizations
• Mainframes
✓ (often colloquially referred to as Big
Iron[1]) are computers used mainly by
large organizations for critical
applications
✓ Handle thousands of users
✓ Users access through a terminal
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Mainframes
• Ex. An IBM z15
• 90% of IBM's
mainframes have
transaction
processing software
installed
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Computers For Organizations
• Supercomputers
The most powerful computers made
Handle large and
complex calculations
Process trillions of operations per second
Found in research organizations
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Frontier (US)
• World’s fastest
Supercomputer
2022
• Oak Ridge Leadership
Computing Facility in
Tennessee, USA/
• Est. Cost: US$600M
(estimated cost)
• Power: 21 MW
• Speed: 1.102
exaFLOPS
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Peripherals
• A peripheral device designates equipment that might be added
to a computer system to enhance its functionality
• Examples:
Printer
Digital camera
Scanner
Joystick
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Homework 2:
• Computer Peripherals
• Front Panel Components
• Back Panel Components
• Inside Components of a System Unit
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Reminders
• Prepare for the Task 1 next meeting
• Task: about the HW 2
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Questions…Questions…Questions…
Online Class Documentation –group picture (the
most important!!!)
See you next meeting!
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